European Currencies, 1760

The principal currencies referred to in this volume are as follows:

English Money Florentine Money I pound = 20 shillings I scudo = 7 lire

I shilling = I 2 pence Imperial Money

French Money I reichsthaler = 2 gulden I livre= 20 sous I gulden= 6o kreutzer I sou = I 2 deniers I groschen = 3 kreutzer I ecu = 3 livres I Imperial ducat= 4 guiders, I louis d' or= 2 3 livres 20 kreutzer

The above currencies had the following equivalents in French livres:

I English pound = 2 3 livres or I louis d' or I Florentine scudo = 5.68 livres I Imperial reichsthaler = 3 livres or I ecu I Imperial ducat= 6.50 livres

The French livre in I76o was very roughly equivalent in pur­chasing power to the American dollar today ( 1968), if it is under­stood that the subsistence income was about 500 livres in 1760. Agricultural products were, of course, cheaper than today, while all manufactured items were much more expensive. Consumption habits were consequently quite different. Nevertheless, one can establish a meaningful scale of incomes beginning with the arti­san at 500 livres, the country gentleman at zo,ooo livres, and ending with the city merchant and grand seigneur with revenues of 5o,ooo livres and more.

410

I]OI-I]I4 1]03 1]09

I]I3 1714

I]I5-I774 I]I9

1]20

I]2I

1]22

I]2I-I]42 I]26-I]43 I727

1727-1760 173o-I736

1 732 1733 1735

1738 1739 1740

174o-1786 1745-1790

Chronology, 1700 to 1789

War of the Spanish Succession St. Petersburg founded by Peter the Great Last nationwide famine in France Papal bull condemning Jansenist doctrine Death of Queen Anne; crown of England to House

of Windsor: George I ( 1714-1727) Louis XV of France Defoe's Robinson Crusoe South Sea Bubble; collapse of John Law's financial

schemes in France Sweden relinquishes Baltic provinces to Russia by

treaty; Montesquieu's Persian Letters Table of ranks issued by Czar Peter the Great Ministry of Robert Walpole in England Ministry of Cardinal Fleury in F ranee Death of Isaac Newton; first indemnity acts in favor

of nonconformists in England George II Count Zinzendorf's colony of Moravian Brethren at

Herrnhut Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English. Nation Kay's "flying shuttle" patented First use of coke for smelting iron by Darby m

England Wesley organizes first Methodist association Austro-Turkish war ends; Anglo-Spanish war begins Frederick II seizes Silesia and precipitates War of the

Austrian Succession (I74o-1748); Richardson's Pamela

Frederick II of Prussia Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, an "enlightened

despot"

1749 1750

1758 1759 1760 1760-1820 1761 1762 1762-1796 1763

1770

177 I 1772 1773-1774

CHRONOLOGY, 1700 TO 1789

"Reign" of Marquise de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV

Suppression of the second Jacobite rising in Scotland Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws; Burne's Philosophi­

cal Essays Concerning Human Understanding Diderot's Letter on the Blind; Fielding's Tom Jones New vingtihne tax in France, an effort to tax the

privileged; Rousseau's Discourse on the Arts and Sciences

Diderot's Encyclopedia, vol. I Condillac's Traite sur les Sensations Prussia allies with England, France with Austria in

the "Diplomatic Revolution"; Seven Years' War begins

William Pitt the elder leads the war cabinet in Eng-land

Helvetius's De l'Esprit Capture of Quebec by the English; Lisbon earthquake Rousseau's Julie, ou la Nouvelle Heloise George III Capture of Pondichery by the English Rousseau's The Social Contract and Emile Catherine II of Russia John Wilkes case begins in England; French lose

Canada and India to English by Treaty of Paris; Prussia retains Silesia by Treaty of Hubertsburg

Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary; expulsion of the Jesuits from France

Hargreaves's spinning jenny; James Watt invents steam engine

Captain Cook's first voyage to the South Seas Russia occupies Rumanian principalities; Arkwright's

"water frame" patented Raynal's exotic book on the "Two Indies"; ministry

of Lord North begins in England; the Boston Massacre

Maupeou reforms in France First partition of Poland Pugachev's peasant revolt on the Volga

CHRONOLOGY, I 700 TO I 7 89

1 774

I 778-r 783 1778-1787 1779 1780-1790

1780 1781 1782 1783

I786 I787-I792 I787

Accession of Louis XVI and return of parlements; Goethe's lV erther

Turgot's efforts at fiscal reform in France fail English colonies in North America declare independ­

ence; Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations; Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I

France joins American colonies against England Recession in France Crompton's mule jenny Joseph II of Austria, "enlightened despot" who at-

tacked the privileged classes and freed the serfs Gordon Riots in London Rousseau's Confessions Recognition of American independence by England Invention of the puddling process; Lavoisier's analysis

of water; Russia annexes the Crimea Beaumarchais' Marriage of Figaro; Herder's Philoso­

phy of the History of Mankind Catherine II increases noble privileges in Russia; the

Diamond Necklace Scandal in France Mozart's Marriage of Figaro Russo-Turkish War Meeting of the Assembly of Notables in France and

refusal of the privileged to accept tax reforms Kant's Critique of Practical Reason Bentham's Introduction. to the Principles of Morals

and Legislation; outbreak of the French Revolution amidst severe depression

Selected Bibliography

M.S. Anderson, Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 1713-1783 (New York, 1961).

