European Geosciences Union Communicating Space Weather to Policymakers and the Wider Public Bárbara...
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Transcript of European Geosciences Union Communicating Space Weather to Policymakers and the Wider Public Bárbara...
European Geosciences Union
Communicating Space Weather to Policymakers and the Wider Public
Bárbara Ferreira
EGU Media and Communications Manager
Session ST6.1/EOS16/NH9.14/PS5.6, EGU General Assembly
Vienna, Austria | Friday, 2 May 2014
Contact: [email protected]
Meetings | Publications | Outreach | www.egu.eu
European Geosciences Union
Why you should communicate space weather
It’s cool and fascinating – gets people excited about space & science
It’s a natural hazard so it’s important for the public to know about it
A variety of audiences are interested in space weather (school kids, engineers, policymakers), so easier to communicate than other topics
You are less likely to get it wrong than journalists/sci communicators
Communicating science to wider audiences is great to hone your communication skills (improves your scientific writing too)
Could lead to interdisciplinary collaborations & increase in citations
Justify the taxpayers money that funds your research & attract more public support for your science
Inform policy: make sure legislation relating to space weather (including funding decisions) is based on sound science
European Geosciences Union
How to communicate space weather
Example talk (general public)
European Geosciences Union
Space weather
Changes in the near-Earth space environment, which are caused by varying conditions on the Sun and its atmosphere.
European Geosciences UnionNot to scale!! Credit: NASA/JPL
European Geosciences Union
The Sun
Has a diameter of 1,391,000 km = 109 times the Earth’s diameter
It’s some 150 million km, or 8 light minutes, away
Glowing sphere of hot (ionised or electrified) gas called plasma
Rotation (at the surface, the rotation is faster at the equator than at the poles) and convection
It has a magnetic field (it’s a big magnet), but a very complex one
European Geosciences UnionCredit: Science at NASA
European Geosciences UnionCredit: NASA/Solar Dynamics
Observatory
European Geosciences Union
The Sun
Has a diameter of 1,391,000 km = 109 times the Earth’s diameter
It’s some 150 million km, or 8 light minutes, away
Glowing sphere of hot (ionised or electrified) gas called plasma
It rotates differentially: at the surface, the rotation is faster at the equator than at the poles
It has a magnetic field (it’s a big magnet), but a very complex one
It has an ~11-year sunspot cycle or solar cycle: max and minimum
European Geosciences Union
Credit: SOHO/NASA/ESA
European Geosciences Union
Credit: NASA/ESA
European Geosciences Union
The Sun
Has a diameter of 1,391,000 km = 109 times the Earth’s diameter
It’s some 150 million km, or 8 light minutes, away
Glowing sphere of hot (ionised or electrified) gas called plasma
It rotates differentially: at the surface, the rotation is faster at the equator than at the poles
Like the Earth, it has a magnetic field (it’s a big magnet), but a very complex one
It has an 11-year sunspot cycle or solar cycle: max and minimum
It produces a stream of electric particles, the solar wind, that flows out of its upper atmosphere: reaches the Earth (and its protective magnetic shield) and beyond!
European Geosciences Union
Earth’s magnetic shield – artistic impressionCredit: ESA/ATG medialab
European Geosciences Union
Solar wind and aurora
Auroras are one of the most visible effect of space weather
European Geosciences Union
European Geosciences Union
Solar wind and aurora
Auroras are one of the most visible effect of space weather
Occur when the energetic particles carried by the solar wind break through the magnetic field protection and travel along the magnetic field lines entering the Earth’s atmosphere close to the poles
Particles hit the atoms that make up the Earth’s atmosphere and energise them, causing them to release photons (light particles)
Auroras are usually weak and only visible at high latitudes
But sometimes the solar wind carries a lot more radiation, energetic particles, and even plasma, from the Sun
European Geosciences Union
Solar storms and geomagnetic storms
Solar flares: rapid outburst of radiation and energetic particles (can release 10 million times more energy than an exploding volcano)
Coronal mass ejection (CME): a larger scale, violent ejection of material into space – up to a 100 billion kg of plasma
Can happen more frequently at the peak of the solar cycle (more sunspots)
Solar wind carries the material onto Earth, if solar storms are directed towards it – can impact satellites
Strong solar storms can cause geomagnetic storms: disturbances of the Earth magnetic field – can impact technological systems on Earth (and we get to see stronger & lower-latitude auroras!)
