EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING · 2020-03-03 · 7th European Conference on Protective...

Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Engineering

Textile Engineering Department

7th EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

“Innovative Protectıve Clothing in a Changing World:

Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence integrated, Ecological and Economical”

23-25 May 2016

Çeşme-Izmir / TURKEY

Editors Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU

Res. Assist. Duygu ERDEM

7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable, Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY

ii

7th European Conference on Protective Clothing

23-25 May 2016, Çeşme-İzmir, Turkey

ISBN

978-975-441-457-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of Dokuz Eylül University Textile Engineering

Department.

Publisher: Meta Basım Press

[email protected]

Tel: +90 232 3436454

mailto:[email protected]

7th European Conference on Protective Clothing Innovative Protective Clothing in a Changing World: Protective, Comfortable,

Intelligence Integrated, Ecological and Economical 23-25 May 2016, Çeşme - İZMİR, TURKEY

iii

FOREWORD

7th European Conference on Protective Clothing (7th ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 12, is held in

Çeşme-Izmir, Turkey, on 23-25 May 2016. 7th European Conference on Protective Clothing is

the continuation of a long tradition of ESPC and NOKOBETEF (NOrdisk KOrdineringsgruppe

om BEskyttelseskläder som TEknisk Forebyggelsesmiddel -Nordic Coordination Group on

Protective Clothing as a Technical Preventive Measure) conferences, under the umbrella of the

European Society on Protective Clothing “ESPC”. This conference is organized by Dokuz Eylül

University Textile Engineering Department.

The conference focuses on the safety and optimal protection of people in hazardous

environments. Recently interest in job and labor safety directed people to personal protective

equipment (PPE) is more than before. For this reason, expectations of end-users from the PPEs

have increased day-by-day. The main problem of PPEs is not so much the required level of

protection alone, but the other factors are important. PPEs are expected to be comfortable

enough for end-use, intelligent, ecological that does not damage the environment and

economical that many people can use them.

This conference is intended for researchers, designers, manufacturers, purchasers, experts in

health and safety, end-users, public authorities (procurement) and legislators. It will give an

opportunity to share know-how, dissemination and improve the knowledge about protective

clothing.

We would like to thank to all sponsor companies, to all authors and participants for their kind

supports. We hope that this international event will also generate an occasion to create new

opportunities.

We are happy to welcome you.

Prof. Dr. Merih SARIIŞIK Assist. Prof. Dr. Bengi KUTLU

Head of DEU Textile Engineering Department Head of Organizing Committee of 7th ECPC


iv

Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members

George Havenith (chair) Loughborough University, Environmental Ergonomics

Research Centre, United Kingdom

Miriam Martinez Albert Aitex, Spain Grażyna Bartkowiak CIOP_PIB, Poland

CP (Niels) Bogerd (webmaster) TNO, Netherlands

Hilde Faerevik SINTEF Health Research, Norway

Peter Heffels BG BAU - Arbeitsschutzzentrum Haan, Germany

Kirsi Jussila Finish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland

Kalev Kuklane Lund University, Sweden

Bengi Kutlu Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey

Jean Leonard (vice-chair) CENTEXBEL, Belgium

René Rossi EMPA, Switzerland

Tiago Sotto Mayor Porto University, Portugal

Henk Vanhoutte (secretary) European Safety Federation (ESF), Belgium

Eric van Wely DuPont, Switzerland

Liaison partners

Roger Barker North Carolina State University, USA

Emiel den Hartog North Carolina State University, USA

Kee Jong Yoon Asian Society of Protective Clothing, South Korea

Eun Ae Kim Yonsei University, South Korea

Kaoru Wakatsuki National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Japan

Organizing Committee

Bengi KUTLU Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department

Duygu ERDEM Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department

Mehmet KORKMAZ Dokuz Eylül University, Textile Engineering Department



v

CONTRIBUTORS OF THE CONFERENCE

*Confirmed companies until 10 May 2016.

Names of the companies are listed alphabetically.

AKDENİZ TEKSTİL VE

HAMMADDELERİ

İHRACATÇILARI BİRLİĞİ


vi

CONTENTS

Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii

Scientific Committee-ESPC Board Members ............................................................ iv

Organizing Committee ................................................................................................ iv

Contributors of the Conference .................................................................................. v

PROCEEDINGS

23 May 2016 Monday

Invited Speaker: From Nordic Cooperation to Global Networking – The History of

ESPC and ECPC

Helena MÄKINEN ........................................................................................................... 3

Session I: State of Art: Protective Textiles Market

Factors Driving the Evolutionary Protective Clothing Market

Mary Lynn LANDGRAF .................................................................................................. 7

Textile Trends in the PPE-Market

Manuela BRAEUNING .................................................................................................... 9

Session II: Thermal Protective Clothing

Effects of Moisture on Thermal Protective Performance for Firefighting Systems

Juan CAO, Guowen SONG .......................................................................................... 11

Is Completion Time of The Course Valid Enough to Evaluate Firefighters’

Performance?

Siyeon KİM, Joo-Young LEE ........................................................................................ 13

Influence of Reimpregnation on the Sweat Management of Fire Fighter Suits

Bianca-Michaela WOELFLING, Edith CLASSEN ......................................................... 15

Environmental Impact of Body Armours by Means of LCA

Enrico FATARELLA, Dionysis SIAMIDIS, Alicia MORIANA LOPEZ ............................ 17

Poster Session: Thermal Protective Clothing

Development of a Multifunctional Suit for Wildland and Structural Firefighting

Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS ..................................................................................... 19

Feasibility Study of Innovative Military Protection Textile System

Gilda SANTOS, Cristina OLIVEIRA, Ana BARROS, Patricia FERREIRA .................... 21



vii

Mechanical Properties of Continuous Graphene Oxide Fibers Prepared by Wet

Spinning

Esma Nur GÜLLÜOĞLU, Rokhsareh BAKHTIARI, Sajjad GHOBADI, Lale IŞIKEL

ŞANLI, Selmiye ALKAN GÜRSEL, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN .......................................... 23

Evaluation of Manual Dexterity Offered by Fire Protective Gloves in Dry and Wet

Conditions

Dami KIM, Joo-Young LEE ........................................................................................... 25

An Investigation of Performance Evaluation of Protective Clothing

Ayça GÜRARDA ........................................................................................................... 27

Investigation on the Effectiveness of Two Personal Cooling Strategies in

Heatwaves

Chengjiao ZHANG, Wenfang SONG, Faming WANG .................................................. 31

The Effects of Water Repellent Finishing on Physical Characteristics and

Thermal Comfort of Textile Materials Used in Outer Environments

Yaşar ERAYMAN, Yasemin KORKMAZ ....................................................................... 33

Investigation of the Thermal Comfort Properties of Textiles Used in Ready-Beds

Yasemin KORKMAZ, Sedat ÖZER, Yaşar ERAYMAN ................................................ 35

Session III: Thermal Protective Clothing

On The Effectiveness of Wet Clothing in Reducing Heat Strain during A

Heatwave

Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG ............................... 37

A New Protocol to Characterize Thermal Protective Performance of Garments

Using Instrumented Flash Fire and Spray Mannequin

Farzan GHOLAMREZA, Mark ACKERMAN, Davıd TORVI, Nancy KERR, Guowen

SONG ........................................................................................................................... 39

An Approach with 2 Phase Changes (PCM+) Improves and Prolongs the Cooling

Effect

Kalev KUKLANE, Matthew RAOUFI, Elsa LINDBERG ................................................ 41

Proposal of a Test Method for the Determination of the Efficacy of Protection

Offered by Textiles Exposed to Liquid Hydrocarbon Fires

Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZİND, Simon ANNAHEİM, Renè ROSSİ ..................... 45


viii

24 May 2016 Tuesday

Parallel Sessions

Session I: Protective Clothing against Cold

Evaluation of Heating Protocols with Graphene Heater for Korean Navy Duty

Uniform in Winter

Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE ......................................................................................... 49

Silver Nanowire Coated Heatable Textiles

Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN ....................................... 51

Evaluation of Barrier® Easywarm on Healthy Volunteers in Three Different

Climates

Kalev KUKLANE, Amitava HALDER, Karin LUNDGREN, Chuansi GAO, Magnus

OSTBERG, Lisa SKINTEMO, Anna GROU, Jens TORNQVIST, Karin GANLOV,

Mikael ÅSTROM ........................................................................................................... 53

Protective Effect of Wetsuits for Swimmers in Cold Water: Modelling Results

Irena YERMAKOVA, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO, Julia TADEIEVA, Leslie

MONTGOMERY ........................................................................................................... 57

Session II: Protective Clothing against Mechanical

Effects

Effect of Woven Structure on Cut Resistant Property of Kevlar Fabric

Mazhar Hussain PEERZADA, Anam MEMON, Sadaf Aftab ABBASI, Awais

KHATRI ......................................................................................................................... 59

Development of the Flexible Personal Protective Structure with Spacer Fabrics

Sinem ÖZTÜRK, Buket DEĞİRMENCİ, Hüseyin Erdem YALKIN, Simge SAKİN, Bekir

BOYACI ........................................................................................................................ 61

Development of Liquid Armors for Body Protection Systems

Oylum ÇOLPANKAN, Sema YILDIZ, Mehmet Deniz GÜNEŞ, Fikret ŞENEL, Metin

TANOĞLU .................................................................................................................... 63

Uniaxial and Biaxial Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Carbon/Aramid Woven

Fabrics

Emin SÜNBÜLOĞLU, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN, Meral TUNA, Ergün BOZDAĞ ............ 65



ix

Session III: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective

Clothing

Comparison of Novel Core Temperature Measuring Methods with Conventional

Methods: Telemetric Intestinal Temperature

Cornelis P. BOGERD, Claudy KOERHUIS, Mauris HPH VAN BEURDEN, Hein AM

DAANEN ....................................................................................................................... 67

Sweating Torso: Physiological Impact of Firefighter Clothing

Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Agnes PSIKUTA, René ROSSI .................. 69

Comparison of Thermal Insulation Evaluated By Questionnaire, Thermal Manikin

and Human Test

Kirsi JUSSILA, Sirkka RISSANEN, Pertti TUHKANEN, Jouko REMES, Satu

MÄNTTÄRI, Juha OKSA, Hannu RINTAMÄKI ............................................................. 71

Session IV: Smart Systems for Protective Clothing

Specification of Human Subjects and Field Trials Protocols for Smart

Acclimatization Textile Systems


The Advantages in Fire Safety Using Functional Smart Turnout Gear

Daniela ZAVEC PAVLINIC, Miklos KOZLOVSZKY, Andreja ODER, Klaus

RICHTER ...................................................................................................................... 75

Lightweight, Flexible and Smart Protective Clothing for Law Enforcement

Personnel

Silvia PAVLIDOU .......................................................................................................... 77

Sensor-Based Airbag for Protection from Damage Induced by Falling

Jan Vincent JORDAN, Gesine KOPPE, Michael LEHNERT, Hyo-dae KIM, Michael

MIN, Yves-Simon GLOY, Thomas GRIES .................................................................... 79

Poster Session: Thermoregulatory Systems for

Protective Clothing

Ecological Dyeing & Finishing Process of Protective Comfortable Wool

Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Rosa Maria SILVA, Augusta SILVA, Helena

MAGALHÃES, Manuel PINHEIRO ............................................................................... 81

Proposal for Adequate Evaluation Techniques of Smart Acclimatization Textile

Systems



x

Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protective Clothing

Yusuf SAĞLAM ............................................................................................................. 85

Evaluating Ergonomic Properties of Newly Designed Chinese Female Firefighting

Clothing

Dandan LAI, Faming WANG ......................................................................................... 87

Thermal Comfort Analysis of Firefighter’s Uniforms

Selin Hanife ERYÜRÜK, Senem KURŞUN BAHADIR, Fatma KALAOĞLU, ................ 89

Development of a Simulation App for Thermal Clothing Engineering Design

Benjamin VAN DER SMISSEN, Peter VAN RANSBEECK, Alexandra DE RAEVE,

Simona VASILE, Joris COOLS, Mathias VERMEULEN ............................................... 93

Poster Session: Functionalization for Protective

Textiles

Functional Textile with Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Polyester and

Chitosan

Nagihan OKUTAN, Ahmet ÇİFTÇİ, Filiz ALTAY ........................................................... 95

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity on Textiles through Utilization of Novel

Dopants

Asena CERHAN, Iuliana DUMITRESCU, G. Bahar BAŞIM ......................................... 97

Macroporosity and the Ultraviolet Protection Function of Woven Fabrics

Polona DOBNIK DUBROVSKI, Abhijit MAJUMDAR .................................................... 99

Generating of Passive Noice Canceling Headsets by Using Recycled Materials

Ulaş ÇINAR, Aliye KAŞARCI HAKAN, Emre GÜMÜŞ ............................................... 101

A New Route for Synthesis of Antibacterial Tin (Iv) Oxide Nanoparticles for

Fabrics

Aslı BAYSAL, Banu Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Gül Şirin USTABAŞI ............................. 103

Latest Developments in the Evaluation of Microbial Barrier Properties of

Protective Clothing

Mark CROES, Jean LÉONARD, Yvette ROGISTER .................................................. 105

Functional Disposable Face Masks for Malodorous Surgical Operations

Özge YÜKSEL, Beliz BOZALP, Gizem Ceylan TÜRKOĞLU, Tolga ÖNDER, Ayşe

Merih SARIIŞIK, Salih OKUR, Ayşenur DURU ........................................................... 107



xi

Parallel Sessions

Session V: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective

Clothing

Influence of the Maintenaise on the Protective Function and the Comfort of PPE

Edith CLASSEN .......................................................................................................... 109

Assessment of Sensorial Comfort of Fabrics for Protective Clothing

Simona VASILE, Benny MALENGIER, Alexandra DE RAEVE, Johanna LOUWAGIE,

Myréne VANDERHOEVEN, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE ............................................ 111

Clothing Protection and Wearing Comfort

Simon ANNAHEIM, Tom PITTS, Matthew MORRISSEY, Pauline WEISSER, André

CAPT, Martin CAMENZIND, René M. ROSSI ............................................................ 115

Numerical Analysis of the Transport Phenomena in Cylindrical Clothing

Microclimates

Tiago S. MAYOR, Marta SANTOS, Dinis OLIVEIRA, João B. L. M. CAMPOS, René M.

