European Discovery and the Colonisation of Australia

7/27/2019 European Discovery and the Colonisation of Australia

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European discovery and the colonisation of Australia

European mariners

The first records of European mariners sailing into 'Australian' waters occursaround 1606, and includes their observations of the land known as Terra Australis

Incognita (unknown southern land). The first ship and crew to chart the Australiancoast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutchman,Willem Janszoon.

Between 1606 and 1770, an estimated 54European shipsfrom a range of nationsmade contact. Many of these were merchant ships from the Dutch East IndiesCompany and included the ships ofAbel Tasman. Tasman charted parts of thenorth, west and south coasts of Australia which was then known asNew Holland.

In 1770, Englishman Lieutenant James Cook charted the Australian east coast inhis shipHM BarqueEndeavour. Cook claimed the east coastunder instruction

from King George III of Englandon 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, namingeastern Australia 'New South Wales'. The coast of Australia, featuring Tasmania asa separate island, was mapped in detail by the English marinersandnavigatorsBass and Flinders, and the French mariner, Baudin. A nearlycompletedmapof the coastline was published by Flinders in 1814.

This period of European exploration is reflected in the names of landmarks such asthe Torres Strait, Arnhem Land, Dampier Sound, Tasmania, the Furneaux Islands,Cape Frecinyet and La Perouse. Expeditions between 1790 and the 1830s, led byD'Entrecasteaux,Baudin, and Furneaux, were recorded bythenaturalistsLabillardire andPron.

The First Fleet and a British colony

Captain Arthur Phillip and theFirst Fleet, comprising 11 ships and around 1,350people, arrived at Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788. However, thisarea was deemed to be unsuitable for settlement and they moved north to PortJackson on 26 January 1788, landing atCamp Cove, known as 'cadi' to theCadigal people.

Governor Phillip carriedinstructions to establish the first British Colonyin Australia.The First Fleet was under prepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Covewas poor. The young colony relied upon both the developmentoffarmsaroundParramatta, 25 kilometres upstream to the west, and also tradingfood with local Aboriginal clans.

TheSecond Fleet's arrival in 1790 provided badly needed food and supplies;however the newly arrived convicts were too ill, with many near to death, to beuseful to the colony. The Second Fleet became known as the 'Death Fleet' - 278 of
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the convicts and crew died on the voyage to Australia, compared to only 48 on theFirst Fleet.

The colony experienced many other difficulties, including the fact that there weremany more men than women - around four men for every woman - which caused

problems in the settlement for many years.

Contacts and colonisation.

In the winter of 1791, the process of British colonisation of Western Australiabegan when George Vancouver claimed the Albany region in the name of KingGeorge III. In the summer of 1801,Matthew Flinderswas welcomedbyNyungarupon his arrival aboard the Investigatorand various items wereexchanged. On the 1802 voyage from Sydney, Flinders recruited two Aboriginalpeople,Bungaree, who had sailed with him on the Norfolk, and Nanbaree. The visitof Flinders and other mariners to the coast of Arnhem Land is recorded in the

paintings of 'praus' and European ships at rock art sites.

Initially, relations between the explorers and the Aboriginal inhabitants weregenerally hospitable and based on understanding the terms of trading for food,water, axes, cloth and artefacts, a relationship encouraged by Governor Phillip.These relations became hostile as Aborigines realised that theland andresourcesupon which they depended and the order of their life were seriouslydisrupted by the on-going presence of the colonisers. Between 1790 and 1810,clans people of theEoragroup in the Sydney area, led byPemulwuyof the Bidjigalclan, undertook a campaign of resistance against the English colonisers in a seriesof attacks.

In 1821Bundle/Bundellsailed on board H.M. Brig Bathurst, under the command ofPhillip Parker King, on a surveying voyage to the northern coast of Australia.Bundle replaced, at short notice, Bungaree, who had sailed with Flinders. Aftersurveying the northern and north-western coastline of Australia,Bundleaccompanied King on his survey work of the western coast of Australia between1821-22, travelling to Mauritius for repairs. Bundle, an Eora man who ranged fromPort Jackson to Parramatta, in the company of Tedbury, the son of Pemulwuy, wasrenowned for his tracking skills. Bundle had accompanied the Surveyor GeorgeWilliam Evans on board the Lady Nelson in the party sent to explore Jervis Bay in1812 and, with another Aboriginal named 'Broughton', accompanied Charles

Throsby on his exploratory expedition into the southern region in 1818.

Law and land in New South Wales

From 1788 until 1823, the Colony of New South Wales was a penal colony. Thismeant that there were mainlyconvicts, marines and the wives of the marinesalthough free settlers started to arrive in 1793. In 1823, the British governmentestablished a New South Wales parliament by setting up a Legislative Council as
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well as a Supreme Court under theNew South Wales Act 1823 (UK). This Act isnow seen as a first step towards a 'responsible' Parliament in Australia.

It was also intended to establish English law in the colony withthe establishment ofNSW criminal and civil courts. However, there were significant departures from

English law when the first cases were heard in the courts. The first civil case heardin Australia, in July 1788, was brought by a convict couple. The convictssuccessfully sued the captain of the ship in which they had been transported forthe loss of a parcel. In Britain, as convicts, they would have had no rights to bringthis case forward.

