European History: An Introduction

Consider:What makes something modern?What era in history has most shaped the modern world?

Read textbook page three (paragraphs 2-3: “However we define…”). What is the central thesis of this excerpt? Do you agree?

The Roman Empire

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

Political Systems

Republic, 509 B.C.E. until 28 B.C.E.

First and Second Triumvirates, approx. 61 – 28 B.C.E.

Empire, c. 28 B.C.E.

EconomyLargest population =

farmers.

Cities - centers of trade

The Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea – major trade routes

Established common currency

System dependent on slave labor

Religion in Rome

Polytheistic throughout Republic and most of Empire

Christianity developed and spread

Christians persecuted in the third century

Emperor Constantine, Theodosius I

Caesaropapism vs. Dualism

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Caesaropapism vs. dualism

Social Order

Patricians, plebeians, and slaves

Gender roles

Pax Romana, 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E.

Arts, Science, and Intellectual Traits

Infrastructure

Entertainment of the masses

Art and literature

Architecture

Science/philosophy – expansion of Greeks

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of Rome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

The Middle Ages

Fall of the Roman Empire = Middle Ages

Internal causes

External causes

Empire broken into three: Byzantine Empire, Arab world, and the Latin West

PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Palmer, pg. 24

The Medieval Catholic The Medieval Catholic ChurchChurch

filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule

provided schools for the upper class.

libraries & scriptoria

monks missionaries to the barbarians

Papal Authority in Rome

Matthew xvi, 18-19And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this

rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades

will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”

Donation of Constantine

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptoriumA Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 80025, 800

Charlemagne

Interaction of church and Frankish kings

Charlemagne – First of Carolingian Dynasty

Expanded empire in Western Europe

Capital: Aachen (near Rhine River)

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Charlemagne

Revived education

Copying of literature

“Carolingian minuscule”

Established new currency

Great Schism of East and West, 1054

Greek vs. Latin Christians

Roman Catholicism vs. Greek Orthodox

High Middle Ages

Advancements in Agriculture

Three-field system

Animal power

New technologies

Serfdom replacing slavery

Feudalism

Beginnings of social contract?Kings, lords, vassals, serfs owe to each

other

Consequences for breach of agreement

Influence on constitutional governments

TownsLong distance trading

Money systems developed

Trade centers established

“law merchants” and emancipation

City-states

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHallGuild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Evolution of governmentIncreased monarchical power

Juries

Growing bureaucracy

Taxation

Development of parliaments

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215King John IKing John I

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Church InfluenceInfluence of religion

Gregory VII (AKA Hildebrand)

Lay investiture

Universities

crusades

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWestChristian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

What characteristics of Europe allowed advancements in military, politics, religion, and economics to occur?

Modernized and fully developed? NO

Taking shape and developing into Modern Western Civilization?

YES

Europe in the Late Middle Ages:

Problems of the Late Middle Ages

Black Death, 1347

Great Schism of the West

Hundred Years’ War

Black Death1348 – landed in Italy

Spread north throughout Europe

Carried by rats

half of Europe’s population killed

Black Death – Other EffectsFamily life affected

Economic changes

Rebellions and revolts

Labor conditions

Great Schism of the West

Two popes elected

Two (and at one point three) popes reigning concurrently

Damage to church prestige

Hundred Years’ WarEngland v. France

Fought in France

1337 – 1453

Effects on France

Effects on England

Consider: How might these tragedies have had an effect on each other?

Black Death (1348 – 1350)Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)

Great Schism (1378 – 1417)