ROSSI, Simon ANNAHEIM ........................................................................................ 117

Session VI: Protective Clothing for Medical

Applications

Emerging Factors Related to the Design, Selection and Use of Protective

Clothing against Highly Infectious Diseases

Jeffrey STULL, Christina STULL, Huiju PARK, Susan ASHDOWN, Jason COLE, Judith

MULCAY, Jason ALLEN ............................................................................................. 119

Evaluation of Protective Clothing Used by Medical Personnel against Simulated

Bodily Fluids Using a Rapid Elbow Lean Test

F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI, Peter A. JAQUES, Pengfei GAO, Lee PORTNOFF, Robyn

WEIBLE, Matthew HORVATIN, Amanda STRAUCH, Ronald SHAFFER .................. 121

Effect of Additive Particle Size on X-Ray Protective Coated Fabrics

Nebahat ARAL, Cevza CANDAN, Banu UYGUN NERGİS ........................................ 123

Multifunctional Tick Repellent Textiles

Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM ................................................................................. 127


xii

Session VII: Thermoregulatory Systems for Protective

Clothing

Fabric Water Absorption & Wetness Perception

Margherita RACCUGLIA, Simon HODDER, George HAVENITH ............................... 129

Ergonomic Textile Camouflage Solution for Military Soldiers

Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS, Augusta SILVA, Patrícia FERREIRA ....................... 131

Session VIII: Protective Clothing against Pesticide

Validation of Method to Measure Cumulative Permeation of Chemical with Low

Vapor Pressure through Textile and Glove Materials

Anugrah SHAW, Ana Carla COLEONE, Julie MERCKLING, Hyeshin YOON, Karine

LOI, Eva COHEN ........................................................................................................ 133

Personal Protective Equipment as a Measure to Minimise Human Exposure to

Pesticides

Dimitra NİKOLOPOULOU, Kyriaki MACHERA ........................................................... 135

Poster Session: Protective Clothing against Pesticide

Thermoregulatory Responses to Pesticide Protective Clothing by Protective

Levels

Do-Hee KIM, Dahee JUNG, Joo-Young LEE ............................................................. 137

Variability on Tests Results Using ISO 17491-4 with Different Spraying Nozzle

Hamilton Humberto RAMOS, Anugrah SHAW, Viviane Corrêa Aguiar RAMOS, Polyane

Barbalho DA SILVA .................................................................................................... 139

Comparison of Different Protective Materials Used for Personal Protective

Equipment for Pesticide Applications

Kyriaki MACHERA, Angelos TSAKIRAKIS, Konstantinos KASIOTIS ........................ 141

25 May 2016 Wednesday

Session I: Protective Clothing against Molten Metal

Performances of Different Workwear Fabrics Used in Molten Metal Industry

Bengi KUTLU, Tuğçem BİTGEN ................................................................................ 145

Innovative Finishing Approaches for Improved Repellency towards Metal

Splashes

Kim HECHT, Torsten TEXTOR, Eva GIERLING, Edith CLASSEN ............................ 147



xiii

New Testing Principles for UV-Protective Properties of Welding Protection

Clothing

Jan BERINGER .......................................................................................................... 149

Electricians’ Protective Clothing with Built-In Led Light for Challenging Outdoor

Work

Emma KAAPPA, Aki HALME, Taina POLA, Jukka VANHALA ................................... 151

Poster Session: Protective Clothing for Medical

Application and Arc-Flash Risks

Protective Clothing against Arc Flash Risks

Hendrik Beier .............................................................................................................. 155

Studying a New Characterisation of PPE Performance for Arc-Flash Protection

Jean-Claude DUART, David CALDERON, Jorge MORENO ...................................... 157

Design Parameters for a Therapeutic Rheumatoid Arthritis Glove

Gözde GÖNCÜ-BERK, NEŞE TOPÇUOĞLU ............................................................ 159

Antibacterial Coating of Textiles with Electrospun PVA/ZnCl2 Nanofibers

Büşra BAKIR, Gözde KILIÇ, Filiz ALTAY ................................................................... 161

Smart Clothes

Ekrem Hayri PEKER ................................................................................................... 163

Session II: Functionalization for Protective Textiles

Layer by Layer Assembly of Halloysite Nanoclay Based Flame Retardant

Nanocomposite on Cotton Fabric

Şule Sultan UĞUR, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIIK ................................................................. 165

Performance Properties of Protective Leather Gloves

Nilay ÖRK, Gökhan ZENGİN, Eylem KILIÇ, Arife Candaş ADIGÜZEL ZENGİN ....... 167

Bacteria Sensitive Smart Textiles Coated with Electrospun Nanofibers

Nagihan OKUTAN, Büşra BAKIR, Filiz ALTAY .......................................................... 169


xiv



1

23 May 2016 Monday


2



3

FROM NORDIC COOPERATION TO GLOBAL

NETWORKING – THE HISTORY OF ESPC AND ECPC

Helena MÄKINEN Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland

[email protected]

Introduction

The history of ECPC (European Conference of Protective Clothing) originates from the

beginning of 1980. In 1984 researcher Henning Risvig Henriksen at the Technical

University of Denmark organized the first symposium on protective clothing against

chemicals and other health hazards (NOKOBETEF I, NOrdisk KOordinationsgruppe

om BEskyttelsesk Læder som TEknisk Forebyggelsesmiddel). In this symposium it was

decided to form a permanent group to organize future activities like symposiums in the

area of protective clothing. In the fifth NOKOBETEF held in Denmark too it was

decided to widen the group to European level. The first ECPC was held in Stockholm

2000. In my presentation I will go through how the contents of the NOKOBETEF and

ECPC conferences have developed during over 30 years period parallel with the

development of PPE legislation and standards as well as technical development of

protective clothing.

NOKOBETEF I, Protective clothing against chemicals

The first Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing was organized in cooperation

with Nordic Research Courses, Institute of Chemical Industries and the Technical

University of Denmark 26-28 November 1984 in Copenhagen. The subthemes of the

29 presentations were:

1. Selection of protective clothing, 2. Evaluation of protective gloves, 3.

Development of protective clothing, 4. Skin protection creams, 5. Permeation

testing, 6. Risk assessment, and 7. Evaluation of protective suits.

At this time there were only national requirements or standards for PPE, e.g Inter-

Nordic requirements for fire fighters PPE. Nordic standardization (INSTA) on thermal

insulation measurement by thermal manikin had been started. Invited speech was

given by Stephen P. Berardinelli from NOISH by title “Chemical protective clothing

research in the USA”

NOKOBETEF II

The second Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and

health hazards was held in Stockholm 5-7 November 1987 in cooperation with the

National Board of Occupational Safety and Health with quite similar topics as the first

one, and with 22 presentations. A new theme, having five presentations, was

standardization and legislation aspects.



4

NOKOBETEF III

The third symposium was organized 27-30 September 1989 in Gausdal, Norwey in

cooperation with Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for

Environmental Toxicology and sponsored by Norsk Hydro A/S. In this symposium the

topics were concentrated increasingly on standards, regulations and quality control. A

new topic was physiological stress in wearing protective clothing. A few presentation

concerned also heat and fire protection. There were 33 presentations from 10

countries. Invited speaker was Dr Arthur D. Schope giving presentation “Test Methods

Development for Assessing the Barrier Effectiveness of Protective Clothing Materials”.

NOKOBETEF IV Quality and Usage of Protective Clothing

Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) took responsibility of the organization.

The conference was held 5-7 February 1992 in Lappland, Kittilä, Finland. The Finnish

Work Environment Fund supported the organization, and some companies sponsored

it. Totally 43 oral presentations and eight posters were presented by 122 participants

from 11 countries. The invited speakers, Dr Mansdorf from USA, Mr Ziegenfuss from

Germany and Dr Estlander from Finland, shed light on the question of quality from the

user’s point of view and showed how quality can be improved by specifications set by

standards. Standardization of protective clothing in CEN TC 162 and it’s working

groups in order to guarantee free trade in the 12 member states of the EC had really

started. Also integration to ISO standardization with working groups was grounded.

NOKOBETEF V

This fifth symposium hosted by the Danish Working Environment Fund, and was held

in Elsinore Demark 5-7 May 1997 with 120 participants from 16 different countries.

Together 39 oral presentations and six posters were presented on different areas of

protective clothing protection against heat playing more remarkable role in the

program. In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the 'four freedoms' of: movement

of goods, services, people and money, and the CE marking of PPE was obligatory from

1 July 1995. In this symposium was decided ground ESPC (European Society of

Protective Clothing), and start to organize European Conferences on Protective

Clothing (ECPC), but keep parallel the Nokobetef symposium.

ECPC 1st and NOKOBETEF 6, Ergonomics of Protective Clothing

Swedish National Institute of Working Life took the hospitality of the first European

Conference on Protective Clothing with sponsors from the Swedish Council for Work

Life Research and some manufacturing companies. This conference held 7-10 May

2000 in Stockholm was a success with 113 participants; totally 77 papers were

presented in 11 sessions. Special emphasis was given to the ergonomics aspects, in

line with the priorities of the European standardization. The PPE directives had

increased the interest in protective and functional properties of work clothing and

intensified standardization work as well as simulated research in areas with still limited

knowledge.



5

ECPC 2nd and NOKOBETEF 7, Challenges for protective Clothing

The success continued at the second conference hosted by The Swiss Federal

Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) 21-24 May 2003, and held

in Montreux, Switzerland. Totally 58 oral papers and 25 posters were presented in 14

sessions. Almost 150 person participated in the conference. Some of the presentations

concerned also smart clothing. One session handled results of EU-project SUBZERO.

First time there were session on mechanical protection. After this conference ESPC

started coordination with the International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health

(JOSE). Part (9) of the presentations were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol

10, number 3 2004 (http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/10/3).

ECPC 3rd and NOKOBETEF 8, Towards Balanced Protection

Polish Central Institute for Labour Protection (CIOP) hosted this conference in Gdynia,

Poland 10-12 May 2006 with almost 150 participants. From the 82 presentations,

widely in the area of protective clothing, 48 were oral and 34 posters. Also some

presentation on new smart solutions as well as presentations on modelling to help

achieve equilibrium between protection, comfort and durability of protective clothing

included to the presentations. Also after this conference part (9) of the papers were

published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 14, number 1 2008

(http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/14/1).

ECPC 4th and NOKOBETEF 9, Performance and protection

The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) took the

responsibility of this conference with over 100 participants arranged in the Netherlands,

Papendal, Arnhem 10-12 June 2009. Totally six keynote speeches, 49 oral

presentations and 27 posters included to the program. First time there were also

special session in the program on PPE in sport activities. Also after this conference

part of the papers (10) were published as reviewed articles in JOSE, Vol 16, number 2

2010 (http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/16/2).

ECPC 5th and NOKOBETEF 10, PPE intelligent or not?

Aitex Textile Research Institute hosted this fifth conference in Valencia, Spain 29-31

May 2012. In the conference 68 oral and 18 poster presentations on large number of

developments and ongoing projects to achieve protective clothing which serves all the

needed functions were given.

ECPC 6th and NOKOBETEF 11, Safe, Smart, Sustainable…New pathways for

protective clothing

This sixth conference was hosted by CENTEXBEL- the Belgian Textile Research

Centre and arranged in Bruges, Belgium 14-16 May 2014 with 48 oral and 26 poster

presentations in eight sessions by titles comfort and ergonomics, innovation and

sustainability, standardization and new test methods showing the major aspects of

what is going in the development of protective clothing today.

http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tose20/10/3




6

Summary

ESPC has formed to global networking organization with main role today to organize

ECPC conferences to serve for the scientists and other experts a presentation and

discussion forum of the latest achievements of the research and development results in

the wide area of protective clothing and also other PPE. In the first NOKOBETEF

symposiums the workers representatives were more involved in the conferences

presenting the user viewpoints on protective clothing. Today they are almost missing.

With increased knowledge in the wide and diverse area of protective clothing the

presentations are scientific and specialized sometimes making the presentations

theoretical. To keep the interest of workers and manufactures representatives to the

conference, presentations also on practical selection, use and care aspects are

important in the conferences.

References

1. Protective clothing against chemicals. Proceedings of first Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing, Lungby, Denmark, eds. Frank Ellingsen and Henning Risvig Henriksen. Denmark 1991.

2. Second Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health risks, 5-7 November 2986, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden, Eds. Gunh Mellström and Birgitta Carlson. Abete och Hälsa, vetenskaplig skriftserie 1987:12, Arbetarskyddsverket.

3. Third Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef III), Proceedings and supplement volume, edited Jan Eggestad.

4. Quality and usage of protective clothing, Fourth Scandinavian symposium on protective clothing against chemicals and other health hazards (Nokobetef IV), Proceedings, edited Helena Mäkinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational health January 1992.

5. Ergonomics of protective Clothing, Proceedings of Nokobetef 6 and 1st European Conference of protective Clothing held in Stockholm, Sweden may 7-10, 2000. Eds. Kalev Kuklane and Ingvar Holmer, Arbete och Hälsa 2000:8, National Institute of Working Life 2000, http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/1th_ECPC.pdf.

6. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/2th_ECPC.pdf. 7. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/3th_ECPC.pdf. 8. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/4th_ecpc.pdf. 9. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/5th_ecpc.pdf. 10. http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/6th_ecpc.pdf.

http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/1th_ECPC.pdf




http://www.es-pc.org/proceedings/4th_ecpc.pdf





7

FACTORS DRIVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING MARKET

Mary Lynn LANDGRAF U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Demand for protective clothing in multiple industry sectors is experiencing dynamic

growth spurts. Grand View Research, Inc. predicts global industrial protective clothing

will reach USD 13.30 billion by 2022 [1]. Factors propelling these growth patterns over

the next seven years include government laws, rulings and specifications that address

worker health and safety and greater concern for workers’ health and safety that span

“end-use industries identified as chemical, oil and gas and manufacturing” [2].

Research to include Focus Groups with workers have emphasized the importance of

comfort as well as protection. Innovative design must take into consideration the

hazards the workers may encounter on the specific job and they must design according

to potential dangers [3]. Comfort, however, plays a key role in the worker’s endurance,

performance on the job and his/her alertness and thus is less likely to take short cuts

when it comes to safety [4]. The comfort of the garment also can diminish the likelihood

of the worker discarding the protective clothing on the job site or wearing the clothing

improperly leading to potential injury or death.

Experimental

Coupling future enhanced protection with enhanced comfort may demand new fibers

that address availability and affordability, new fabric construction techniques, creative

manufacturing processes and new equipment that can extrude the new fibers, spin new

yarns and weave/knit unique constructions. This study will examine these issues in

terms of current and future status and highlight advancements in wicking, breathability,

fire retardancy, phase change technology, odor management, etc. Significant research

is underway in the inclusion of sensors in medical textiles and apparel for the military.

Protective apparel can expect to gain from this research as well. Further this study will

shed light on the new U.S. public/private partnership, the Revolutionary Fiber & Textile

Manufacturing Innovation Institute, and its role in stimulating the next generation of

fibers and state of the science product development for both military and civilian

applications.

Results

The study will give an overview of the status of protective apparel, explore the influence

of technology on a few select industries such as oil and gas and the chemical

industry and examine the current status and envisioned future of protective apparel as

it addresses advancements in safety protection, comfort and affordability.