The question of land ownership by Indigenous people was not dealt with by thecolonisers until the mid-1830s. In 1835, John Batman signed two 'treaties' withKulin people to 'purchase' 600,000 acres of land between what is now Melbourneand the Bellarine Peninsula. In response to these treaties and other arrangementsbetween free settlers and Indigenous inhabitants, such as around Camden, the

NSW Governor, Sir Richard Bourke issued aproclamation. Bourke's proclamationestablished the notion that the land belonged to no-one prior to the British crowntaking possession.

To effectively over-ride the legitimacy of the 'Batman treaty' the British ColonialOffice felt the need to issue another Proclamation. The Colonial Officeproclamation stated that people found in possession of land without the authority ofthe government would be considered trespassers. This was despite and becausemany other people, including a report to the House of Commons in 1837,recognised that Aboriginal occupants had rights in land. Nevertheless, the law inNew South Wales variously applied the principles expressed in Bourke's

proclamation. This would not change until the Australian High Court's decision intheMabo Casein 1992.

In 1861, the NSW government opened up the free selection of Crown land.TheCrown Lands Acts 1861permitted any person to select up to 320 acres on thecondition of paying a deposit and living on the land for three years. The Acts alsolimited the use of Crown lands by Aboriginal people as until this time, pastorallands were still able to be legitimately used by them.

As a result of Crown Land being available for selection, great conflictsbetweensquatters and the selectorsensued. Scheming in selecting and acquiring

land became widespread. The Acts had a powerful impact on the ownership ofland. The Acts also affected the use ofbushland across vast regions of the colony.In the view of some observers, these disputes over access to land alsoencouragedbushranging.

Despite its problems, the colony of New South Wales grew, and the Port Jacksonsettlement is now the site of Australia's largest city - Sydney.
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Establishment of other British colonies

Van Diemen's Land

The first British settlement on the island was made at Risdon in 1803whenLieutenant John Bowenlanded with about 50 settlers, crew, soldiers andconvicts. The site was abandoned and in 1804Lieutenant DavidCollinsestablished a settlement at Hobart in February 1804. The colony ofVanDiemen's Landwas established in its own right in 1825 and officially becameknown as Tasmania in 1856.

Western Australia

Western Australia was established in 1827.Major Edmund Lockyerestablished asmall British settlement at King Georges Sound (Albany) and in 1829 the newSwan River Colony was officially proclaimed.Captain James Stirlingwas its firstGovernor. The colony was proclaimed a British penal settlement in 1849 and thefirst convicts arrived in 1850.

South Australia

The British province of South Australia was established in 1836, and in 1842 itbecame a crown colony. South Australia was never a British convict colony,although a number of ex-convicts settled there from other colonies. Around 38,000immigrants had arrived and settled in the area by 1850.

Victoria

In 1851 Victoria (Port Phillip District) separated from New South Wales. The firstattempt at settlement was made in 1803 byLieutenant David Collinsbut the harshconditions forced him to move on to Tasmania where he eventually settled Hobartin February 1804. It was not until theHenty brotherslanded in Portland Bay in1834, andJohn Batmansettled on the site of Melbourne, that the Port PhillipDistrict was officially sanctioned (1837). The first immigrant ships arrived at PortPhillip in 1839.

Queensland

In 1859 Queensland separated from New South Wales. In 1824, the penal colonyat Redcliffe was established byLieutenant John Oxley. Known as theMoreton BaySettlement, it later moved to the site now called Brisbane. Around 2,280 convictswere sent to the settlement between 1824 and 1839. The first free Europeansettlers moved to the district in 1838 and others followed in 1840.
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Northern Territory

In 1825 the area occupied today by the Northern Territory was part of the colony ofNew South Wales. It was first settled by Europeans in 1824 at Fort Dundas, PortEssington. In 1863 control of the area was given to South Australia. Its capital city,

Darwin, was established in 1869, and was originally known asPalmerston. On 1January 1912, theNorthern Territorywas separated from South Australia andbecame part of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Recognition of Australia

The name 'Australia' was first suggested by Matthew Flinders and supported byGovernor Macquarie (1810 - 1821). At a meeting in 1899, the Premiers of the otherColonies agreed to locate the new federal capital of Australia in New South Wales,and added this section to the Australian Constitution. In 1909, the state of NewSouth Wales surrendered a portion of this territory to the Commonwealth of

Australia, the site of present dayCanberra.

Australia Day Anniversary

While formal dinners and informal celebrations to mark the landing of the FirstFleet at Camp Cove were held on 26 January each year, the first officialcelebration of English colonisation was held in 1818. During the colonial period, 26January was called Foundation Day in New South Wales. Other coloniescelebrated with their own dates of significance relating to the founding of theircolonies. Western Australia, for example, celebrated Proclamation Day on 21October each year.

Since 1901, when Australia became a federation of the six colonies, the landing ofthe First Fleet at Camp Cove has evolved from a small commemorative New SouthWales holiday into a major national celebration, recognised asAustralia Day. From1994 all states and territories agreed to celebrate Australia Day on the actual day.

For many Indigenous Australians however, 26 January is not a day of celebrationbut one of mourning and protest. On the morning of the 26 January for the 1938sesquicentennial (150th) celebrations, Aboriginal activists met to hold a'Day ofMourning' conferenceaimed at securing national citizenship and equal status for

Aborigines. Citizenship rights for all Aborigines were recognised following a

referendum on the issue in 1967. In an attempt to heal some of the pain ofAustralia's past, there is now an advancedReconciliationmovement.
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European Discovery and the Colonisation of Australia

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