P. Aries, Centuries of Childhood (London, 1962 ). J. Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth

Century (Princeton, N.J., 1961 ). W. H. Bruford, Germany in the Eighteenth Century: The Social Back­

ground of the Literary Revival (Cambridge, 19 55). G. R. Cragg, The Church and the Age of Reason, 1648-1789 (London,

196o). D. Dakin, Turgot and the Ancien Regime in France (London, 1939). M. T. Florinsky, Russia: A History and an Interpretation (New York,

1953, 2 vols.). F. Ford, Robe and Sword. The Regrouping of the French Aristocracy

after Louis XIV (Cambridge, Mass., 1953). D. George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1925). L. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution, 1763-1789 (New York,

1944)· D. V. Glass, and D. E. C. Eversley, eds., Population in History: Essays

in Historical Demography (London and Chicago, 1965). J. Godechot, France and the Atlantic Revolution (New York, 1965). G. P. Gooch, Louis XV, the Monarchy in Decline (London, 1956). H. Heaton, Economic History of Europe (New York, 1948). H. Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, vol. II, 1648-1840 (New

York, 1963). R. A. Knox, Enthusiasm, A Chapter in the History of Religion (New

York, 1961). J. Kulischer, Allgemeine Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Mittelalters und

der Neuzeit, vol. II (Munich and Berlin, 1928-29). C. E. Labrousse, and R. Mousnier, Le XV!llme siecle: Revolution in­

tellectuelle, technique et politique, 1715-181) (Paris, 1953). J. Lindsay, ed., The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. VII, The

Old Regime, 1713-1763 (Cambridge, 1957). P. Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century

(London, 1955). D. Marshall, The English Poor in the Eighteenth Century (London,

1926). S. T. McCloy, The Humanitarian Movement in France in the Eigh­

teenth Century (Lexington, Ky., 1957).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

G. E. Mingay, English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century (London and Toronto, 1963).

L. B. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Ill (New York, 1957).

R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution, vol. I, The Chal-lenge (Princeton, N.J., 1959).

J. H. Plumb, England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1953). --,Men and Places (London, 1963). H. Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Autocracy, and Aristocracy: The Prussian

Experience, z66o-z8z5 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958). G. Rude, The Crowd in History, 173o-1848 (New York, 1964). A. L. Sachar, A History of the Jews (New York, 1937). P. Sagnac, La Formation de la societe franyaise moderne, vol. II (Paris,

1930). H. See, Economic and Social Conditions in France During the Eigh­

teenth Century (New York, 1927). B. H. Slichter van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe,

A.D. 500-1850 (New York, 1963). A. de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (New

York, 1927).

Index

Absenteeism, 73, 77, 82-85, 101, 346 Addison, Joseph, 65, 376 Adhemar, M. d', 367 Agricultural revolution, English, roo Agriculture, 99-102; day laborer in Brittany, 133-136; enclosures, roo, ror, ro2-108, ro~rr 10; in England, I02-107, ro8, ru, u5-u7; estate agent, the, ror, u3-u8; in France, ro8-rr7, u8-ru; rent contracts or leases, u8-r33; serfs in Russia, 136-139

Aikin, John, 172, 173-177, 236, 248 Alcala, University of, 302 Alembert, Jean Le Rood d', 301 Alexander I, Tsar, 405 Allzeit fertige H andels-Korrespon-dent, Der (Marperger), 338-342

Altdorf, University of, 313 Amalie, Princess, 362, 363 Ami des hommes au traite de la pop­ulation, L' (Mirabeau), 73-8r

Anglican Church, 331, 342-345, 352-356

Angouleme, 140, 148; commerce of, general view of, I49-150; interest rates in, origin of, 150

Annual Register, The, 10, 342, 343-345

Anville, Duchess d', 35 Apprentices, guild, 2r8-2zo; contract of, 235

Archenholz, J. W., q, 15-zz Archives de la Bastille, 396, 397-399 Archives Departmentales, Cote d'Or, E-1715 (Saulx-Tavanes), z98-3oo