8

Keywords: chemical; oil; gas; protective; wicking.

References

1. Industrial Protective Clothing Market to Reach $13.3 Billion by 2022: Grand

View Research,Inc.,http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/industrial-

protective-clothing—market-to-reach…..

2. Ibid.

3. http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/oil-and-gas-accidents.html.

4. Lippert, Rich, Glen Raven Technical Fabrics LLC, “Why is Comfort Critical”,

April 2015.

http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/lawsuit/oil-and-gas-accidents.html



9

TEXTILE TRENDS IN THE PPE-MARKET

Manuela BRAEUNING Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Sigmaringen, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction and situation analysis

An increasing number of people are in workplaces where PPE is needed regularly. The

altered awareness of health and individuality leads to changes in requirements for

protective clothing.

Multifunctional protection or protection clothing with an additional value for the wearer

is therefore more and more required. Moreover, the discussion about sustainability and

environmental protection has increased significantly in the last years and long lasting

concept in the product life cycle are becoming more and more important. That is why

new ways of textile manufacturing, finishing and clothing production has to be

reviewed.

Depending on the end-user and usage scenario, different protection systems are

required. The exigencies to their equipment have increased continually and the

industry has to rise to the challenge to develop equipment with integrated

supplementary functions. For example, for firefighters it is particularly important to have

equipment with high protection performance, combined with high wearing comfort, a

good recognition value and long usage times.

Studies, outcomes and trends

In cooperation with the German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

during the research project SAFE, which was focused on the development of

semipermeable suits for rescue personnel and was supported by the German Federal

Ministry of Education and Research, the author examined a study on ergonomics,

usability and fitness for use of firefighting equipment. The general aim was to improve

the protection and, at the same time, to improve the overall wearing comfort, in order to

increase the safety and performance level [1, 2].

While using suitable and well-fitting protective clothing a lot of hazards in the workplace

can be reduced considerably. Yet not only emergency personnel needs special

equipment but also craftspeople like floor tilers, staff in the building services

engineering and employees in assembly lines need protective equipment which is

adapted to their requirements. The results from at least two surveys conducted in

Germany amongst end-users will be presented. The core issues are:

- good fit and high wearing comfort - quality, reliability and durability - the easy-care handling - optimal value for money [3].

The different topics and proposals for smart solutions in different application areas will

be illustrated with examples and completed with information from different previous and

upcoming research projects with the author’s involvement and will be presented, since


10

people, who risk their life in order to safe others, have to be equipped with the most

reliable and convenient personal protective equipment.

Keywords: protective clothing; PPE; trends; ergonomics; wearing comfort.

References

1. Final reports to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research supported project SAFE (Semipermeable Anzüge für Einsatzkräfte), available at http://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/Informationsangebote/Forschungsberichte/ForschungsprogrammSicherheitsforschung/SchutzsystemefuerSicherheits_und_Rettungskraefte/SAFE/SAFE_node.html,14.12.2015.

2. T. Bleyer: Entwicklung eines Bewertungsansatzes für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Feuerwehrschutzkleidung, 1. Auflage. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin 2015. ISBN: 978-3-88261-151-9.

3. INNOFACT AG Research & Consulting, WORKWEARMARKEN 2015 im Auftrag der Williamson-Dickie Europe GmbH; Düsseldorf, 10th February 2015.

http://www.bbk.bund.de/DE/Service/Fachinformationsstelle/Informationsangebote/Forschungsberichte/ForschungsprogrammSicherheitsforschung/SchutzsystemefuerSicherheits_und_Rettungskraefte/SAFE/SAFE_node.html,14.12.2015






11

EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON THERMAL PROTECTIVE

PERFORMANCE FOR FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS

Juan CAO1, Guowen SONG2 1Tianjin Polytechnic University, China 2Iowa State University, Ames, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Protective clothing and textile-based equipment are critical for firefighters to ensure

their health and safety. Ineffective protection at a fire scenario with multiple hazards

can cause injury and fatality among victims and firefighting personnel [1]. Current

firefighter protective clothing is composed of multilayer fabric systems. Outer shell

fabrics are likely to become wet as firefighters perform their necessary duties,

especially in hazardous conditions; simultaneously, firefighters’ sweat may increase

moisture in inner layer fabrics [2].

Experiment

In this study, two kinds of outer shell fabrics and three kinds of thermal liner fabrics with

different thicknesses were selected. Three wet conditions were simulated. Through

application of a modified thermal protective performance tester (TPP), the thermal

protective performance provided by these wetted fabrics was evaluated; second-

degree skin burn time was predicted; and absorbed energy indexes were calculated.

The effects of the tested layers’ retained moisture, heat distribution, and moisture

transfer were explored, and the mechanisms associated with heat and mass transfer

were analyzed.

Results

In general, for low radiation exposure, the results revealed that the moisture existing in

outer shell fabrics shows a positive effect on thermal protective performance. However,

when moisture exists in thermal liners, the effects tend to lower protective performance.

The predicted performance becomes complicated when moisture is present in both

layers. When exposed to high radiation intensity, the moisture tends to enhance

protective performance, but impact varies based on moisture distribution. In summary,

existing moisture in a fabric system changes heat and mass transfer and thermal

stored energy in multilayer systems, and therefore affects the protective performance

provided by the fabric system. This impact varies based on the exposure intensity and

moisture distribution.

Key words: protective clothing; moisture; second-degree skin burn time; heat transfer.



12

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by Tianjin Polytechnic University and Iowa State University.

References

1. Song G., Paskaluk S., Sati R., Crown E. M., Dale J. D., Ackerman M., (2010), Thermal protective performance of protective clothing used for low radiant heat protection, Textile Research Journal, 81(3): 1-13.

2. Barker R. L., Guerth-Schacher C., Grimes R. V., Hamouda H., (2006), Effects of moisture on the thermal protective performance of firefighter protective clothing in low-level radiant heat exposures, Textile Research Journal, 76(1): 27-31.



13

IS COMPLETION TIME OF THE COURSE VALID

ENOUGH TO EVALUATE FIREFIGHTERS’

PERFORMANCE?

Siyeon KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

[email protected]

Introduction

Firefighters are required to maintain a high fitness level so as to accomplish their duty

efficiently and safely. Firefighting test protocols are commonly used to test firefighters’

physical fitness. Canadian Forces Firefighter Physical Fitness Maintenance Evaluation

is a representative test where firefighters must complete ten firefighting tasks and the

variable of interest in the test has been completion time [1]. However, shorter

completion time could not be always interpreted positively in a point of view that more

oxygen tends to be consumed when firefighters complete tasks within shorter time [2],

which can cause additional heat strain. Thus, this study compared three types of

evaluation criteria (completion time, physiological heat strain, and integrated scoring

system of completion time and physiological heat strain) to verify the validity of

completion time as an evaluation criteria.

Experimental Method

Nine firefighters participated in simulated firefighting test drills which consists of

carrying hoses, going up the stairs, setting up and withdrawing a ladder, going down

the stairs, simulated forcible entry, walking in front of the radiant heat, and pulling a 70

kg victim while wearing full personal protective equipment (~16 kg). In order to

compare firefighting performance ability, completion time was counted and

physiological strain index (PSI) [3] was calculated by rectal temperature and heart rate.

Integrated scoring system referred standardized average of mean completion time and

physiological strain index.

Results

There were no significant correlation between completion time and PSI. Subject #2

showed the best performance based on completion time, whereas he was one of the

worst three based on PSI (Figure 1). Subject #4 and #7 had the longest completion

time, but they were ranked the third and fourth in PSI. Integrated scoring system which

reflected both completion time and PSI showed significant correlation with both of them

showing identical correlation coefficient (r=0.743, p=0.022). Interestingly, rankings of

top four firefighters in mean completion time was reversed in integrated scoring

system. Completion time is a simple variable to evaluate firefighters’ performance but it

occasionally does not consider excessive physiological burden resulted from failure of



14

pacing strategy. Discussion is needed about whether scoring with completion time, the

simplest method, is the most appropriate method or not.

Figure 1. Comparison of distribution of nine firefighters’ scores rated by three types of

evaluation criteria

Keywords: firefighters; personal protective equipment; performance test; physiological

burden.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Disaster Safety Technology Development &

Infrastructure Construction Program funded by the Ministry of Public Safety and

Security (NEMA-Infrastructure-2013-101), Korea.

References

1. Boyd L., Rogers T., Docherty D., Petersen S., (2014) Variability in performance on a work simulation test of physical fitness for firefighters, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40, 364-370.

2. Elsner Kimberly L., Kolkhorst Fred W., (2008) Metabolic demands of simulated firefighting tasks, Ergonomics, 51(9), 1418-1425.

3. Moran Daniel S., Shitzer A., Pandolf Kent B., (1998) A physiological strain index to evaluated heat stress, American Journal of Physiology, 275(1), R129-R134.



15

INFLUENCE OF REIMPREGNATION ON THE SWEAT

MANAGEMENT OF FIRE FIGHTER SUITS

Bianca-Michaela WOELFLING, Edith CLASSEN Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

By reprocessing of fire fighter suits contaminations of the personal protective

equipment (PPE) can be removed and the functional integrity of such PPE may be

extended. Therefore the usage of special laundry processes according to the

manufacturer information is necessary. To preserve the water and oil repellent

characteristics of the face of the outer shell fabric in long term an impregnation with

perfluorocarbon during the last rinsing bath is recommended. The effect of such

perfluorcarbon impregnations on the thermophysiological wear comfort was

investigated within the German funded project “fire fighter clothing” (AiF 16676N) at

Hohenstein Institute.

Experimental

Five state of the art fire fighter suits were characterized with regard to clothing

physiological parameters in new state and after reprocessing cycles with and without

perfluorocarbon impregnation. During impregnation with perfluorocarbon not only the

face of the outer fabric is impregnated, but also the lining material and membrane. The

resulting influences on the sweat management of the PPE were investigated with the

sweating guarded hot plate. At Hohenstein Institute a method was developed to

investigate the liquid sweat transport of fabrics. Fabrics with high buffering capacity of

liquid sweat Kf (high Kf values) transport the liquid sweat better from the inside to the

outside of clothing.

Results

In new state as well as reprocessing without perfluorcarbon impregnation the fire

fighter suit have higher Kf values than reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation.

In addition, liquid sweat which is produced during high physical strain during fire

fighters work cannot be absorbed by the lining material caused by the impregnation.

Residual sweat on the skin poses a risk for the fire fighter and may end in circulatory

collapse or scalding in case of flash over. In conclusion it can be stated that

reprocessing with perfluorocarbon impregnation on the one hand has a positive effect

on water repellent characteristics of the face of outer shell fabric. But on the other hand

there is a negative effect on sweat absorption and sweat transport of the inner layers of

fire fighter PPE.


16

Keywords: PPE; fire fighter; reprocessing; hydrophobic treatment; sweat

management.

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for

financial support of the research project AiF-No 16676N provided from funds of Federal

Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German Federal of

Industrial Research Association (AiF).



17

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BODY ARMOURS BY

MEANS OF LCA

Enrico FATARELLA1, Dionysis SIAMIDIS2, Alicia MORIANA LOPEZ3 1Next Technology Tecnotessile, Prato, Italy 2Siamidis SA, Inofita Viotia, Greece 3INT

[email protected]

Introduction

Personal Protective equipment is representing one of the most growing technical textile

market sector, since new directives and rules have been set-up by EC to assure the

safety of people working in risky conditions [1, 2]. Protective clothing is used in a wide

range of end-user industries such as oil and gas, construction and manufacturing,

health care/medical, firefighting and law enforcement, mining, military, and many more.

It has a number of protective functions that ranges from thermal, chemical, mechanical,

biological/radiation, to visibility. Another important issue that is becoming more and

more important when developing protective garments is the environmental aspect of

the involved materials and processes, according to Green Public Procurements

(Directive 2004/18/CEE). Therefore, such criteria will be taken into consideration when

selecting fibrous substrates, active agents and treatment application processes.

Experimental

The environmental impact of rescue team multifunction uniform production process has

been assessed via the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The LCA method

represents one of the most powerful standardized tools to address such goal and, in

fact, it started to be extensively employed for studies in the textile sector in recent year

[3]. The methodology is defined and regulated by the International Organization of

Standardization with the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards [4, 5], and consists of four

phases: the goal and scope definition, the inventory analysis (Life Cycle Inventory,

LCI), the impact assessment (Life Cycle Impact Assessment, LCIA) and finally the

interpretation of results. The broad provisions stated in the ISO standards have been

further specified in the ILCD Handbook Guidelines [6] that have been taken as a

reference for the development of this analysis.

Results

LCA analysis is showing that fiber (mainly aramid) used for the production of the

product is affecting the most the environmental impact of the body armor.

Accordingly, the impact is increasing by increasing the protection degree. In fact, this

parameters is affected by specific features must be assured (ballistic, anti-stab or

combined effect) and the area covered by the panel.



18

Keywords: LCA; body armour; law enforcement.

Acknowledgement

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.

References

1. Horrocks AR and Anand SC, Textile for survival Handbook of technical textiles Cambridge, Woodhead 462 -489, 2000.

2. Horrocks AR, Anand SC. Handbook of Technical Textiles, Woodhead Publishing & The Textile Institute, Cambridge, UK, 2004.

3. Dahllöf L. LCA Methodology Issues for Textile Products. Thesis. Chalmers university of technology, Sweden 2004.

4. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14040 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework 2006.

5. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14044 standard. Environmental management-life cycle assessment-requirements and guidelines 2006.

6. ILCD Handbook Guidelines, Reference Report by JRC of the European Commission, 2012.



19

DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUIT FOR

WILDLAND AND STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING

Gilda SANTOS, Ana BARROS Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal

[email protected]

Firefighters come across a range of hazards during structural as well as wildland

firefighting. The hazards can cause minor injuries to fatal accidents leading to the end

of career or even death of firefighters [1]. Thus, the use of appropriate personal

protective equipment (PPE) it’s of real importance in this field. However, the world of

firefighting PPE has become complex and expensive [2].

In response to this current difficulty and taking into account the firefighter’s needs, a

Consortium composed by five Portuguese companies and coordinated by CITEVE

developed a multifunctional suit for wildland and structural firefighting. To ensure the

acceptability and viability of this multifunctional suit among firefighters, an online survey

to all Portuguese firefighter's corporations was done, in collaboration with the National

Civilian Protection Authority (ANPC). The responses (1018) obtained from 336

firefighter's corporations allowed to identify firefighter’s needs and requirements.

According to the graphic below, there is a major need for dual use protective clothing:

structural and wildland firefighting.

