European Dominance

7/25/2019 European Dominance

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European colonisationof Southeast Asia

How were systems and societies transformed by colonialism?

Reasons for European interest and expansion inSEA

Responses of SEA states to European expansion

Impact of colonial rule on SEA 1874 c 1!"" #ase studies of $alaya %S&'(

#ase studies of )ietnam


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Lets get some term right

Difference between colonisation and imperialism

Colonialism

*+e policy or practice ofac,uirin- full or partialpolitical control o.eranot+er country/occupyin- it wit+settlers and exploitin- it

economically 0ne nation con,uers

and rules o.er ot+erre-ion

A practice common in1""s2 1!""s

Imperialism

*+e policy of extendin- acountry3s power andinuence t+rou-+colonisation/ use of militaryforce or ot+er means

#reatin- an empire/

expandin- into ot+ercountries and exercisin-power t+rou-+ so.erei-nty orindirect mec+anism of control

*+e idea t+at dri.es t+epractice from 1!""s onwards


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Southeast Asia

Mainland

Cambodia

Lao

Burma (Myanmar

!hailand

"ietnam

#eninsular Malaysia

Maritime

Burnei

East Malaysia

!imor$ Leste

%ndonesia

#hilippines

Singapore


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!hin&

'hat are the ma(or reasons f

or one country to coloni)e the

other*

'hat might be some benefits

that colonists bring to a colon

i)ed nation*


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#en down the answers for the+uestions posed,

15 'ho were the dominant European powers between -.thto -/thcentury and why were they so*

65 'hat was Southeast Asia li&e at the time they arri0ed*

5 'hat attracted the Europeans to SEA*

45 'hat were the push and pull factors for colonialism*

I expect t+e answers in your le9


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European #layers

-.th1 -2thcentury

#ortugal

Spain

Dutch

Britain

3rance

(better ships4 na0igation s&ills4 weapons 1 ability to secure direct trade routes to Africa4 %ndia Asia and Australasia

-/thcentury

3rance

Britain

5ussia

Austria$ 6ungary

#russia

(industrial re0olution 1 new mar&et for goods needed 1 Africa4 parts of Asia and #acific %slands


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!he changes in European dominance

#rior to the -/thcentury4 Europeans had dealt with Asia based on commercial grounds

After -/thcentury4 they found the need to ha0e greater control of local affairs so that their businesswould not be affected7 !hus4 the only way forward for economic security was to ha0e political cont

rol


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#ortuguese influence

-.-- #ortuguese disco0ered the trade route 0ia Cape of good 6ope

3irst to establish foothold in SEA 1 Mela&a


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Spain influence

%ntroduced 5oman Catholic religion (missionary

-.8. 1 Spain colonised the #hilippines


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Dutch influence

Dutch East %ndies Company ("9C

Attracted by spice trade

3ought

#ortuguese for Mela&a

British for :a0a

;eed for raw materials (oil4 rubber4 tin

Established presence in

Bali

Sumatra

#art of Borneo

Sulawesi

Moluccas


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British influence

British East %ndies Company (E%C

Competed for spice trade< tin and rubber plantations

3ocused on %ndia primarily (based o0erseas 6= 3ocused on SEA for the trading bases for %ndia$China sea r

oute

Colonised

#enang ->28

Singapore -2-/ Mela&a in e?change for Bencoolen -2@

Burma -2@8

Malaya4 Borneo territories -/-


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3rench influence

Mainly for trade

#rotect 3rench missionaries in %ndochina

%nterest in

"ietnam4 Cambodia4 Laos for rice4 tin and coal


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!hin&

'hy are spices so important in those days*

#reser0e food in winter

3la0ouring

Medical usage

#rofitable due to the high cost

!he uropeans could use the spice for

Secure share of the profits

Spices could be used as curency< trade for other goods


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Moti0ations

;ational security

Strong industrial economy with steady supply of resources

Strategic ad0antage

!o be ahead of the other European nations 1 profit and power

;ationalism

#ride o0er a large empire

Social Darwinism

European superiority o0er others

Missionary 'hite Mans burden

Bringing religion culture into other parts of the world (non$white

Bringing technology for impro0ement of li0es

Categorise intopolitical, social

and economicreasons


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'hy SEA*

Mainland

Agriculturally resource rich

Surplus crops Coal4 iron4 tin4 )inc and phos

phate

5ich fertile land

#rofitable produce Mainly spice, pepper4 nutme

g4 cinnamon4 rubber4 clo0es4cocoa etc

Maritime

Strategic location for trading

Key Idea:Economic Gains


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5easons 1 for which European powers would this catergorising wor&*