Archives Departmentales, Haute­Garonne, C-1318 (Fourquevaux), II \rill

Archives Departmentales, llle-et­Vilaine, Coniac-65, 133-136

Archivio di Stato, Firenze, Carte Bartolommei, F-158, z82-z83

Archivio di Stato, Firenze, Carte Bartolommei, F-483, u3-u8

Aries, Philippe, z66 n., z67, 292 Artois, Comte d', 357, 367 Augeard, Pierre Fran~ois Charles,

368 Augsburg, 85 Autobiography, Truth and Poetry: From My Life (Goethe), 28-34

Auvergnac, 35

Banks and banking, 141, rn-r66 Bartolommei, Marchese, 288; will of

(1744). 288-291 Bastille, the, 396 Baston, Abbe, 331, 347-35z Beauvau, Mme de, 366, 367 Beauwes, 141 Beccaria, Cesare di, 376 Bedford, Duke of, 62 Belle Isle, Due de, 357 Bentham, Jeremy, 376, 389 Beschreibung der Messen und ]ahr-marckte (Marperger),19D-196,4oo-404

Birth control, 268, 269 Blair, Sir James Hunter, 163-164 Blundell, Joseph, 276 Blundell, Margaret, 268, 27 5-279 Blundell, Nicholas, 275-279 Blundell's Diary and Letter Book (1702-1728), 275-279

Bohemia, 87-<)1 Boigne, Comtesse de, 357• 358-360 Boislisle, A. M., 259, 26o-261 Bolingbroke, Lord, 65 Bordeaux, 172 Boswell, James, 96 Bourgeois, the, 62, 73, 76, 81, 83

INDEX

Bridgewater, Duke of, I7'1. Brittany, I4, 36, 40; day laborer in,

I33-I36 Brockes, Bertholdt Heinrich, 61., 81., 9I--96

Brunswick, I¢ Burke, Edmund, 35, 6o Bum, Dr., 1.36, 1.56, 1.57 Burney, Fanny, 360 Bute, Lord, 36o, 363, 364, 390

Cagliostro, Alessandro di, 3 3 I Cahiers de doJeances du Tiers Etat du bailliage de Rouen pour les Etats Generaux de 1789, 1.o3-1IO

Cahiers of Rouen artisans, 1.03-'J.IO Calas affair, Toulouse (I76I), 33I Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de, 367 Calvinism, no, 337 Cambridge University, 30I, 301 Campan, Mme Jeanne Louise Hen-riette, 9, 357, 365-368

Campbell, George, Io, I57 Campbell, R., 30I, 301.-305 Canals, I4I, I71., I74-I75 Capital punishment, 376, 38I, 384,

385, 387-389 Capitation, the, 118 n. Cartouche (Louis Dominique Bour-guignon), 3 76

Castries, M. de, 366 Cathedral Chapter, the, 33I, 347-351 Catherine II, Empress, 41., 314, 358,

37I, 371-374. 405 Chambord, I4, 35, 4o-41. Chanteloup, 3 5 Charity-school movement, 301. Charlatans, religious, 3 p Charles II, King, I4l, I43 Chastenay, Countess de, 396, 397-399 Chateaubriand, Fran~ois Rene de, I4 Chauvelin, Fran~ois Bernard, 357 Chesterfield, Lord, 9, 6I, 61, 65, 67-

71, I65, 360 Child, Sir Josiah, :z36, 1.56 Children, raising of, in the upper nobility, 1.91-193

Choiseul, Due Etienne Fran~ois de, 35· 357

Chreptowics, Count, 44-45 Christian Brothers, 30I Chronology, I70o-I789, 411-4I3

417

Church, see Anglican Church; Roman Catholic Church

Churchill, John (Duke of Marl­borough), 66

Clandestine press, Paris police and, 396-399

Cobban, Alfred, 347 Coigny, Comte de, 359 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 36 Colloquia (Erasmus), I96 Colquhoun, Patrick, 7, 136, 138-141.,

143 Combination Acts ( I 799), '1. 33 Combourg, I4, 39-40 Commerce, see Trade and commerce Commercial company, formation of,

I66-I71 Complete English Tradesman in Fa­miliar Letters, The (Defoe), 141-

I48, I97-I99 Coniac, M. de, I 3 3 Conjugal family, :z66 Conti, Prince of, 4I Contracts, see Apprentices, contract of; Marriage contracts; Rent con­tracts; Sharecropping contract

Correspondance des Controleurs­Generaux avec les Intendants des Provinces, t683-1715 (Boislisle,ed.), 16o-16I

Cotton, Sir John Hynde, 63 Courrier de l'Europe, 397 Courrier du Bas-Rhin, 396 Coutts, John and James, I57, I58,

I59. I65 Coxe, William, I4, 45, 46-51, 61, 63-67

Criminal law, 375-376, 386; see also Prisons and penal law

Crop rotation system, Io8, 115-116 Cumberland, Duke of, 361, 363 Currencies, European ( I 76o), 4 I o Customs barriers, I4I