Figure 1. Firefighter’s protective clothing needs

New shapes and components were designed in parallel with fabrics development

regarding the accomplishment of EN 469 and EN 15614 standards, resulting in a

balanced improvement between protection and comfort. To assess the PPE developed,

CITEVE performed end user ergonomics and fitting tests within the Portuguese

Firefighters. Multifunctional suit characteristics will be presented in more detail.

Being aware of the recent adoption of ISO-Project ISO 15384 "Protective clothing for

firefighters - Laboratory test methods and performance requirements for wildland

firefighting clothing" as an EN ISO under Vienna Agreement (ISO lead) for the revision


20

of EN 15614, maybe this product will need, in the future, further analysis. The need or

not of this analysis could only be decided after the publication of the EN ISO 15384.

Key words: protection; comfort; structural & wildland firefighting; multifunctional PPE.

Acknowledgement

This study was made possible thanks to a team of Portuguese partners (FERNANDO

VALENTE, COLTEC, F.D.G. Fiação da Graça, LEMAR, CENTI and CITEVE) within

PT21 Project (QREN / COMPETE). CITEVE, as project coordinator, wish to thank the

National Civilian Protection Authority (ANPC) and the Corporations involved.

References

1. Nayak R., Houshyar S. and Padhye R., (2014), Recent trends and future

scope in the protection and comfort of fire-fighters’ personal protective

clothing, Fire Science Reviews, 3:4, Pp. 1.

2. Tutterow R., 5 Critical Trends Shaping Today’s PPE,

http://www.firefighternation.com/article/firefighter-safety/5-critical-trends-

shaping-today-s-ppe, December, 2015.



21

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INNOVATIVE MILITARY

PROTECTION TEXTILE SYSTEM

Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal

2Damel Confecção de Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal

[email protected]

New combat equipment for dismounted soldier development requires the combination

of competences in properties of advanced materials and components, military

requirements, system integration, evaluation and industrial production cost calculation.

For this reason, a feasibility study carried out prior to a large-scale definitive project is

of crucial importance.

Extremes of heat, cold and reduced metabolic heat dissipation due to insulating

clothing can seriously put soldier’s life at risk, reducing their performance and

compromising the mission success. This document summaries the activities and

results of the EDA (European Defence Agency) ACCLITEXSYS project. The main goal

was to study the feasibility of a new acclimatisation textile system, regarding active and

passive technologies that can act as a temperature regulator by monitoring and

responding to the soldier’s body needs, taking into account different environmental

conditions.

At the beginning the study of multiple operation environments allowed to conclude that

the most predominant categories are A3 (hot climatic conditions) and C0 (mild cold).

The study proceeded to assess the state of the art determining which are the most

promising technologies for body temperature regulation (Cooling, Heating and

Reversible technologies), maximizing the soldier’s tolerance time when exposed to the

addressed environments. Based on this assessment two different technological

approaches for the stabilization of the soldier’s body temperature were proposed for

conceptual development and evaluation.

The main results achieved within end-users ergonomics and fitting tests showed that

the new acclimatization textile systems are functional and compatible with ballistic

vests and other military equipment’s. The knowledge achieved from this study can be

very useful for setting requirements, assigning a go-ahead development program and

also assessing new commercial products coming to the market.


22

Figure 1. Evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems

Keywords: military protection; feasibility study; comfort and ergonomics; smart

acclimatization; climatic conditions; textile systems.

Acknowledgments

This study was made possible thanks to a team of European partners (CITEVE; AITEX;

DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project

coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).



23

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTINUOUS

GRAPHENE OXIDE FIBERS PREPARED BY WET

SPINNING

Esma Nur GÜLLÜOĞLU1, Rokhsareh BAKHTIARI2, Sajjad GHOBADI2, Lale

IŞIKEL ŞANLI3, Selmiye ALKAN GÜRSEL4, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN1 1Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Textile Technologies and Design, İstanbul, Turkey 2Sabanci University, Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 3Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul,

Turkey 4Faculty of Natural Science and Engineering, Sabanci University -Sabanci University

Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Graphene is one of the known thinnest 2D materials due to their single-atom thickness.

In addition, these carbon structures exhibit superior mechanical properties such as

tensile strength ~130 GPa, breaking strength 42 N/m and elastic modulus 1.1 TPa. Not

only mechanical properties, but also their electrical and thermal properties are

remarkable at this length-scale. For instance, graphene has extremely high electrical

(~108 S/m) and thermal conductivity (5000 W/mK) [1, 2]. Thus, these 2D materials,

which are also called ‘super’ materials [3], are promising candidates for macro-scale

applications. This project is aimed to produce strong fibers that are assembled from

graphene oxide (GO) sheets by custom-designed wet spinning mechanism.

Experimental

GO nanosheets were prepared via a green process of oxidation inspired from modified

Hummer’s method, during which, production of NOx gas bi-products were eliminated

compared to conventional methods. This modified method enables graphene oxide

synthesis in gram quantities. The custom-made wet spinning device was designed to

produce continuous GO fibers. Wet spinning process was conducted via trial of

different coagulation baths, as NaOH, and CaCl2 and different GO concentrations

ranging from 20 mg/mL to 40 mg/mL. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed by

universal testing machine (UTM), plastic deformation mechanism were recorded via

video camera during testing.

Results

In this study, process parameters such as feeding rates, winding speeds and material

parameters (GO concentrations, coagulation and washing baths) were optimized first to

achieve continuous GO fiber spinning. UTM results indicated that fibers produced from

low graphene oxide concentrations as 20 mg/mL are not mechanically stable, whereas

higher concentrations as 30 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL provide the desired mechanical



24

response. Thus, it is clear that specific strength of GO fibers increase with higher

graphene concentrations. The effect of several coagulation baths on specific strength

and ductility of these fibers were also reported.

Keywords: graphene; graphane oxide; graphene fiber; wet spinning; tensile properties.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by TÜBİTAK (Project No: 214M398).

References

1. Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov, (2010) Graphene, Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010, Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, p.8.

2. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2015) Graphene fiber: a new trend in carbon fibers, Zhejiang University, Charlottesville, Materials Today-570, p.3.

3. Zhen Xu and Chao Gao, (2014) Graphene in Macroscopic Order: Liquid Crystals and Wet-Spun Fibers, Zhejiang University, American Chemical Society, 47, 1267−1276.



25

EVALUATION OF MANUAL DEXTERITY OFFERED BY

FIRE PROTECTIVE GLOVES IN DRY AND WET

CONDITIONS

Dami KIM, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

[email protected]

Introduction

In general, firefighting includes the following activities: carrying hoses, setting up a

ladder, forcing entry, or pulling a victim. In this regard, manual dexterity is considered

as one of very important factors along with fire and flame protective function. To

evaluate the dexterity of protective gloves, various test methods (e.g.: Crawford,

Minnesota, EN 420, ASTM F2010, O’Connor, Grooved test, or Perdue pegboard test)

can be suggested. There are well-known dexterity standards such as EN 420 [1] and

ASTM F 2010 [2]. Many studies on the level of manual dexterity using different test

methods were found, but reports comparing manual dexterity in dry and wet conditions

were relatively few. Firefighters’ protective gloves and hands get wet due to fire water

and sweat from the hands. The present study aimed to compare the level of dexterity of

fire protective gloves and we will provide a guideline for the selection of fire protective

gloves in dry and wet conditions.

Experimental Methods

Eight male firefighters (43.8 +/- 6.3 yr in age, 173.1 +/- 4.4 cm in height, and 79.9 +/-

9.2 kg in body weight) participated in three kinds of manual dexterity tests: 1) ASTM

F2010, 2) a Minnesota manual dexterity test and 3) a Bennett hand-tool dexterity test.

A don/doff test with thirteen types of fire protective gloves for Korean, Japanese, UK,

German, Austrian, and US firefighters were compared. Four fire protective gloves

(Type D, J, K, and U) were chosen from the don/doff test and the dexterity tests were

conducted with the four gloves in dry and wet conditions. For the wet condition,

protective gloves and hands were totally wet from the outer to the inner side. The order

of eight tests (four types × two conditions) for the eight subjects was randomized. All

tests were conducted in a climate chamber (23oC and 60%RH). Hand anthropometric

variables of all subjects were measured. Dexterity test time with/without protective

gloves (DTTg and DTTb) for dry and wet conditions was measured and the percent of

bare hand control (DTTg×100/DTT) was calculated.

Results

As a result, there were found significant differences in four types of gloves between dry

and wet conditions for the three dexterity tests (P<0.05). Type J showed the highest

scores in all the three tests (ASTM, Minnesota and Bennett hand-tool tests) followed by

Type K. Design factors to improve micro and global dexterity in the wet condition will be

discussed



26

Keywords: firefighters; fire protective gloves; dexterity test, wet discomfort, completion

time

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the civic research program to resolve social problems

through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (#2015

M3C8A7A02027383).

References

1. EN 420 (2003) General Requirements for Protective Gloves. European Committee for Standardization.

2. ASTM F 2010 (2010) Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Glove Effects on Wearer Hand Dexterity Using a Modified Pegboard Test. American Society for Testing and Materials.



27

AN INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

Ayça GÜRARDA Uludağ University, Textile Engineering Department, Bursa, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Protective clothing design to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection. The

hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat,

chemicals and biohazards. The purpose of personal protective eqipment is to reduce

employee exposure to hazards when engineering and administrative controls are not

feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.When production of

protective clothing, their functional performance should be put in consideration, then

there is consistent relationship with many factors like their exposure to different

hazards. Also balance between aesthetic values, personal requirements and functional

considerations should be considered [1].

International standardization of protective clothing in our global market is certainly one

of the most difficult issues. Another issue is a question raised by one of the keynote

speakers, “Can we survive in protective clothing?” [2].

The evaluation of clothing appearance is critical to product development and quality

assurance in clothing industry. Handle of fabric and making-up performance

(tailorability) are interrelated and represent key quality parameters for clothing

manufacturers and consumers. Clothing manufacturers require that the fabric is easy to

tailor, passes through the garment manufacturing process easily and that the finished

garment has a good appearance. The production of garments from high quality fabrics

not only gives comfort to the wearer but also helps in the smooth working of

manufacturing processes and leads to almost defect-free garments [6, 7, 8].

Experimental

Many of studies reported on new developments and novel approaches for evaluating

the performance of protective clothing and international standards about protective

clothing. In this research, new and improved test methods for evaluating resistance of

protective clothing design, comfort, physiological stresses and effective performance

were investigated.

The barrier effectiveness of a particular item of clothing to a particular chemical/mixture

is dependent on the specific interactions between the clothing material and the

chemical/mixture. Selecting protective clothing be based on the results of testing of the

chemical/clothing material pair of interest for both solubility and permeation. The ASTM

Method D471-79 and ISO Method 2025 describe methods for determining solubility.

In a permeation test, the chemical of interest is placed on one side of the clothing

material, and the other side is monitored for the appearance of the chemical. The

ASTM F 739-85 describe methods for determining permeation [3, 4, 5].



28

Structural integrity test methods; crazing, transparency strength degradation, tear

resistance and strength, puncture resistance, abrasion resistance, dexterity, flexibility,

ozone resistance and U.V. resistance are also important for chemical protective

clothing. ASTM F2061 is used for practice for chemical protective clothing; wearing,

care and maintenance instructions.

Thermal insulating performance of protective clothing to be worn by people physically

active in a cold climate may vary over an order of magnitude because the heat

exchange between the environment and the human body is strongly influenced by

physiological reactions such as sweating or change in the blood circulation in the layer

adjacent to the skin. This feedback between the physiological reaction of the human

body and the clothing must be considered when evaluating thermal performance of

clothing systems.

The objective of the work described here was to examine to what extent the most

precise ASTM test methods (C177, C518, Cl114) could be modified for measurement

of thermal performance of clothing fabrics and clothing insulating systems.

ASTM Method F1060 is used for thermal protective performance of materials for

protective clothing for hot surface contact and ASTM F1291 is used for measuring the

thermal insulation of clothing using a heated manikin. Also ASTM F1731 is used for

body measurement and sizing of fire and rescue services uniforms and other thermal

hazard protective clothing. ASTM F 2302 is used for performance specification for

labeling protective clothing as heat and flame resistant.

Various organizations such as CEN (European Committee for Standardization), NFPA

(National Fire Protection Association), ISO (International Standarts

Organization),AS/NZS (The Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard) and TC (Technical

Committe) issue and manage the standards for the fire-fighting personal protective

clothing [9].

Methods to determine chemical residance of clothing materials have been established

by ASTM Committe F 23 on protective clothing and are widely used, but biological

resistant test methods have yet to be standardized. ASTM Method F903-87 is used for

determining resistance of protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids [2].

Results

Protective clothing design involves a process that takes the designer lots of steps.

Standards are very important for evaluating the performance of protective clothing. The

protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well as should be

comfortable to wear.

Personal protective clothing, impose a barrier between the wearer/user and the

working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their

ability to carry out their work and creat significant levels of discomfort.

Many of studies reported on new developments and novel approaches for evaluating

the performance of protective clothing and international standards about protective

clothing. In this research, new and improved test methods for evaluating resistance of

protective clothing design, comfort, physiological stresses and effective performance



29

were investigated. Appropriate material selection, clothing design and final evaluation

of the results play a critical role in predicting the clothing performance and comfort.

Keywords: protective; clothing; standard; performance; evaluation.

References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/personal_protective/ 2. McBriarty J.P., Henry M.,(1992), “Performance of Protective Clothing:

Fourth Volume”, ASTM STP 1133 3. Raheel M.,(1994), “Protective Clothing: An Overview”, Protective Clothing

Systems and Materials, 4. 4. Eiser D.N.,(1988), “Problems in Personal Protective Equipment Selection,

Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 989 (S.Z. Mansdorf, R.Sager and A.P. Nielsen, eds.) American ociety for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 341-346

5. Easter E.P.,(1994), “Design of Protective Clothing”, Protective Clothing Systems and Materials,

6. ASTM F 1494-14 (2014), “Standard Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing”

7. Gürarda A.,(2015), “Investigation the Relationship Between Fabric Properties and Clothing Process”, Journal of Textile & Engineer, 22:99, pp:41-50

8. Mandal S., Song G., “Thermal Sensors for Performance Evaluation of Protective Clothing Against Heat and Fire: A review”, Textile Research Journal, Vol:85, No:1, pp:101-112

9. Nayak R., Houshyar S. And Padhye R., (2014) “Recent Trends and Future Scope in teh Protection and Comfort of Fire-Fighters’ Personal Protection Clothing”, Fire Science Reviews, 3:4, pp:2-19


30



31

INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO

PERSONAL COOLING STRATEGIES IN HEATWAVES

Chengjiao ZHANG, Wenfang SONG, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China

[email protected]

Introduction

Heatwaves have induced a number of heat-related illnesses and deaths worldwide in

the past few decades [1]. It is important to seek effective cooling strategies to reduce

heat strain of the populations without access to air-conditioning [1]. This study was to

evaluate the effectiveness of two types cooling strategies, i.e., using electric fan (FAN)

and evaporative cooling garment (ECG), in reducing heat strain during heatwaves

using a thermal manikin.