5oot 3actors

Economic factors

#rotect trade interests and trade routes

;eed for raw materials and new mar&ets

!rigger 3actors

Social factor

'hite Mans burden

Local condition 1 too& matters into their own hands

Amplification 3actors

#olitical factor

5i0alry amongst the European nations


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Responses of SEA to E

uropean expansionismHow did SEA respond to European colonisation


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Textbook Source 1.4 pg21

How did Katrini perceie t!e arria" of co"on

isers in #ndonesia$

%!at effects did s!e be"iee t!e &utc! co"onia" goernment cou"d !ae on t!e "oca" peop"e$

%!at does t!is source add to 'our understandi

ng of "oca" responses towards t!e co"onisers

and co"onisation$

How re"iab"e is Katrini$ ()A*+


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*ossib"e response

T!e arria" of t!e &utc! co"onisers cou"d benefit #ndonesia (in terms of we

stern cii"i,ation- etiuette and know"edge+

T!e &utc! co"onia" goernment cou"d !ae a positie effect on t!e "oca" peo

p"e as t!e %estern idea"s were better t!an t!e traditiona" /aanese idea"s

T!e' fe"t t!at t!e co"onia"ism cou"d modern t!e societ' and !e"p in its pro

gress. T!is c!a""enges t!e tendenc' to be"iee t!at a"" fe"t t!at co"oniser

s were a t!reat

*erson0 re"iab"e as s!e is a natie w!o is expressing !er opinion about t!e

positie effects of co"onia"ism. Een as a feminist s!e is a"so "ooking att!e benefits t!at t!e &utc! cou"d bring to t!e /aanese (not "ooking out fo

r !er own benefit+

)ontext0 re"iab"e as s!e wou"d !ae fe"t t!e urgent need for /aanese to pr

ogress and t!e fastest wa' is t!roug! co"onia"ism


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T!roug! t!e presentation 'ou wi"" need to c!art

t!e positie and negatie iews of t!e SEA nations towards co"onia"ism

Southeast Asian responses to European powersdifered rom place to place because they had diferent

experiences o Europeans colonisation and alsobecause they had diferent views on the colonial

processes


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#n genera"

#n some p"aces and to certain groups of pe

op"e t!e co"onia" powers seemed to bring

b n fits suc! as protection from t!eir enemies modernisation and education. To t!e

se peop"e it seemed beneficia" to co""abo

rate wit! and " arn from t! Europ anco

"onia" masters. T!e ru"ing c"asses for instance were often gien positions in t!e

new co"onia" s'stem of goernment !ad a s

ecure income and access to education. Some

merc!ants a"so saw co"onia" ru"e as a stab


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#n genera"

To ot!ers t!e co"onia" powers broug!t di

sruptionto t! ir traditiona" wa's of

"if and a"ue s'stems. T!ese peop"e t!erefore resisted t!e European powers. 3ier

ce"' independent "oca"s resisted t!e co"o

nists seeing t!em as outsiders w!o wou"d

destro' t!eir tradition re"igion cu"ture and wa' of "ife.


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Responses

*reoccupation wit! "oca" issues

T!e SEAsian "eaders were not ab"e to

fu""' compre!end t!e opportunities and t!reats t!at t!e European expansion

presented

oca" conf"icts gae Europeans t!e c!ance to offer !e"p to stabi"i,e t!e s

ituation and in return t!e Europeans

obtained some po"itica" power. conces

sions


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Response

Resistance

%it! monarc!' being t!e s'mbo" of tradit

iona" and re"igious aut!orit' co"onisation was considered as a assau"t

Howeer t!is often fai"ed as t!e "oca"s

cou"dn5t matc! wit! t!e %est mi"itari"'

*erak %ar (167891:7;+

Ace! %ar (167


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Responses

)o""aboration

Strengt!en position- European protec

tion from ria"s

Retention of ceremonia" powers b' t!

e "oca"s but Europeans obtained po"i

tica" aut!orit'

>fficia"s appointed as representati

es of t!e co"onia" goernment to imp

"ement European po"icies and strengt


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Responses

?odernisation

Adoption and imp"ementation of E

uropean ideas of goernment anddee"opment

3or "oca"s to be cii"ised educ

ated and efficient


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+'hat was the impact of European colonial rule on SEA*Chapter -7


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+

#olitical %mpact


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+#olitical %mpact

;ew boundaries drawn #ast, Decided based on the loyalty to the rulers and not territorial owne

rship

'ith colonisation, defined by colonial powers through deals and they pre0ent disputes through military means

!ransfer of power #ast, local rulers

'ith colonisation, European rulers (direct or indirect attainment of pow

er Direct rule 1 remo0al of the &ings sultans and replacement with a Eur

opean colonial official go0ernor e7g Burma

%ndirect rule 1 retain position of the &ing sultans< appointment of a 5esident with a administrati0e ci0il ser0ice