Dalrymple, William, I 57 Davenant, Sir William, 136, 156 Day laborer in Brittany, IH-I36 Defects of Police: The Cause of Im-morality (Hanway), 154-158

Defoe, Daniel, 9, I4I, I41-I48, I97-I99, 136, 376

Description of the Country from

418

Thirty to Forty Miles Round Man­chester (Aikin), I72-I77

Devonshire, Duke of, 62 Diet of I731• 2Il-2I3, 2I4, 2I5, 216, 226-232

Discipline, family, among the pro­vincial gentry, 293-297

Documents inedits sur l'hostoire du compagnonnage a Marseilles au XVIllme siecle (lsnard), 233-234

Dowry, 269 Dryden, John, 394 Du Barry, Comtesse Marie Jeanne Becu, 357

Duby, Georges, 5, 266 n.

Eccleston, Thomas, 2 76-2 77 Eden, Sir Frederick M., 8, 9, 2 36,

237, 243-254, 262, 27I-274 Eden, Treaty of ( I786), 207 n. Edinburgh, University of, 302 Education, 85, 267, 30I-302; church,

309-312; in England, 302-305; fe­male nobility of Russia, 323-326; in France, 3o6-3u; Gottingen, Uni­versity of, 30I, 302, 313-320; nobil­ity, French court, 3o6-3o9; Rous­seau's Emile, 327-329; universities, 30I-302, 3u-323; Vilna, University of, 30I, 3I3, 32o-323

Emile (Rousseau), 327-329 Elbe River, 99 Enclosure Acts, English, 100 Enclosures, Ioo, IOI, I02, 108, IQ9"-

I 10; Reports of Committees of the House of Commons on, 103-108

Encyclopedia, 394 England, abolition of slave trade in,

I77; agriculture in, I02-I07, 108, II2, II5-II7; banking in, I53-I66; education in, 302-305; family in, 267, 293-297; kings and court in, 358, 36o-365; moneylending in, I48; poor in, 236-237, 238-242, 243-254, 254-258, 259; prisons and penal law in, 38I; reform in, 376, 38I, 389-394; religion in, 330, 33 I, 342-345, 352-356; social structure in ( I688 and I8o3), 238-242; trade and com­merce in, I4I, I42-I48, I54-I66, I72-I77, I97-I99

INDEX

England und Italien (Archenholz), I5-22

English aristocracy, 6I, 63-67, 68-72, 100; see also Nobility

English mores, French and, 55-59 Enlightenment, the, 30I, 33 I, 375 Ephemerides du Citoyen ou biblio-theque raisonnee des morales et politiques, XI, 10, I78-I8I, 292-293, 30I, 302, 306

Erasmus, Desiderius, 196 Erfurt, University of, 313 Erlangen, University of, 3I3 Estate agents, IOI, 123-u8 Etter, Rodolphe, 396 European aristocracy, 6o-6 I, 8 5""'9 I; see also Nobility

Fairs, commercial, I4o, I9Q-I¢, 400 Family, the, 266-269; accounts of the Due de Saulx-Tavanes (I788), 297-300; child raising in the upper no­bility, 292-293; discipline among the provincial gentry, 293-297; mar­riageable, the, 269-27I; marriage contracts, 268, 279-284; marriage negotiations, 274-2 79; parish regis­ters, 268, 27I-274; wills, 268, 284-29I

Family accounts, 297-300 Family papers, 268-269 Farm labor in Brittany, I33-I36 Farquharson, Francis, I56, I58 Fielding, Henry, 236, 256 Fielding, John, 236 Florence, I66; marriage contract in, 282-284

Flower girls, 262-265 Forbes, Sir William, I5J-I66 Forster, Georg, I4, 42, 44-45, 30I,

313· po-323 Forster, Robert, 279-282 Foundling-Hospital, London, 257 Fourquevaux, Marquis de, I I8 Fox, John Charles, 66, 362 Fox Libel Act (I792), 376 France, abolition of slave trade in,

I77; agriculture in, 108-I I7, I I8-122; education in, 300-312; family in, 266, 267, 292-293, 297-3oo; guilds in, 203-210, 2IQ-212, 233-234, 235;

INDEX

"improvers" and single-causers in, 262-265; judicial torture and public execution in, 386-389; kings and court in, 357, 358-360, 365-368; landlordship in, 73-75, 77• 78, 79-8o; moneylending in, restriction of, I48-I53; poor in, 237, 25g-26I, 262-265; press in, 394-396, 396-399; pris­ons and penal law in, 375, 376; re­form in, 375, 376, 377-38I, 394-396, 396-399; religion in, no, HI, 345-34 7, 34 7-3 52; trade and commerce in, I48-I53, lOQ-lOI