Experimental

The cooling performance of FAN and ECG was evaluated using a thermal manikin

operated in the thermoregulatory model control mode. A metabolic rate of 1.2 METs

was used to simulate person is resting quietly. For the FAN condition, an air fan was

placed in front of the manikin at a distance of 1m, and an air velocity of 1.0 m/s was

used. Before wearing ECG, it was first soaked in water (i.e., 21±2 °C) for 2 min, and

then was gently squeezed to remove the excess water. A basic clothing ensemble (i.e.,

CON, a short-sleeved polyester shirt, briefs, shorts and sandals with thermal insulation:

0.25 clo) was used in all test conditions. Two environments (i.e., 36±0.5 °C, 33±5% RH

and 40±0.5 °C, 27±5% RH) were selected.

Results

Time course changes in the mean skin (Tsk) and the hypothalamic temperatures (Thy)

are presented in Figure 1. Significantly higher Tsk and Thy were observed in FAN

compared with those in CON at 40 °C, which may be induced by the convective heat

gain caused by the electric fan. In contrast, significantly lower Tsk and Thy in ECG was

detected in both heatwave conditions (p<0.05), which may be due to the substantial

body heat absorption induced by the water evaporation from ECG.



32

Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and hypothalamic temperature in CON, FAN

and ECG. *, significance between CON and FAN; #, significance between CON and ECG.

p<0.05

Keywords: heatwave; electric fan; evaporative cooling; heat strain; thermal manikin.

References

1. Song W. and Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.



33

THE EFFECTS OF WATER REPELLENT FINISHING ON

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMAL

COMFORT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS USED IN OUTER

ENVIRONMENTS

Yaşar ERAYMAN, Yasemin KORKMAZ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

[email protected]

Abstract

The expected characteristics of protective clothing against outer conditions are very

important in recent years. Moisture transfer ability and thermal insulation properties of

these clothes may vary according to usage areas. In this study, polyester fabrics were

treated with silicone and fluorine-based water repellent chemicals and physical and

thermal properties of treated fabrics were analyzed.

Introduction

The ability of clothing to transport air and water vapour is an important determinant of

thermal comfort. Water vapour permeability is the ability to transmit vapour from the

body [1]. Air permeability of a fabric is defined as the amount of air, passed over a

surface under a certain pressure difference, in a unit time [2]. Durability of textile

materials used in outdoor to weather conditions such as water and rain is important

and the physical properties and thermal comfort of these materials are affected

differently depending on the finishing chemicals used.

Experimental

In this study, 100% polyester woven textile surfaces were treated with three different

chemical water repellent finishing agents which were cationic super branched

dendrimer with silicone mixture, cationic C8 fluorocarbon and non-ionic C6

fluorocarbon resin. Silicone and fluorocarbon finishing treatments were applied to

fabrics according to the method of padding in stenter machine. Afterwards, tensile,

tear and abrasion strength properties, performance of water repellency and water

vapour and air permeability of these materials were measured.

Results

Important effects of different water repellent chemicals on the physical and thermal

comfort properties of fabrics were found according to the results. Values of tensile, tear

and abrasion strength, performance of water repellency and water vapour and air

permeability of fabrics treated with different water repellent agents are given in Table 1.

Effect of water repellent agents used in this study on the values of tensile and tear

strength was insignificant. Abrasion strength of fabrics decreased after water repellent



34

finishing. C8 fluorocarbon performed the best water repellency by creating a

hydrophobic membrane structure while C6 fluorocarbon resin and silicone didn't

improve performance of water repellency sufficiently. According to the values of water

vapour permeability, while water vapour permeability of fabrics increased with silicone

finishing, fluorocarbon agents have a negative effect on water vapour permeability. All

of the water repellent agents increased air permeability of fabrics.

Table 1. Test results of fabrics treated with different water repellent agents

Untreated Fabric Silicone C8 Fluorocarbon C6 Fluorocarbon

Tensile strength (N) 842,09 860,77 843,41 852,71

Tear strength (N) 48,44 52,15 54,22 47,61

Abrasion strength (5000

cycle) change of color 4-5 4 4 4

Abrasion strength (15000

cycle) breaking state - - - +

Water repellency 0 2 5 2

Water vapour permeability

(g/m2hPa)

0,19 0,24 0,11 0,07

Air permeability (mm/s)

139,17 167,00 167,00 167,00

Keywords: water repellency; thermal comfort; silicone; fluorocarbon; finishing.

References

1. Bivainytė, A., Mikučionienė, D., (2011), Investigation on the Air and Water Vapour Permeability of Double-Layered Weft Knitted Fabrics, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, Vol. 19, No. 3 (86) pp. 69-73.

2. Mavruz, S., Ogulata, R. T., (2009), Investigation and statistical prediction of air permeability of cotton knitted fabrics. Textile and Apparel, 19(1), 29-38.



35

INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT

PROPERTIES OF TEXTILES USED IN READY-BEDS

Yasemin KORKMAZ, Sedat ÖZER, Yaşar ERAYMAN Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey [email protected]

Abstract

Thermal comfort properties of bedding are extremely important in terms of sleep

quality. Ready-bed surfaces are produced with quiltings comprised of felt, interlining,

yarn, foam and fabric. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of raw materials

used in bedding on the air permeability and thermal conductivity.

Introduction

In last decades, increased attention is paid to comfort properties of textiles. There is

general agreement that the transfer of heat, moisture and air through the textile

surfaces are the major factors for thermal comfort [1]. The microclimate in the bedding

is determined by the ambient temperature and bedding design. Heat loss in bedding

occurs through leakage of microclimate air to ambient temperature through bedding

upper layers and with the conduction of heat to mattress [2].

Experimental

In this study, air permeability and heat transmission coefficient of bedding quiltings

having different foam density (0.7, 1, 1.4, 1.7, 2 cm), fibre weight (150, 200, 250, 400,

500 gr) and interlining weight (20, 40 gr) are determined. %100 polyester knit fabrics

and cotton-polyester blended woven fabrics were used in upper surfaces of these

quiltings. Samples and their features are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Samples and features

Surface Sample code

Fibre

weight (gr)

Interlining

weight (gr)

Foam density

(cm)

Cotton-polyester

blended woven fabrics

D1 250 40 0.7

D2 150 40 1

D3 250 20 1

D4 500 40 1

D5 250 40 1.7

D6 250 40 1

D7 250 40 2

%100 PES knit fabric

O1 250 40 1

O2 200 40 0.7

O3 200 20 0.7

O4 250 40 1.7

O5 200 40 1.4

O6 400 40 0.7



36

Results

Air permeability and thermal conductivity average values of upper and sub-surface of

samples are given Table 2. Important effects of different foam density, fibre weight and

interlining weight on the thermal comfort properties of bedding quilting were found

according to the results.

Table 2. Test results

Surface

Sample

code

Upper

Surface Air

Permeability

(mm/s)

Sub-Surface

Air

Permeability

(mm/s)

Upper Surface

Thermal

Conductivity (λ)

Sub-Surface

Thermal

Conductivity

(λ)

Cotton-polyester

blended woven

fabrics

D1 140 53 0.0578 0.0356

D2 117 53 0.0622 0.0349

D3 160 50 0.0510 0.0358

D4 110 47 0.0583 0.0340

D5 110 50 0.0544 0.0349

D6 107 50 0.0507 0.0349

D7 103 53 0.0595 0.0340

%100 PES knit

fabric

O1 157 143 0.0431 0.0349

O2 170 133 0.0412 0.0353

O3 187 157 0.0413 0.0363

O4 147 123 0.0431 0.0350

O5 160 103 0.0414 0.0354

O6 153 143 0.0427 0.0351

Keywords: ready-bed; quilting; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal conductivity.

References:

1. Ertekin G., Marmarali A., (2011), Heat, Air And Water Vapor Transfer Properties Of Circular Knitted Spacer Fabrics, Textile and Apparel, 4, 369-373.

2. Amrit, U. R. (2007), Bedding Textiles And Their Influence On Thermal Comfort And Sleep, AUTEX Research Journal, 8(4), 252-254.



37

ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WET CLOTHING IN

REDUCING HEAT STRAIN DURING A HEATWAVE

Wenfang SONG, Chengjiao ZHANG, Fanru WEI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China

[email protected]

Introduction

An increased number of heat-related illnesses and deaths caused by heatwave

episodes (i.e., extremely hot environments) have been noted in recent years [1]. There

is an urgent need to seek ecologically valid cooling strategies for those populations

without access to air-conditioning during extreme heatwave events. The present study

was aimed to examine the effectiveness of an ecological cooling strategy (i.e., wearing

wet clothing) in reducing body heat strain during a heatwave condition.

Experimental

Eight healthy male subjects (age: 23.2±2.4 yr; height: 173.0±0.1 cm; body mass:

64.1±4.8 kg) participated in this study. Each subject underwent two trials, i.e., ordinary

summer wear, i.e., a short-sleeved polyester shirt, briefs, shorts and sandals (i.e.,

CON, the intrinsic thermal insulation of CON was 0.25 clo), and wet clothing (WEC). It

was noted that WEC was achieved by immersing the CON ensemble in water. Subjects

were asked to swallow an ingestible core temperature capsule about 3 h before tests.

On arrival for the lab, they sat on a chair in a room for 30 min (i.e., 23±2 °C,

RH=65±5%). Afterwards, they were randomly assigned in either CON or WEC, entered

into a climate chamber (i.e., 43.0±0.5 °C, RH=57±5% and 0.17±0.05 m/s) and were

asked to rest on a chair for 90 min.

Results

Figure 1 presents time course changes in mean skin and core temperatures in CON

and WEC. Mean skin temperature was found to be significantly lower in WEC

compared with CON from the 5th min to the end of the test (p<0.05), and the core

temperate was significantly lower in WEC from the 25th min to the end of the test

(p<0.05). The cooling benefit of WEC may be attributed to the promoted moisture

evaporation on WEC that absorbed body heat.



38

Figure 1. Time course changes in the mean skin and core temperatures in CON and WEC

Keywords: heatwave; cooling; wet clothing; heat strain.

References

1. Kenney W.L., Craighead D.H., Alexander L.M., (2014) Heat waves, aging, and human cardiovascular health, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(10): 1891-1899.

2. Song W., Wang F., (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, DOI:10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.



39

A NEW PROTOCOL TO CHARACTERIZE THERMAL

PROTECIVE PERFORMANCE OF GARMENTS USING

INSTRUMENTED FLASH FIRE AND SPRAY

MANNEQUIN

Farzan GHOLAMREZA1, Mark ACKERMAN1, David TORVI2, Nancy KERR1,

Guowen SONG3 1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada 3Iowa State University, Ames, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Industrial workers may be exposed to thermal hazards and sustain burn injuries.

Thermal protective clothing is designed to provide protection from thermal hazardous

environments and to slow down the heat transfer to the workers’ skin. However, during

thermal exposures, the clothing may store a large amount of thermal energy, which can

be discharged to the skin after the termination of the thermal exposure, reducing the

performance of the protective garments. Instrumented mannequins have been used to

evaluate the performance of full-scale garments. In the existing full scale manikin

studies, the average of total absorbed energy (TAE) and the percentage of second and

third degree burn have been used as parameters to evaluate the thermal performance

of the garment. These parameters do not completely address the contribution of the

stored thermal energy to thermal performance of the garment. The aim of this study is

to quantify and investigate the effects of stored energy in full scale garment tests.

Experimental

The garments selected for the study were flame resistant thermal protective garments.

The performance of the garments was measured using the instrumented flash fire and

fluid spray male mannequins [1, 2]. The data acquisition system recorded the skin

simulant sensor output and software was employed to obtain the skin burn distribution

over the skin as well as the transmitted and the discharged energy during and after

exposure. A bio-heat transfer skin model was employed in conjunction with Henriques

Burn Integral to predict second degree burn time.

Results

New predictive parameters such as the average of the weighted second degree burn

which occurred post exposure, during cooling period of the garments (SEC2nd), average

total energy discharged to the manikin during cooling period (TED), and the stored

energy contribution to the total energy absorbed throughout the test (SECE=TED/TAE)

are introduced. The findings demonstrate that the stored thermal energy contributes



40

significantly to second degree burns and can reduce the level of protection from

wearing protective clothing. Also, it is confirmed that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be

used as parameters to evaluate the thermal performance of the fabric system in full

scale tests. The results also indicate that the SECE, TED and SEC2nd can be used to

quantify the stored thermal energy effect in full scale tests.

Keywords: thermal hazards; stored thermal energy; burn injury; thermal protective

clothing; instrumented flash fire; fluid spray male mannequins.

Acknowledgment

This study is supported by Protective Clothing and Equipment Research Facility

(PCERF).

References

1. Ackerman, M, Crown, E. M., Dale, J. D., Paskaluk, S. & Song, G. (2011).

Project update: Protection from steam and hot water hazards. Paper

presented at the Protective Clothing System for Safety ’11, Edmonton,

Alberta, Canada.

2. Dale, J. D., Crown, E. M., Ackerman, M. Y., Leung, E., & Rigakis, K. B.

(1992). Instrumented mannequin evaluation of thermal protective clothing.

Performance of Protective Clothing: Fourth Volume, ASTM STP, 1133, 717-

733.



41

AN APPROACH WITH 2 PHASE CHANGES (PCM+)

IMPROVES AND PROLONGS THE COOLING EFFECT

Kalev KUKLANE1, Matthew RAOUFI2, Elsa LINDBERG1 1Lund University, Department Of Design Sciences, Lund, Sweden 2Esparlous AB, Lund, Sweden

[email protected]

Introduction

Auxiliary body cooling solutions are used under heavy work load or heat exposure,

especially, if body own sweating is not able to meet cooling demands or evaporation is

compromised either by environmental or clothing factors. Phase change materials

(PCM), ventilation solutions, ice etc. are in use [1-4]. Lately starting to combine various

cooling methods has become popular in order to achieve best cooling effect [5, 6] All of

them have their pros and cons depending on the specific user and environmental

conditions. As evaporation heat of water is 6-7 times higher than heat for melting the

ice, then it was of interest to combine the phase changes from solid to liquid and from

liquid to vapour into one product that allows close skin contact but avoids cold

discomfort.

Objectives

The aim of the present measurement series was to quantify the cooling power of

combined PCM and water packages, and compare them to other solutions. A

secondary objective was to generate new ideas for the product design.

Methods

PCM packages (salt, á 120 g and 13x7 cm) with melting point at 24 °C were tested.