On average, these events disrupt human activity 1-2 times per solar cycle
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CME & geomagnetic storm animationCredit: NASA
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Effects of space weather
Damage to satellites (inc. communications)
Radiation hazard (astronauts, but potentially also for air crews/passengers)
Distortion of radio signals
Navigation errors (GPS)
Power blackouts (e.g. Quebec blackout 1989, Sweden power outage 2003)
Aurora (not all doom and gloom!)
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Monitoring and protection
Effects are more damaging now than in the past because we rely more on technology. But our weakness is also our strength – we have spacecraft watching the Sun 24/7
Spacecraft can provide CMEs warning 1-3 days in advance (but geomagnetic storm warning may only be available ~1hour in advance)
Astronauts at the Space Station can seek shelter from radiation
Airplanes can be rerouted
Most satellites have some protection against radiation & energetic particles
European Geosciences Union
Take-home messages
Space weather is a natural phenomena that can be beautiful and, sometimes, can affect our technology
There’s protection from it, but we need to keep watching the Sun!
Investing on protecting our technological system from space weather and on having better warning systems for geomagnetic storms also important
Engineers and policymakers need to be well aware of space weather as they need to make sure space weather is monitored and forecasted properly
You don’t need to worry about space weather!
But you should know about it so you are not surprised/scared when (e.g.) GPS not working properly or there’s a power blackout & so that you understand the need for funding space weather research/monitoring
European Geosciences Union
So, how to communicate space weather?
Show images & short videos/animations
Explain jargon (e.g. plasma = hot, electrified gas)
Everyday examples: give the reader/listener something to relate to (e.g. explain distances/sizes using comparisons with familiar objects)
Make your presentation/text current (e.g. show images of the Sun today, last week, last month)
Bring people closer to solar & space weather research (e.g. tell them they just need to use Google to find out how active the sun is looking today, or what the space weather conditions are)
Show them space weather and its effects are real! (e.g. “geomagnetic storms caused a power blackout in Sweden in 2003”)
Take-away messages: highlight what you want people to keep in mind
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General good science communication/writing rules
Assume the audience knows nothing about your research but don’t assume they are stupid and won’t understand it
Short, simple and concise style; be conversational: “Don’t be effulgent or felicitous, be bright and happy instead!”
Speak/write clearly, avoid acronyms and technical terms
Writing: roughly one idea per sentence and one concept per paragraph
Writing: use the active voice, vary length of sentences (some short, some long but not too long)
Target your message to your audience
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Target audience: policymakers
Be brief, be balanced, be objective, be clear
Get your facts right, focus on the main messages
Language can be a bit more technical (level of education higher), though still simple and clear to a non-scientist
Background (sun, solar storms, etc.) should be very brief
Focus on the effects & impacts so that they understand space weather can be a problem
Focus on monitoring, forecasting, protection and mitigation so that they know what can be done about it
Focus on funding because government agencies decide on funding for some research agencies
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Target audience: policymakers (cont’d)
Example: POSTnote on Space Weather
POST = UK’s Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology – provide analysis of policy issues relating to science to help UK parliamentarians examine science and technology issues effectively
Produce short notes (2–4 pages), which take about 2–3 months to research and draft and are reviewed extensively (industry, academics, parliamentary staff, etc.)
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn361-space-weather.pdf (with Chandrika Nath)
More information: ‘How do I brief policymakers on science-related issues?’ by Chandrika Nath http://bit.ly/1gL45l8
European Geosciences Union
How can you get involved in space-weather communication Be pro-active and do more outreach
Blog about your work, talk about it on social media, give popular science talks, go to schools, etc. or contact your press officer if you have new and important/exciting results
Being involved in policy may be harder: be patient, persistent, available
If your story is in the media, it may indirectly influence policymaking since most politicians get their sci information from the media
Make yourself available to provide information for policy briefings, write to your MP or parliamentary office of science
Apply for a science policy initiative (scientist-MP pairing schemes, POST fellowships, opportunities at the European Parliament's Scientific and Technological Options Assessment, etc.)