Francis I, King, 4I Francklyn, G., I8I-I84 Frankfurt, I 3, z8-34, I9o, I9I, I94•

196 Franklyn, Benjamin, I84 Frederick II of Prussia, 302, 400 French aristocracy, 6o-6I, 73-8I, 8z-85; see also Nobility

French mores, English and, 55-59 French revolution, roi, I33, 267,

347· 375· 376, 377· 400 Frisius, Fredericus, zi6-zz6 Furst Mikhail Shterbatov, "Ober die Sittenverderbnis in Russland," 371-374

Gazette de Cologne, 397 Gazette de France, 376, 396 Gazette de H ollande, 396 Gazette de Paris, 394 Gedicke, Friedrich, 30I, 312-320 Gee, Mr., 236, 257 Geneva, 8z Gentleman's Magazine, 342, 343 Gentry, the, I45-I47• 154, 256, 275; family discipline among the pro­vincial, 293-297

George II, King, 36o-36I George Ill, King, 353, 389; accession of (I76o), 36o-365

George, Dorothy, 8 Georg Forsters siimtliche Schriften,

32Q-323 Georg Forsters Tagebiicher, 43, 44-45

Germany, court of Weimar, 368-37I; guilds in, ziz-zi6, ZI6-zz6, 226-232; overseas trade of, plight

419 of, I84-I89; prisons and penal law in, 375, 38I, 381>-384

Gesamt-deutsche Handwerk im Spie­gel der Reichgesetzgebung von IJ3o-18o6 (Proesler), 226-232

Ghettos, 399 Gibbon, Edward, 360 Giessen, University of, 3 I 3 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, q­

I4, z8-34, 184, 3Il, 3I3 Gogol, N. V., 358 Gordon Riots, London (I78o), 33I,

352-356 Gottingen, University of, 30I, 301~ 3I3-320

Gower, Lord, 363 Grain Riots, Rouen (I7sz), an arch-bishop's reaction to, 345-347

Grammar schools, 302, 307 n. Grandval, 3g-4o Greenwich Hospital, London, 257 Grodno, 41, 44-45 Guilds, zoz; abolition of, in France, attempt at, 2 ro-z I 2; apprenticeship contract, 235; customs and regula­tions of a German guild, zi6-zz6; journeymen's associations in Mar­seilles, I 787, 2 3J_-2 34; reforming the German guilds, 226-232; Rouen artisans, cahiers of, 203-2 Io; social hierarchy and, 212-2 r6

Hale, Sir Matthew, 256 Hamburg, 9I Hanseatic League, I84-I85 Hanway, Jonas, 236, 254-258 Hatin, Eugene, 394 Hawke, Sir Edward, 3 7 Hay, Mr., 256 Heerschild, Germanic, 1I3, ZI5 Heidelberg, University of, 3 I 3 Helmstadt, University of, 313 Hervey, Lord, 360 Heyne, Christian Gottlob, 320 Hillsborough, Lord, 2 56 Historical Memoirs (Wraxall), 353-

356 Horace Walpole: Memoirs and Por-traits, 36o-365

House of Commons Reports, First Series ( I774-I8oz ), I03-I08

420

Howard, John, 9, 323, 324-326, 375, 376, 38I-386

Hume, David, 360 Huntington, Lord, 363

Imperial Diet of I731• 386 "Improvers" in France, 262-265 Industrialization, I02 Intendant, relief of the poor and, 259-26I

Interest rates, I5o-I53 Isnard, E., 233-234

Jansenism, 330 Jena, University of, 3I3 Jesuits, 30I, 353 Jews, 33 I, 376; legal disabilities of,

399-404 Johnson, Samuel, 259 Joly de Fleury, M., 367 Joseph II, Emperor, 33I, 400 ] ournal (Wesley), 332 Journal de Paris, 376, 394-396 Journey from St. Petersburg to Mos-

cow (Radishchev, I36-I39, 405-409 Journeymen, guild, 22o-223, 228,

23 I; associations in Marseilles (I787). 233-234

King, Gregory, 7, 236, 238, 239 Kings and counts, 357-358; in Eng­land, 358, 36o-365; in France, 357, 358-360, 365-368; in Germany, 368-37I; in Russia, 358, 37I-374

La Bourdonaye, Count de, 35, 36, 37, 26o-26I

Labrousse, C. E., IOI n. Laissez-faire policy, 210 Landlordship, 73-75, 77, 78, 79-80, 99· 100, IOI, 102

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 35 Leases, n8-I 33 Le Chapelier Law (I79I), 233 Lefebvre, Georges, I

Leipzig, I4o, I9o, I94• I96; Ordi­nance of I682 concerning the Jews, 40o-4o4; University of, 404

LeRoy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 6 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 400 Letters of the Earl of Chesterfield to His Son, 68-72

Lettres de cachet, 377, 378-38I, 389

INDEX

Liverpool, growth of, I72-I77; parish register of, 268, 273-274; state of the poor in, 243, 248-252