The tests were carried out on a combined dry and wet (textile skin) hotplate (Figure 1)

that was kept constant at the surface temperature (Ts) of 34 °C. Four (4) packages did

cover the measuring area more or less completely. The following test settings were

used with dry plate: PCM; PCM with plastic and 50 g of water; PCM with vapour

permeable membrane and 50 g of water. The same conditions were tested while

covered with firefighter jacket layers over the setup. The tests on wet hotplate repeated

the same settings, while a condition with “bare skin” was added. The chamber was set

to air temperature (Ta) of 34 °C, relative humidity (RH) of 30 % and air velocity (va) of

0.4 m/s. Some of the tests were repeated with a textile from Comfort Cooling

Technologies® (CCT), the frozen packages, and some were tested at Ta of 40 °C and

RH of 18 %. Heat loss (W/m2) graphs were drawn, and total cooling energy (kJ) was

calculated for specific time periods.



42

a) b) c) d) e) f)

Figure 1. a) Dry plate with square shaped measuring zone in the middle; b) PCM on dry plate;

c) PCM in plastic pouch filled with 50 g of water; d) PCM in plastic (bottom side) and vapour

permeable membrane (upper side) pouch filled with 50 g of water; e) a setup covered with a

firefighter jacket; f) wet plate and onset of sweating

Results and discussion

In all dry conditions the PCM with membrane did perform the best, and in some cases

the total cooling energy was about twice as high as from ordinary PCM based on 4

hours’ exposure calculations (Figure 2). On wet plate the differences between

membrane and other cooling solutions were not as high. The best cooling was

achieved by “bare skin” that was more than twice as good as any other option, while

under the protective layer the PCM solutions showed an advantage. The differences

between the solutions were dependent on the specific conditions and time points. 50 g

of water under the membrane lasted for more than 12 hours at a constant effect under

the specified conditions indicating the possibility to reduce added water mass. Also, the

test series did provide new ideas for customized design of the cooling solutions with

PCM packages.

Figure 2. Total energy (kJ) for cooling from various solutions and conditions under 4 hours of

exposure



43

Conclusions

Combining cooling from melting PCM with advantages of evaporation did prolong

cooling effect and allowed for more cooling power than other tested options. Choice of

cooling solution must be matched to the specific user requirements and to the

environmental conditions.

Keywords: PCM; cooling power; melting; evaporation; hotplate; protective layer;

design.

References

1. Gao C., Kuklane, K., Wang F., Holmér I. (2012) Personal cooling with phase change materials to improve thermal comfort from a heat wave perspective. Indoor Air, 22 (6), p. 523-530.

2. Kuklane K., Gao C., Holmér I. (2012) Ventilation solutions in clothing. The 10th Joint International Scientific Conference CLOTECH 2012: Innovations in textile materials & protective clothing. p. 205-212.

3. McCullough E.A., Eckels S. (2009) Evaluation of personal cooling systems for soldiers. In: Eds. Endrusick TL, Castellani JW. The 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, Boston, USA: University of Wollongong, Australia: published on behalf of the organisers.

4. Smolander J., Kuklane K., Gavhed D., Nilsson H., Holmér I. (2004) Effectiveness of a light-weight ice-vest for body cooling while wearing fire fighter's protective clothing in the heat. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 10 (2), p. 111-117.

5. Lu Y., Wei F., Lai D., Shi W., Wang F., Gao C., Song G. (2015) A novel personal cooling system (PCS) incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and ventilation fans: An investigation on its cooling efficiency. Journal of Thermal Biology, 52, p. 137-146.

6. Song W., Wang F. (2015) The hybrid personal cooling system (PCS) could effectively reduce the heat strain while exercising in a hot and moderate humid environment, Ergonomics, online, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1105305.


44



45

PROPOSAL OF A TEST METHOD FOR THE

DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICACY OF PROTECTION

OFFERED BY TEXTILES EXPOSED TO LIQUID

HYDROCARBON FIRES

Shelley KEMP, Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Renè ROSSI Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland [email protected]

Introduction

People may be exposed to fires involving flammable liquids and liquefiable solids (type

B fires) in a number of situations. Predominately, these individuals work in the

emergency services and military. Fires involving flammable liquids typically reach

higher temperatures sooner when compared to other fuel types [1], yet there appears

to be little literature that specifically investigates the protective properties of fabrics

against such fires.

Experimental

Three fabrics, with varying flame retardant properties, were tested on apparatus

designed and constructed by Empa (Figure 1). The fabric samples were mounted on a

sample plate inclined to three different angles (5°, 15° and 30°). Known volumes of fuel

(1, 2 and 4 ml; 2:1 petrol: diesel) were pipetted into a fuel reservoir, ignited, then tipped

onto the technical face of the fabric. Ten thermocouples embedded in the sample plate

measured the resultant change in temperature at the technical rear of the fabric

samples during exposure.

Results

Significant differences were observed between fabrics for burn time, maximum

temperature, time to maximum temperature (Figure 2), maximum heat flux and

estimated burn risk. Therefore, this new methodology enabled discrimination among

textile materials based on the protection they provide. Differences were also observed

between fuel volumes and the sample angle and, therefore, these parameters must be

controlled for comparable results.



46

Figure 1. Test apparatus

Figure 2. A typical example of the temperature time profiles for each of the three fabric types

(15°, 2 ml)

Keywords: protection; textiles; flammable liquid; burn risk.

Acknowledgments

Schoeller textiles

References

1. Bourbigot, S., & Duquesne, S. (2010). Intumescence-based fire retardants.

In Wilkie, C.A., & Morgan, A.B. (Eds.), Fire Retardancy of Polymeric

Materials, 2nd Ed, 113–184. CRC Press, USA.



47

24 May 2016 Tuesday


48



49

EVALUATION OF HEATING PROTOCOLS WITH

GRAPHENE HEATER FOR KOREAN NAVY DUTY

UNIFORM IN WINTER

Sora SHIN, Joo-Young LEE 1Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

[email protected]

Introduction

Working environments onboard naval ships are windy and cold in winter. However, it

has been reported that Korean navy duty uniform does not provide thermal insulation

enough to protect navy sailors from cold in winter. While 45% of 702 navy sailors

expressed that they felt cold when they was indoor on a naval ship, the 84% of the

navy sailors felt cold when they was doing outdoor work on the naval ship [1]. Several

ways, such as wearing thick and multi-layered clothes to increase still air layer, using

moisture-absorbing and heating fabrics, or electrically heating materials to provide

active heating can be applied to increase the thermal insulation of the winter uniform.

We developed a graphene heater as an active heating system. The graphene heater is

lighter, thinner, more flexible and higher electrical conductivity when compared to

currently-developed-electrical heating wiring systems. The purpose of this study was to

evaluate a heating protocol with the graphene heater for the sake of applying to Korean

navy duty uniform in winter. Hypotheses were that 1) the back on the trunk would be

more effective body region to maintain body temperature than the chest; and 2) an

intermittent heating would be more effective protocol to provide greater warm sensation

than a continuous heating protocol.

Experimental Methods

Eight male students participated in five experimental conditions: Control, Back-

intermittent heating, Back-continuous heating, Chest-intermittent heating, and Chest-

continuous heating, at an air temperature of 0oC with 40%RH. Subjects wore Korean

navy duty winter uniform and the graphene heater was located between underwear and

shirts. Subjects rested 20 min followed by 30-min exercise and 20-min rest. Rectal

temperature, 10 skin temperatures, surface temperature of the graphene heater,

oxygen consumption, and heart rate were continuously monitored. Thermal sensation

and comfort were recorded every 10 min.

Results

The first hypothesis was accepted. Heating either the chest or back was more effective

to maintain body temperature than no heating, and heating the back was more effective

than heating the chest. Regarding the second hypothesis, subjects expressed similar

thermal sensation and comfort between intermittent and continuous heating protocols,

but total electric power consumption was lower in the intermittent heating than in the



50

continuous heating condition. In conclusion, we suggest the back-intermittent heating

protocol with a grapheme heater for navy duty uniform in winter.

Keywords: graphene heater; cold stress; navy duty uniform; intermittent heating

protocol; thermal insulation.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Ministry of National Defense (Project #

2014UMM1398)

References

1. Lee H.H., Shin S., Lee J.Y., Baek Y.J., (2015) Survey on the Actual Wearing

Conditions of Naval Duty Uniforms in Naval Vessels, Fashion & Textiles

Research Journal, 17(4), 646–656.



51

SILVER NANOWIRE COATED HEATABLE TEXTILES

Doğa DOĞANAY, Şahin ÇOŞKUN, Hüsnü Emrah ÜNALAN Midlle East Technical University, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,

Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Commercially used heatable textiles are generally consisting of solid metal wire like

copper and stainless steel. However, this kind of textiles is easily breakdown after

repeated bending cycles. Coating with nanomaterials are started to investigate to

overcome this problem. As a one dimensional (1-D) nanomaterial, multi wall carbon

nanotubes (MWCNT) have been used as conductive material [1]. Slow thermal

response, due to low thermal conductivity of MWCNT between the walls is a problem.

In that manner, metallic nanowires seem as a promising candidate. Recently, Cui et. al.

showed that silver nanowire (Ag NW) coated fabrics are suitable for heating

applications [2]. In this study, we extensively investigated the heating performance of

silver nanowire coated woven cotton textiles.

Experimental

A simple dip and dry method is utilized to fabricate Ag NW coated cotton textiles.

Basically polyol synthesized Ag NWs were suspended in ethanol [3]. Then pre-cleaned

cotton textiles are submersed into the ethanoic solution for 5 minutes. After that, cotton

textiles were dried at 80 ⁰C for another 5 minutes. The dip and dry process was

repeated, until enough conductivity was obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

was performed to understand morphology of Ag NW and coated textiles. Heating

character of 4*4 cm2 cotton textiles under different voltage have been investigated. To

measure washing resistance, 1*1 cm2 fabrics have been washed for 10 minutes.

Results

10-ohm resistance was measured after coating process. Due to 1D character of Ag

NWs, a low resistance was observed with very limited Ag NW loading content. SEM

image of this textile is provided in Figure 1(a). Heating performance of the textile under

different voltage is provided in Figure 1(b). Ultimate temperatures were measured as

32 and 52 ⁰C, under 1 and 3V respectively. As it can be seen, response time is quite

low. Resistance of the silver nanowire coated fabric after washing cycles were

monitored and presented in Figure 2(c).



52

Figure 1: (a) SEM images of Ag NW coated textile, (b) Temperature change with respect to

applied voltage time (c) Resistance change with rescpect to washing cycle

References

1. Markevicius T., Furferi R., Olsson N., Meyer H., Governi L., Carfagni M., Volpe Y., Hegelbach R., (2014), Towards the Development a Novel CNTs-based Flexible Mild Heater for Art Conservation, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, 4 (8).

2. Hsu P-C., Liu X., Liu C., Xie X., Lee H.R., Welch A.J, Zhao T., Cui Y., (2014) Personal Thermal Management by Metallic Nanowire-Coated Textile, Nano Letters, 15 (1), pp 365-371.

3. Coskun S., Aksoy B., Unalan H.E., (2011), Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanowires: An Extensive Parametric Study, Crystal Growth and Design, 11, pp 4963-4969.



53

EVALUATION OF BARRIER® EASYWARM ON

HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS IN THREE DIFFERENT

CLIMATES

Kalev KUKLANE1, Amitava HALDER1, Karin LUNDGREN1, Chuansi GAO1,

Magnus OSTBERG2, Lisa SKINTEMO2, Anna GROU2, Jens TORNQVIST2,

Karin GANLOV2, Mikael ÅSTROM2 1Lund University, Department Of Design Sciences, Lund, Sweden 2Mölnlycke Health Care, Gothenburg, Sweden

[email protected]

Introduction

Anaesthesia induced hypothermia (AIH) [1] is a commonly encountered, serious but

preventable condition associated with increased bleeding and blood transfusion,

increased risk of surgical site infections, and morbid cardiac events [2-5]. Active

warming is effective in preventing hypothermia, but there is a need for easy-to-use and

cost-effective products that make it available to more patients [6, 7]. Establishing how

the environment affects patient’s skin temperature and total body heat content (TBHC)

under active warming is an important aspect in developing new, more effective

warming products to prevent or treat AIH [8-10]. Simultaneously, it is important to avoid

any adverse effects, e.g. discomfort, skin burns, on the patients [11,12].

Objectives

This investigation was undertaken in three different indoor climate settings to evaluate

the safety and efficacy of the BARRIER® EasyWarm active warming blanket. The

results were intended to be used as a part of the product and technical documentation

development.

Methods

Ten healthy male volunteers were recruited for an interventional, single centre, single

arm, open labelled investigation performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the

BARRIER® EasyWarm active self-warming blanket in 18 °C, 20 % RH; 21 °C, 50 %

RH; 24 °C, 80 % RH. The duration of each test was 4 hours, and subjects’ skin (8 sites

for mean skin and 4 sites for skin under the heating pads), core and blanket (under 4

pads) temperatures were recorded each minute. Ordinary operation blankets were

exchanged to the heated blankets after 20 minutes of stay at each environment.

Results and discussion

A statistically significant increase (67-71 kJ) in TBHC was observed over time in all

three climates. With this investigation design, however, it was not possible to show

differences in TBHC between the three climates, i.e. the total subjects’ heat gain from

the blanket and environment combination was not significantly different in 3 indoor

climates.


54

The active self-warming blanket was well tolerated in healthy male volunteers, and

none of the six Adverse Events (AE) reported were serious. The reported AEs were not

related to the investigational device but rather to the required static posture, which is

not a problem for patients under anaesthesia. All AEs were resolved at the end of the

test.

Skin temperature (Figure 1a) during any of the conditions reached maximally 42.2 °C,

which is lower than the pain threshold of 43 °C. Increase of core temperature (Figure

1b) over time in climate 18 °C and 24 °C was on average 0.1 °C to 0.2 °C, leading to

mean final core temperatures of 36.9 (SD 0.2) and 37.1 (SD 0.4) °C for 18 °C and 24

°C exposures, respectively. Thermal comfort and the mean thermal sensation were

maintained within slightly cold and warm throughout the whole exposure length.

a)

b)

Figure 1. Mean (with SD) and maximum temperatures for each minute of the sensors on the skin under four heating packages (a); and mean rectal temperature (with SD) for all climate conditions (Note: time starts 20 minutes prior to placing the active warming blanket on the

subject)

Conclusions

The active warming blanket was found to be able to maintain or slightly increase the

body temperature of the subjects in all conditions without any adverse thermal effects.

References

1. Sessler, D.I. (2000) Perioperative heat balance. Anaesthesiology 2000; 92: 578-96.

2. Frank, S.M., Fleisher, L.A., Breslow, M.J., Higgins, M.S., Olson, K.F., Kelly, S., & Beattie, C. (1997) Perioperative maintenance of normothermia



55

reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association; 277: 1127-34.

3. Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Lenhardt, R.A. (1996) Study of wound infections and temperature group: perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection and shorten hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine; 334: 1209-15.

4. Rajagopalan, S, Mascha, E., Na, J., Sessler, D.I. (2008) The effects of mild perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement: A meta-analysis. Anesthesiology; 108: 71.

5. Schmied, H., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Kozek, S., Reiter, A. (1996) Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases blood loss and allogenic transfusion requirements during total hip arthoplasty. Lancet; 347: 289-92.

6. Winkler, M, Ake, O, Birkenberg, B., Hetz, H., Scheck, T., Arkilic, C.F., Kabon, B, Marker, E., Grubl, A., Czepan, R., Greher, M., Goll, V., Gottsuner-Wolf, F., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I. (2000) Aggressive warming reduces blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 91:978-84.

7. Mahoney, CB, Odom, J. (1999) Maintaining intraoperative normothermia: A meta-analysis of outcomes with costs. AANA Jourmal; 67(2), 155-164.

8. De Witte, J.L.., Demeyer, C., & Vandemaele, E. (2010) Resistive heating or forced air warming for the prevention of redistribution hypothermia. Anesthesia and Analgesia; 110: 829-833.

9. Kim, J.Y., Shinn, H., Oh, Y.J., Hong, Y.W., Kwak, H.J., & Kwak, Y.L. (2006) The effect of skin surface warming during anesthesia preparation on preventing redistribution hypothermia in the early operative period of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery; 29: 343-347.

10. Perl, T., Rhenius, A., Eich, C.B., Quintel, M., Heise, D., & Brauer, A. (2012) Conductive warming and insulation reduces perioperative hypothermia. Central European Journal of Medicine; 7: 284-289.

11. Sessler, D.I., Schroeder, M., Merrifield, B., Matsukawa, T., Cheng, C. (1995) Optimal duration and temperature of pre-warming. Anesthesiology; 82: 674-681.

12. Torossian, A. (2008) Thermal management during anesthesia and thermoregulation standards for the prevention of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia. Best Practice and Research Clinical Anaesthesiology; 22: 659-668.


56



57

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF WETSUITS FOR SWIMMERS

IN COLD WATER: MODELLING RESULTS

Irena YERMAKOVA1, Anastasia NIKOLAIENKO1, Julia TADEIEVA1, Leslie

MONTGOMERY2 1International Scientific-Training Center for Information Technologies and Systems, Kiev,

Ukraine 2LDM Associate, San Jose, CA, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Cold water is a dangerous risk factor for swimmers in spite of the intensive physical

load they perform. Wetsuits are used to avoid possible cooling of sportsmen in some

competitions [1]. The typical fabric used for a wetsuit is neoprene. A neoprene wetsuit

effectively prevents swimmers from hypothermia in cold water. It is important to know

whether or not it is necessary for participants in competition under proposed conditions

to wear wetsuits. The purpose of this study was to compare swimmers thermal state

with and without wetsuits during Olympic triathlon swimming using a thermoregulatory

computer model.

Modeling

A computer simulator has been developed to predict dynamic physiological and

thermal reactions of man immersed in water. The model includes controlled and

controlling processes of the human thermoregulatory system. Mathematical description

of convective heat exchange between the human body and water was originally

proposed by L. Montgomery [2]. The human body is approximated by multilayered

cylinders corresponding to the head, trunk, arms, forearms, hands, thighs, calves and

feet. Simulated experiments were performed for: water temperature 14 °C; competitive

distance 1500 m; velocity 1.25 m/s, that corresponds 630 W. Wetsuit: thermal

resistance is 0.058 m2·°C/W, hands and feet are nude.

Results

Modeling experiments showed that swimming without wetsuits results in hypothermia

of swimmers. T core fell at -1.16 °C to the end of distance. The cause is that heat loss

due to water convection (760 W) is more than the metabolic heat production of the

swimmer (630 W). So water convection has a prevailing cooling effect on swimmer.

According to modelling for swimmers wearing wetsuits there is no danger of

hypothermia. Wetsuits provide safe swim distance. But as metabolic heat production

(630 W) is more than heat loss to water (385 W) that takes place in this case then it is

leading to hyperthermia. To the end of the competitive distance T core increased at +

0.54 °C. It is important that core temperature will increase in proportion of swimmer

velocity (power). This fact has to be taken into consideration for demands of



58

competition conditions. Comparison of simulation results with real measurements

showed good coincidence [3]. Modeling results are within the ranges of the individual

variations for swimmers wearing wetsuits and without them. Simulations of swimming

in cold water can also be a useful tool for development of protective wetsuits for

different combinations of water temperature and swimmer velocity avoiding hazards of

sportsmen.

Keywords: model; immersion; cold water; swimmer; wetsuit.

References

1. Tipton, M., & Bradford, C. (2014). “Moving in extreme environments: open

water swimming in cold and warm water”. Extreme physiology & medicine,

3(1): 12, http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/3/1/12.

2. Montgomery, L. D. (1974). “A model of heat transfer in immersed man”.

Annals of biomedical engineering, 2(1): 19-46.

3. Hall, J., Lomax, M., Massey, H. C., & Tipton, M. J. (2015). Thermal

response of triathletes to 14° C swims with and without wetsuits. Extreme

Physiology & Medicine, 4 (Suppl 1): A49,

http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/4/S1/A49.

http://www.extremephysiolmed.com/content/4/S1/A49



59

EFFECT OF WOVEN STRUCTURE ON CUT RESISTANT

PROPERTY OF KEVLAR FABRIC

Mazhar Hussain PEERZADA1, Anam MEMON1, Sadaf Aftab ABBASI2,

Awais KHATRI1 1Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Department of Textile Engineering, Jamshoro,

Pakistan 2Ege University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

It is extremely important to protect ourselves while using sharp objects, such as knives

and different types of cutters in our daily life, especially in house hold activities [1].

Many industrial jobs and laboratory work, put personnel at danger of injuries to their

arms, hands, and fingers [2]. According to a survey in France, almost 33% of injuries,

at work, are associated with hands and arms [3, 4].In this regard, the protective textiles

play an important role in protecting human beings from such mishaps. Gloves [5],

helmets [6], pads, knee caps, seatbelts [7], airbags, shoes [8] and garments for

medical workers [9] are few examples utilizing protective textiles in different forms.

Experimental

In this paper, the effect of woven fabricating technique on the cut resistant properties of

fabrics was studied. 100% Kevlar fabrics were woven indigenously by weaving

technique. The produced fabric was tested for cut and puncture resistance tests for

comparative exploration. The surface morphology of un-deformed and deformed

samples was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

Results

The number of woven fabric samples are fabricated indigenously from Kevlar in order

to analyze the cut resistant and puncture properties for comparative exploration. The

woven samples possess better cut resistance property than conventional Kevlar

fabrics. Composite woven samples show highest cut resistance index as shown in Fig.

01. This is interesting finding which may attract in future for making the industrial cut

resistance material. Currently, industrial cut resistance products such as gloves and

sleeves are made by knitting technique. Moreover, it is seen that cut resistance

depends on the thickness of fabric. By increasing the thickness of the fabric, the cut

resistance property is enhanced. Scanning electron microscopy images of un-deformed

and cut woven fabrics reveals the cutting behavior of different woven structures.


60

Figure 1. Cut index analysis (a) +450 and (b) -450 of kevlar woven fabrics

Keywords: kevlar; woven fabric; cut resistant property; SEM.

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to Beltexco Ltd. Karachi (Midas Safety group) for providing

testing facilities.

References

1. Kwok, T., V. Arrandale, and S. Skotnicki-Grant, Repeated Mechanical Trauma to the Hands: The Use of Anti-Impaction Gloves for Treatment and Return to Work. Dermatitis, 2009. 20(5): p. 278-283.

2. Johnson, J.S. and S.Z. Mansdorf, Performance of protective clothing. Vol. 1237. 1996: ASTM International.

3. Payot, F., Measurement and Control Method for Cutting Resistance of Protective Gloves. Performance of Protective Clothing, 1992: p. 17.

4. Rebouillat, S., B. Steffenino, and A. Miret-Casas, Aramid, steel, and glass: characterization via cut performance testing, of composite knitted fabrics and their constituent yarns, with a review of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 2010. 45(19): p. 5378-5392.

5. Jacobs, M. and J. Mencke. New Technologies in Gel-Spinning the World’s Strongest Fibres. in Techtextil-Symposium, Lecture. 1995.

6. Roedel, C. and X. Chen. Innovation and analysis of police riot helmets with continuous textile reinforcement for improved protection. in Computational Engineering in Systems Applications, IMACS Multiconference on. 2006. IEEE.

7. Fung, W. and M. Hardcastle, Textiles in automotive engineering. Vol. 13. 2001: Woodhead Publishing.

8. Shishoo, R., Recent developments in materials for use in protective clothing. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2002. 14(3/4): p. 201-215.

9. Leslie, L.F., et al., Needle puncture resistance of surgical gloves, finger guards, and glove liners. Journal of biomedical materials research, 1996. 33(1): p. 41-46



61

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLEXIBLE PERSONAL

PROTECTIVE STRUCTURE WITH SPACER FABRICS

Sinem ÖZTÜRK, Buket DEĞİRMENCİ, Hüseyin Erdem YALKIN, Simge

SAKİN, Bekir BOYACI Sun Tekstil R&D Center, İzmir, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

The use of spacer fabrics has attracted great attention in recent years in personal

protective clothing and against low velocity impact [1]. Spacer fabrics are sandwich

structures in which two surface fabric layers are connected together by a layer of

spacer monofilament yarns. This structural property makes them very easy to be

tailored to meet special requirements for different protective applications by changing

their structural parameters. In a spacer fabric structure, the parameters that can be

changed include the surface layer knitted structure, fabric thickness and density,

spacer monofilament fineness and inclination, surface yarn type, linear density, etc. [2].

Experimental

In this study, body armor is designed for protecting human body against low velocity

impact. In order to discuss the effect of spacer fabric structural parameters on

protection level, three types of warp knitted spacer fabrics were manufactured,

mechanical and thermal properties of these flexible and impact resistant fabrics were

investigated. They are tested according to VPAM KDIW 2004 [3], ISO 11092 [4]

standard for mechanical and thermal properties respectively. Absorbing energy of

monofilaments is shown in Figure 1 during the impact.

Results

The impact protection of three different spacer fabrics was tested according to the

VPAM test instruction. With respect to the experimental test results one of the designed

spacer structure was passed VPAM KDIW 2004 W1 15 joule block impact. The impact

resistance of the spacer fabric was improved and thanks to spacer fabrics structural

properties which have air permeability, flexibility, washable, moisture transmission,

anti-bacterial, functional properties of body armor is developed. Thus, with a proper

knitted structure, spacer fabrics can be ideally suited as part of impact protective

armor, used in sports, security forces etc., to increase wearing comfort compared to

foam padding or protectors from hard materials.



62

Figure 1. Spacer fabric impact behaviour (5)

Keywords: spacer; personal protective clothing; impact resistant; flexibility; air

permability.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by Sun Textile R&D Center.

References

1. Gokarneshan N. (2006), Design of warp knit spacer Fabrics: Resent research insights on technical applications, Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, Volume:9, Issue:3.

2. Liu Y., Hu H., Long H., Zhao L., (2012), Impact compressive behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabrics for protective applications, Textile Research Journal, 82(8): 773-788.

3. VPAM-KDIW 2004 (2011) Test Standard “Stab and Impact Resistance”. 4. ISO 11092:2014 Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal

and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test).

5. Goodwin E., (2006), Protective device using a spacer fabric. Patent 2006/0287622 A1, USA.



63

DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID ARMORS FOR BODY

PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Oylum ÇOLPANKAN1, Sema YILDIZ1, Mehmet Deniz GÜNEŞ1, Fikret

ŞENEL2, Metin TANOĞLU1 1İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey 2Barış Elektrik Endüstrisi A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Body armors have been designed for defense personnel to prevent threats from

weapons or projectiles. The fabrics such as aramid fibers (Kevlar, Twaron) and high-

density polyethylene fibers (Spectra, Dyneema) are widely used to produce soft body

armors due to their high strength, low density and high energy absorption

characteristics [1]. In recent years, shear thickening fluids (STFs) have been used

within body armors to develop flexible, lightweight, high stab and ballistic resistant

armors. STFs are non-Newtonian fluids which show continuous and sudden increase in

viscosity beyond a critical shear rate [2].

Experimental

In this study, STFs containing fumed silica dry nanoparticles (90-250 nm particle sizes)

and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (200g/mole) were prepared by sonochemical method at

different weight ratios. The rheological properties of STFs were investigated using a

(TA AR2000ex) rheometer. STF/fabric composites were obtained by impregnation of

STFs into aramid fabrics. Quasitatic stab resistance of composites was determined

based on the NIJ Standart 0115.0 by Schimadzu AGI universal test machine with a 5

kN load cell.

Results

Rheological results (Figure 1) showed that the PEGs viscosity remains constant as

shear rate increases. The additions of silica nanoparticles into the PEG results with the

increase of the viscosity over the entire range of shear rates. It was also seen that the

viscosity of the STF samples increases with increasing silica weight fraction. The

quasitatic stab resistance of composites were found to be higher than those for neat

aramid fabric at about the same penetration depth.



64

Figure 1. Steady shear viscosity as a function of shear rate for (STFs)

Keywords: body armor; aramid; shear thickening fluid; rheology; stab resistance.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by Undersecretariat for Defence Industries of Turkey (SSM).

References

1. Srivastava A., Majumdar A., Butola B. S., (2012). Improving the Impact Resistance of Textile Structures by using Shear Thickening Fluids: A Review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 37:115-129.

2. Srivastava, A., Majumdar, A., Butola, Bhupendra S., (2011). Improving the impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabrics using silica based shear thickening fluid. Materials Science and Engineering A, 529:224-229.



65

UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF

HYBRID CARBON/ARAMID WOVEN FABRICS

Emin SÜNBÜLOĞLU1, Elif ÖZDEN YENİGÜN2, Meral TUNA1, Ergün

BOZDAĞ1 1İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, Department Of Textile Engineering, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Mechanical modeling of cloth and woven structures gain importance as simulation

capabilities increase and virtual experimenting gets more important. However, the

modeling of woven structures is complex, due to highly non-linear interactions between

members among weaves. In hybrid carbon/aramid woven fabric structures, the high

impact resistance and tensile strength of the aramid fibre combines with high the

compressive and tensile strength of carbon. Thus, researchers have been interested in

the mechanical response of these fabrics to implement them in structural composites

[1]. The aim of this study is to obtain an experimental insight to mechanical behavior of

hybrid woven aramid/carbon cloths under various loading conditions and compare the

data to purely carbon woven fabrics.