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+#olitical %mpact

Centralised administration #ast, traditional system of go0ernment allowed for many centers of p

ower and was depend on ones popularity and influence

'ith colonisation All decisions affecting the functioning of the country will be made b

y a central authority

a0e the colonial go0ernment full control and bureaucratic

Creation of new local elites 'ith colonisation

!rained and local traditional official now became the new elites

!o use 'estern ideas or technology to impro0e the li0es of their own people


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+#olitical %mpact

Loss of power among traditional local rulers

Different under different circumstancesLow ran&ing positions and lost powerBoos of prestige of the local rulers to mai

ntain political stability


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+Create this chart

Political Aspect Before theEuropeans colonizeEA

After the Europeanscolonize EA

:ature of control

Structure ofpolitical system

Administrati.emet+od


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+'here do the content fit*

;ature of control

'ho held power

Structure of political system

'hat was the form of go0ernance li&e

Administrati0e method 6ow did the authorities r

ule

;ew boundaries

!ransfer of power from local rulers to Europeans

Centralised administration

Creation of new local elites

Loss of power among traditional local rulers

Chart items Content items


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PoliticalAspect

Before the Europeanscolonize EA


:atureofcontrol

Rulers deri.ed t+eiraut+ority often fromreli-ious status/personal c+arisma and

inuence Rule by an indi.idual

wit+ absolute power

;ocal rulers deri.edt+eir aut+ority from t+ecolonial powers andwere usually protected

by t+e colonial powers ;ocal rulers +ad to

accept t+e cial and +adno real power to rule


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PoliticalAspect



Structure ofpoliticalsystem

Rulers +ad o.erlappin-centres of aut+ority in t+etraditional system of-o.ernment no xedpolitical boundaries

Rulers extended t+eir rule

t+rou-+ traditional elites usually people wit+ familyties or reli-ious status

*raditional elites +ad someautonomy from rulers

@ixed territorial borderswere imposed #entralised administration 0rdinary local people

trained in estern styleadministration were

employed in t+e colonialadministration A -roup of indi-enous

elites was created


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+Beef up this chart

PoliticalAspect

Before theEuropeans colonizeEA


Administrati.emet+od

*+e rulers= word waslaw

*+e rulers relied ona networB of localc+iefs w+o would

collect taxes andser.ice as t+e linBbetween t+e.illa-ers and t+eruler

European systems of-o.ernment andpolicies wereintroduced

#entralised

administration taxcollection/ policiesand laws were alldecided by a centralaut+ority


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+Summary of political impact of c

olonial rule

nder colonial rule4 'estern style administration was introduced and a new group of eli

tes was created to ser0e in the colonial administration7 !he traditional rulers and elites retained some form of power but these werenow less personality$ based and more burea

ucratic and were often subected to the colonial powers


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+

3ind the lin& between the content and categories

Fou are on

your own for the ne?t

two charts


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+

Economic %mpact


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+Create this chart

EconomicAspect



:ature ofeconomy

Extent of trade

0wners+ip of land

Structure ofeconomic system

How trade wascarried out


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+Economic %mpact

9rientation of the economy #ast, subsistence based economy (own consumption and maritime trade

'ith colonisation, e?port orientated economy (surplus for global mar&et 1 cas

h crops raw materials < subected to the fluctuation of the world mar&et

Creation of industries4 plantations and small holdings #ast, contained economy (self sufficient

'ith colonisation

E?tracti0e industries (industrialising the methods of e?tracting raw materials 1 more efficient

#lantation estates (large plant e?port crops 1 owned by Europeans

Smallholdings (small farms e?port crops 1 owned by Asians


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+Economic %mpact

;ew transport and communications infrastructure !o facilitate trade 1 build communications (road4 rails4 telegraph4

whar0es

Cash economy #ast, barter trade

'ith colonisation, new currencies4 establish ta?ation system4 salary paying obs

Change to land ownership #ast, land to managed by entire 0illage

'ith colonisation, land grants to companies and indi0iduals


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+Summary of economic impact of

colonial rule

Colonial rule disrupted the traditional way of trade and e?posed the people to the fluctu

ations of the world economy7 'hile the countries as a whole seemed to ha0e benefittedfrom the economic changes4 not e0eryone did7


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+Social %mpact


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+Create this chart

ocial Aspect Before the Europeanscolonize EA


:ature of society

Structure of socialsystem

#ulture

Education andliteracy


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+Social impact

#ast, 5iches usually limited to the royal families

European Dominance

Documents

Transcript of European Dominance