Lloyd, Sir Richard, 256 London, I3, I5-22; Gordon Riots in

(I78o}, 352-356 London Tradesman, The (Camp-bell}, 302-305

Louis XIV, King, 4I, 2oi Louis XV, King, 4I, 209 Louis XVI, King, 2Io, 353, 358-360 Lower-class family, 267 Lowth, Robert, Lord Bishop of Lon­

don, 33I, 342-345 Luynes, Due de, 346-34 7

Manchester, 250 Mandrou, Robert, 5, 266 n. Mansfield, Lord, 364, 389 Marburg, University of, 313 Marie Antoinette, Queen, 357, 365-368

Maritime insurance, I66 Marperger, Paul Jakob, Io, I9Q-I96, 338-342• 4oo-4o4

Marriage, arranged, 266 Marriageable, the, 269-271 Marriage contracts, 268, 279-284 Marriage negotiations, 274-279 Marseilles, journeymen's associations in (I787}. 233-234

Marx, Karl, 243 n. Massie, John, 236 Master artisans, guild, 202, 223-226, 227-228, 229, 23I

Maurepas, Comte de, 365, 366, 367 Memoires (De Boigne}, 358-360 Memoires de l'abbe Baston, chanoine de Rouen, d'apres le manuscrit origi­nal, 1741-1792, 348-352

Memoires sur la cour de Louis XV, 11JS-17S8 (De Luynes), 346-347

Memoirs of a Banking-House by the Late Sir William Forbes of Pitsligo, Bart., I54-I66

Memoirs of Charles Lewis Baron de Pollnitz, 85-9I, 369-37I

Memoirs of Marie Antoinette (Cam­pan}, 365-368

Memoirs of the Life and Administra­tion of Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Oxford (Coxe}, 6r-67

INDEX

Memqries, Souvenirs, et Anecdotes (De Segur), 42, 43-44

Mendelssohn, Moses, 400 Merchants, I4o, I4I Mercier, Louis Sebastien, 9, I 3, 22-

28, 96-98, I4I, I97, 20Q-20I, 26~ 27I

Mercure, 394 Mesmer, Franz, 33 I Methodism, 33o-33I, 332-337, 352 Mirabeau, Marquis de, 6o, 6I, 73-8I,

123 Middle classes, I4o, 269, 270 Monaco, Prince of, 2 I

Moneylending in France, restriction of, I48-I53

Montague, Lady Mary Wortley, 360 Montbarrey, M. de, 365 Montesquieu, I 5 I Mornet, Daniel, 3 7 5 Morning Chronicle, 376 Morning Post, 376 Moser, Justus, 10, I84-I89, 212-2 I6 Moscow, 47-49, p; University of,

301

Namier, Sir Lewis, 357 Nantes, I4, 37-39, I72; Edict of

(I685), 208 n. Napoleonic Code, 233, 267 Nathan the Wise (Lessing), 400 National Assembly, French, 108 Necker, Jacques, 366-367 Nemours, Dupont de, 306 Newcastle, Duke of, 360, 364, 365 Nizhni-Novgorod, I90 Nobility, the, 6o-62, 73, 8I, 82, 85-9I, 100, 118, 253, 256, 269, 275, 357, 375; child raising in the upper, 292-293; education of, 302, 306-309, 323-326

Nobility of Toulouse in the Eigh­teenth Century (Forster), 28o-282

North, Lord, I6 North Briton, The, 10, 376, 389, 39o-

394 N ovgorod, 50 Nuits de Paris or Nocturnal Spec­tator: A Selection (Restif de la Bretonne), 262-265, 32 7-329, 387-389, 394-396

Niirnberg, 85, 86-87

4li

Observations occasioned by the At­tempts made in England to effect the Abolition of the Slave Trade (Francklyn), I8I-I84

Oeuvres (Turgor), I48-I53, zio-112, 259 n.

Oratorians, 30I Ordinance of I682 of Leipzig con-cerning the Jews, 40o-404

Orlof, Count, 49 Ormesson, M. de, 367 Osnabriickische lntelligenzblatter,

I84 Osterman, Count, 48 Overseas trade, German, plight of,

I84-I89 Oxford, Earl of, see Walpole, Sir Robert

Oxford University, 30I, 301

Paris, q, 22-28, 259; clandestine press of, police and, 396-399; Uni­versity of, 30I

Parish registers, 268, 27I-274 Parlement of Paris, 327, 375; remon­strance of, 377-38I

Parliament, English, 20, 6I, 100, 33I; House of Commons reports on en­closures, Io3-Io8

Parochial tax, 254 Paternal authority, 266, 267 Patriarchal family, z66, 267 Patriotische Phantasien (Moser), I84,

I85-I89, 2IJ-2I6 Paul, Sir George, 245 Peasants, the, 46-47, 55, 75, 89--<)0, 99, 100, 102, I36, 267, 268, 269, 30I

Penal law, see Criminal law; Prisons and penal law

Pensions and preferments, 6I Pietism, 330, 33 7-342 Pitt, William, 36o, 362, 364, 365 Plumb, John H., 62 Poland, 43-45 Polignac, Comtesse de, 365, 367 Polignac, Due de, 357 Pollnitz, Charles Lewis Baron de, 9,

6o, 85--<)I, 36~37I Poniatowski, Prince Stanislaus, 49 Poor, the, 236-237; in England, 352; English social structure ( I688 and I8o3), 238-242; "improvers" and

422

single-causers in France, 262-265; philanthropy appealed to, 254-258; relief and employment of, 243-254; intendant and, 259-26I; State of the Poor, The, Eden's, 243-254; work­houses, 236-237, 245, 251-252, 257, 258, 375-376, 38I

Poor Law, Elizabethan, 236, 244-246, 254

Pope, Alexander, 64 Porter, Robert Ker, 14, 45, 52-55 Postelthwait, 10

Potemkin, Prince, 43 Prague, 85, 87-l)I Press, the, clandestine, Paris police

and, 396-399; freedom of, John Wilkes and, 389-394; political, 376

Primogeniture, 266, 267 Prisons and penal laws, 375-376, 38I-

386 Private academies, English, 303, 304 Privileges, 6o, 6 I Proesler, Hans, 226-2 32 Protestant Association of London,

352 Prote&tantism, 330, 352-356 Public Advertiser, 376 Public execution, see Capital punish­ment

Public punishment, 375, 38I, 384, 385-386, 387

Public schools, English, 301, 303, 304 Pulteney, Lord, 65 Punishment, see Capital punishment; Public punishment

Purefoy, Elizabeth and Henry, 268, 293-297

Purefoy Letters, I7JJ-I7S3 (Eland, ed.), 294-297

Putting-out system, 202, 2 IO

Quakers, 243, 246-247, 250 Quit rents, 99

Radishchev, Aleksandr N., I 36-I 39, 404-409

Ravaisson, Franr;ois, 396, 397 Reform, age of, 375-377; in England,

376, 38I, 389-394; in France, 375, 376, 377-38I, 394-396, 396-199;free­dom of the press, John Wilkes and, 389-394; French press before I789, 394-396; Jews, legal disabilities of,

INDEX

399-404; judicial torture and public execution, 386-389; Paris police and the clandestine press, 396-399; Par­lement of Paris, remonstrance of, 377-38I; prisons and penal law, 375-376, 38I-386; serfdom in Russia, abolition of, 404-409

Regensburg (Ratisbon), 85 Religion, 33 o-33 I ; Anglicism, 33 I,

342-345, 352-356; Calvinism, 330, n7; Cathedral Chapter, the, 33I, 347-352; charlatans, ni; in Eng­land, no, n I, 342-345, 352-356; in France, no, ni, 345-347· 347-352; Methodism, no-ni, n2-n7, 352; Pietism, 330, 337-342; prejudice in, n I, 3 5 2-356; Protestantism, 330, 352-356; Roman Catholicism, 237, 266, 302, 309-3I2, 33I, 345-347, 347-352, 352-356; tolerance in, ni; Wesley, John, 330, 332-n7

Remonstrances du Parlement de Paris au XVII/me siecle, 377-38I

Rent contracts, 128-I n Rentiers, 62, 9I-l)6 Restif de la Bretonne, Nicolas Edme, 9, 22, 237, 262-265, 327-329, 376, 387-389, 394-396

Retail tradesmen, I97-20I Roads, I4I Roman Catholic Church, 237, 266,

302, 3JI, 345-347, 347-352, 352-356; education by, 309-3 I 2

Rouen, artisans of, cahiers of, 203-210; Cathedral Chapter of, 347-352; Grain Riots of I752, an archbishop's reaction to, 345-347

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 302, 327-329, 394

Rude, George, 5 Russia, 45-55; education of the fe­male nobility of, 32 3-326; kings and court in, 358, 37I-374; prisons and penal law in, 375, 385-386; serfs and serfdom in, I 36-I 39; abolition of, 404-409

St. James, court of, 358, 36o-365 St. Petersburg, I4, 5o-52, 324; court of, 358, 37I-374

Saulx-Tavanes, Due de, accounts of, 297-300

INDEX

Saulx-Tavanes, Nicolas de, Arch-bishop of Rouen, 3JI, 345-347, 348

Saxe, Marshal de, I4, 35, 4I Schiller, Johann von, 3 I 2 Scotland, banking in, I 53-I66; edu­cation in, 302

Secondary schools, 302 Segur, Count de (Louis Philippe), 9,

I 3, I4, 42, 43-44, 45, 366 Seigneurial justice, 6o, 2 3 7 Seigneurs, 74-75, 99 "Selbstbiographie" (Brockes), 9I-1)5 Serfs and serfdom, 99-Ioo, q6-IJ9,

237, 376; abolition of, in Russia, 404-409

Seven Britons in Imperial Russia (Putnam, ed.), 45-55

Sharecropping contract, French, I 28, I 3D-I 33

Schterbatov, Prince Mikhail, 324, 358, 37I, 372-374

Single-causers in France, 262-265 Sismondi, J. C. L. de, 6o, 82-85 Slave trade, African, I72, I77-I84 Soboul, Albert, 5 Social hierarchy, guilds and, 212-2 I6 Social structure (I688 and I8o3), English, 238-242

Social respectability, signs of, 96-98 Societe des Amis des Noirs, I77 Spener, Philipp Jacob, 3N. 338-342 State of the Poor, The (Eden), 243-

254, 27I-274 State of the Prisons in England and

Wales (Howard), 324-326, 382-386 State religions, 33 I Steele, Richard, 65, 376 Sully, Due de, 36 Sunday-school movement, 302 Switzerland, 76-77

Tableau de !'agriculture toscane (S:s­mondi), 82-85

Tableau de Paris, Le (Mercier), 22-28, 96-1)8, 20D-20I, 269-27I

Taille, II8, 26I Tawney, R. H., 337 n. Taxes and taxation, II8-I22, 254 Tenant farmers, IOo-Ioi, Io8, I23 Tesse, Marquis de, 284-285; Testa-ment of (I763), 285-288

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 73

42 3 Toulouse, Calas affair (I 76 I) in,

3 31; marriage contract in, 28o-282 Towns and country, I 3-I4; English and French mores, 55-59; France, 35-42; Frankfurt, 28-34; London, I5-22; Paris, 22-28; Poland, 42-45; Russia, 45-55

Townshend, Lord, 63-64 Trade and commerce, I4D-I I4i Afri­

can slave trade, I40, I72, I77-I84; banks and banking, I53-I66; com­mercial company, formation of, I66-I72i fairs, commercial, I40, I9o-I96, 4oo; German overseas trade, plight of, I84-I89; Liverpool, growth of, I72-I77i moneylending in France, restriction of, I48-I53; respectability of, I4I, I42-I48; re­tail tradesmen, I 97-20 I

Tradesmen, retail, I97-2oi Traveling Sketches in Russia and Sweden, 18os, 18o6, 1807, 18o8 (Porter), 52-55

Travels in France in 1787, 1788, and 1789 (Young), 9, 35-42, 56-59, I09-II7

Travels in Russia ( 1778-1779 ), Coxe, 46-52

Treatise on Indigence Exhibiting a General View of the National Re­sources for Productive Labour ... (Colquhoun), 238-242

Tubingen, University of, 313 Turgenev, Ivan S., 358 Turgot, A. R. J., I48-I53, 2ID-2I2,

259, 365 n. Tuscany, I23

Universitiits-Bereiser Friedrich Ge­dicke und sein Bericht an Friedr. Wilhelm II, mitgeteilt von Richard Fester, 313-320

Universities, 30I-302, 312-323 Upper class, 302, 33I Upper-class family, 268 Urbanization, 73, 77-78 Ursury laws, I48, I50-I53

Vergennes, Comte de, 367 Versailles, court of, 357, 358-360,

365-368 Village solidarity, 367

Vilna, University of, 301, 313, po-323

Vingtieme (Twentieth Tax), uS; declaration for, II<)-122

Voltaire, 394, 400 Vornehmsten Kunstler und Hand­wercker Ceremonial-Politica (Fri­sius), 2 r 6-226

Waiting City: Paris 1782-88, The (Simpson), 22-28, 96-()8, 2oo-2or, 26<)-271

Waldegrave, Lord, 363 Waller, Edmund, 70 Walpole, Horace, g, 66, 36o-365, 376 Walpole, Sir Robert, 6r, 62, 63-67 Walton, parish register of, 271, 272; state of the poor in, 243, 252-254

Warsaw, 42, 44 Weber, Max, 337 n. Weimar, Duke of, 368, 36<)-371

Wenceslas, Emperor, rgr Wesley, John, 330, 332-337 Wilberforce, William, 177

INDEX

Wilkes, John, freedom of the press and, 376, 38<)-394

Wills, 268, 284-291; Florentine pa­trician (1744), 288-291; Parisian nobleman (1763), 285-288

Women, status of, 266, 267 Workhouses, 236-237, 245, 251-252,

257· 258, 375-376, 381 Works of the Rev. John Wesley,

33 2-337 Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, 353-356 Wrigley, E. A., 3

York, Duke of, 21, 363 Young, Arthur, g, 13, 14, 35-42, 56-

59, IOI, I08-II7, 259

Zinzendorf, Count, 332