Experimental

Uniaxial tensile, shearing and biaxial tensile tests [2] over specimens of hybrid

carbon/aramid and carbon/carbon woven cloths have been applied. Stress data is

calculated via the measured force and apparent initial cross section bxh, where b is the

width and h is a theoretical thickness measured, so the data obtained is in terms of 1st

Piola Stress Tensor for tensile and shear tests. Strain data is obtained via image

correlation using Vic3D software in Lagrangian Terms. Biaxial test data has been

processed for two different principal radii of curvature obtained via the optical

measurements.

Results

It has been found that, the hybrid concept compromises both cons and pros of each

constituent. However, due to change in mechanical properties, the perfect symmetry in

behavior is distorted. It can be concluded that hybrid woven fabrics can be an attractive

issue if the requirements from the composite structure they will form is well defined

under the requirements of functionality. On the other hand, first time reported biaxial

results are found to be crucial in determining cloth behavior due to complex

nonlinearities involved.

Keywords: carbon fibers; carbon/aramid hybrid cloths; biaxial testing; uniaxial testing;

structural composites.



66

Acknowledgement

The authors thank to CARBOMID Co. for providing hybrid carbon/aramid and

carbon/carbon fabrics.

References

1. H. Harel, J. Aronhime, K. Schulte, K. Friedrich, G. Marom (1990), Rate-dependent fatigue of aramid-fibre/carbon-fibre hybrids, Journal of Materials Science, Volume 25, Issue 2, pp 1313-1317.

2. O.B. Ozipek, E. Bozdag, E. Sunbuloglu, A. Abdullahoglu, E. Belen, E. Celikkanat, (2013) Biaxial Testing of Fabrics - A Comparison of Various Testing Methodologies, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:3, pp:427-432.



67

COMPARISON OF NOVEL CORE TEMPERATURE

MEASURING METHODS WITH CONVENTIONAL

METHODS: TELEMETRIC INTESTINAL TEMPERATURE

Cornelis P. BOGERD1, Claudy KOERHUIS1, Mauris HPH VAN BEURDEN1,

Simon ANNAHEIM2, Hein AM DAANEN1,3 1Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Training & Performance

Innovations, the Netherlands 2Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Laboratory for

Protection and Physiology, Switzerland 3VU University, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, the Netherlands

[email protected]

Introduction

Body core temperatures are the result of local differences in heat production and heat

loss [1] and have important clinical and operational impact. Intestinal body temperature

measurements are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of use. Several

studies have compared this method to esophageal temperature and rectal temperature

[2, 3]. Two new methods for telemetric core temperature registration recently became

commercially available, eCelcius [4] using small pills and MyTemp [5] with a new

technique using no batteries. In this study these new methods are compared to

esophageal and rectal temperatures.

Methods

Nine healthy male participants will complete the protocol given in Table 1. During this

protocol core temperature will be measured using different methods. The eCelcius and

MyTemp systems will be compared to the esophageal and rectal references. The

telemetry capsules will be swallowed at least 2 hours before the start of the

measurement protocol. The different power output of the different tasks corresponds to

different level of heat production and heat storage. These conditions allow for good

insight into how fast the different methods respond to changes in core temperature.



68

Table 1. The measurement protocol

Duration Ta RH

Power

output

(min) (ºC) (%) (W)

1 Habituation 15 30 50 0

2

Submaximal

exercise 30 30 50 130

3 Resting 5 30 50 0

4 Maximal exercise 10 30 50

Maximal

exercise

5 Resting 30 30 50 0

Tasks

Results

The results will be presented at the conference.

Keywords: core temperature; methods; measuring; validation; intestinal temperature.

References

1. Taylor, N.A.S., Tipton, M.J., Kenny, G.P. (2014). Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 46, 72-101.

2. Teunissen, L.P.J., de Haan, A., de Koning, J.J., & Daanen, H.A.M. (2012). Telemetry pill versus rectal and esophageal temperature during extreme rates of exercise-induced core temperature change. Physiological Measurement, 33(6), 915–24. http://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/33/6/915.

3. Byrne, C. & Lim, C.L. (2007). The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 126–133. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026344.

4. http://www.bodycap-medical.com/en/product/ecelsius-performance. 5. http://www.mytemp.nl.

http://www.mytemp.nl/



69

SWEATING TORSO: PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF

FIREFIGHTER CLOTHING

Martin CAMENZIND, Simon ANNAHEIM, Agnes PSIKUTA, René ROSSI Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland

[email protected]

Introduction

Certification of protective clothing is mostly based on testing the protective properties.

Physiological aspects are usually reduced to water vapor permeability testing or even

fully neglected. Statistics on accidents and fatalities for firefighters show that a

considerable number of incidents are related to heat stress or overexertion. An

adequate method to assess the complex interactions and the physiological impact of

protective clothing was missing so far.

Experimental

The sweating Torso device [1] which is currently being standardized (ISO DIS 18640)

was used to assess over 30 firefighter combinations. These investigations included

standard Torso measurements and THS measurements (Torso coupled with a

physiological model [2]). With a selection of the assessed combinations human subject

trials were carried out to verify a statistical model to predict the time to reach critical

core temperature based on standard Torso testing results (thermal insulation (Rct) and

initial cooling (IC)).

Results

The statistical model to predict MAWD (maximum allowable work duration) based on

Torso results showed a correlation > 0.91 for the human subject trial (Figure 1, left).

The model was derived from Torso measurements on 35 protective clothing systems

including THS when applying the test scenario used for the human subject trials

(correlation > 0.7 fig. 1, right). In addition it could be shown that the model based on

Torso measurements provided results with a higher accuracy compared to predictions

based on sweating guarded hotplate data (ISO 11092) only.

MAWD (min) = -0.067.RCT + 0.683.IC + 119.389 (n = 35, R2 = 0.52, P < 0.001)



70

Figure 1. Verification of statistical model using human subject (l) and THS (r) measurements.

Key words: sweating torso, heat stress, firefighters, standardization, core temperature

Keywords: sweating torso; heat stress; firefighters; standardization; core temperature.

Acknowledgement

DuPont providing Material and Swiss Firefighter Association for supporting validation

study.

References

1. Zimmerli, T. and M.S. Weder, Protection and comfort - A sweating Torso for the simultaneous measurement of protective and comfort properties of PPE. Performance of Protective Clothing, 6th Volume, 1997. 1273: p. 271-280.

2. Psikuta, A., M. RICHARDS, and D. Fiala, Single-sector thermophysiological human simulator. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 2008. 29: p. 181-192.



71

COMPARISON OF THERMAL INSULATION EVALUATED

BY QUESTIONNAIRE, THERMAL MANIKIN AND HUMAN

TEST

Kirsi JUSSILA, Sirkka RISSANEN, Pertti TUHKANEN, Jouko REMES, Satu

MÄNTTÄRI, Juha OKSA, Hannu RINTAMÄKI Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland

[email protected]

Introduction

In the cold work sufficient thermal insulation of clothing is required to provide thermal

balance, comfort and neutral thermal sensations. Three methods are used to evaluate

the thermal insulation of the clothing: questionnaire, thermal manikin and human tests.

The most accurate, repeatable, and controlled method to determine clothing thermal

insulation is the use thermal manikin in laboratory conditions (EN 342:2004; EN ISO

15831:2004). However, an authentic work environment consists specific and often

variable wind and moisture conditions, and cold surfaces as well as work tasks require

different body movement and positions which all effect on thermal insulation of the

clothing. The thermal manikin or human measurements may be laborious and

expensive for a company to estimate the level of the clothing thermal insulation. The

standard ISO 9920 (2007) determines methodology to calculate the clothing thermal

insulation. This study aims to compare the methodologies for the determination of

thermal insulation of the cold protective clothing.

Experimental

A questionnaire study (n=1104) evaluating clothing used by open-pit miners in different

ambient conditions was performed in three different open-pit mines in Northern Finland,

Sweden and Russia among workers with duties consisting mainly of outdoor work.

Basic thermal insulation (Icl) of the reported clothing ensembles was estimated by using

the standard ISO 9920. Moreover, a human study was carried out in the two open-pit

mines in Northern Finland and Sweden to be able to determine thermal insulation of

the used clothing (n=14) by measuring ambient (Ta) and skin temperatures (Tsk), and

dry heat loss from the skin during a typical work shift. The thermal insulation of cold

protective clothing systems from the open-pit mines were measured by thermal manikin

at ambient temperature of -10 °C and wind speeds of 0.3 and 4 m/s.

Results

The questionnaire study showed that the Icl of the winter clothing was on an average

1.2 clo (0.19 m²K/W) and 1.5 clo (0.23 m²K/W) in mild wet cold (Ta -5 to +5 °C) and dry

cold (-20 to -10 °C) conditions, respectively. In the human experiment the measured

mean Icl was on an average 1.2 clo (0.19 m²K/W) and 1.3 clo (0.20 m²K/W) in mild (-5

to -3 °C) and cold (-12 to -8 °C) conditions, respectively. In addition, the thermal



72

insulation of the clothing was greatly lower in the legs than in the torso. The thermal

insulation measured by moving thermal manikin was 1.9-2.3 clo (0.29-0.36 m²K/W) and

wind 4 m/s decreased effective thermal insulation by 18-30%.

The questionnaire based evaluation of basic thermal insulation provided similar results

with the measured values during working in open-pit mines. The moving thermal

manikin resulted higher insulation values than other methods, but when wind speed of

4 m/s was took into account the results corresponded with the other methods.

Keywords: thermal insulation; thermal manikin; user test; cold protective clothing; cold.

Acknowledgement

This study (www.minehealth.eu) was financially supported by the European Union,

Kolarctic ENPI CBC.

http://www.minehealth.eu/



73

SPECIFICATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND FIELD

TRIALS PROTOCOLS FOR SMART ACCLIMATIZATION

TEXTILE SYSTEMS

Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Damel Confecção De Vestuário, LDA., Braga e Região, Portugal

[email protected]

The impact of clothing on comfort and performance of soldiers is of particular

importance. However, the analysis of current evaluation methods for comfort and

ergonomics of smart acclimatization textile systems (SATS), for hot and cold

environments, reveals a gap in comfort and ergonomics assessment [1].

This study focused on specification of human subjects and field trials protocols for

comfort and ergonomics evaluation of SATS. To specify the most suitable protocol to

perform the evaluation tests, a preliminary analysis of the evaluation techniques was

done based on evaluation techniques for human subjects evaluation tests in: a)

controlled environment and b) non-controlled environment (preliminary field trials tests).

For human subjects evaluation tests in controlled environment the main goal was to

test distinct systems under different conditions of temperature and humidity with real

subjects, in order to evaluate their heating and cooling performance. A quantitative and

qualitative methodology regarding the measurement of core and skin temperature,

heart rate, body-mass loss and the perception of comfort was defined. Regarding the

field trials two main goals were set: 1) evaluation of the ergonomics and fitting of SATS

and 2) evaluation of the impact of SATS on the military user. CITEVE performed end

user ergonomics and fitting tests in cooperation with ESCOLA DAS ARMAS. New field

trials protocols were defined in order to test fitting, ergonomics, mobility and

compatibility.

Considering the new defined protocols an exemplary evaluation of SATS with real

subjects (civilians and soldiers) was done. The results obtained showed that the test

methods and protocols defined are promising for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of

SATS. Moreover, the methods and protocols defined within this study can also be used

to study and evaluate other protective garment.

Key words: comfort and ergonomics; smart acclimatization; textile systems; human

subjects and field trials protocols; evaluation techniques.


74

Acknowledgments


DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS). CITEVE, as project

coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army (ESCOLA DAS ARMAS).

References

1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems, Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.



75

THE ADVANTAGES IN FIRE SAFETY USING

FUNCTIONAL SMART TURNOUT GEAR

Daniela ZAVEC PAVLINIC1, Miklos KOZLOVSZKY2, Andreja ODER3, Klaus

RICHTER4 1University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Maribor, Slovenia 2Obuda University, John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Murska Sobota, Slovenia 3Prevent Deloza Ltd., Celje, Slovenia 4ITP Intelligente Textil Produkte GmbH, Weimar, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

Firefighters and first responders undertake different working activities during wildland

and urban firefighting operations as well during civil protection work. They are exposed

to extreme conditions, like high environmental temperatures, radiation from flames and

the convection with surrounding hot gas (air and smoke), toxic gasses, water vapor,

mechanical loads, etc. They are protected by personal protective turnout gears, made

in compliance to European Standard EN469. However, despite significant scientific

advances in knowledge related to innovative textile materials and thermal comfort,

personal protective clothing and other components still constrains heat dissipation from

the human body. This can cause heat stress and important undesired reactions,

namely violent sweating, loss of judgement, amnesia, skin damage, heat stroke and

permanent injuries.

Despite the efforts of occupational health specialists to improve firefighter safety,

injuries are still very common, varying in nature from country to country [1]. Regarding

this, smart technologies are developed and miniaturized and integrated into existing

personal protective clothing and other protective components, as defined by European

initiative smart@fire [2]. Thirteen possible potential elements have been defined for the

next generation of smart personal protective equipment, where are four items ranked

highest, like a location monitoring system, an automatic body cooling system, a

wireless communication system and a vision support system [1].

Experimental

We have investigated all the possibilities for the re-design of the personal protective

turnout gear with aim to equip it with the communication components. Strong

collaboration with professional firefighters was established. They have provided the

significant knowledge related to firefighting operations, their needs and requirements of

harsh environment. Consecutively, the functional design of the ICT vest was made and

communication modules have been developed and created [4]. Regarding the size and

shape of sensor textile belt, communication modules for monitoring, archiving and

transmitting the captured data, wiring diagram has been created.



76

Results

The Smart Turnout Gear has been developed and a prototype is produced. It enables

to measure, combine, transfer, and monitor and visualize physiological and

environment signals collected from and within the firefighter’s suit (Figure 1). This

innovative turnout gear presents the advantages in fire safety.

Figure 1. Smart Turnout Gear

Acknowledgement

This study was for the feasibility study (Phase 1) supported by smart@fire initiative.

References

1. Lee, J-Y. et al. (2015): “What do firefighters desire from the next generation of personal protective equipment? Outcomes from an international survey", Industrial Health, 53(5), pp. 434–444.

2. www.smartfire.eu (2015). 3. Kozlovszky, M. & Zavec Pavlinic, D. (2013): Intelligent Firefighter Suite With

Real-time Monitoring System, 6th ECPC, Brugge, Belgium. 4. Kozlovszky, M., Zavec Pavlinic, D., Feher, G. (2015): Location awareness

using combined multimodal sensor infrastructure for emergency service personnel, Extrem Physiol Med.; 4(Suppl 1): A29.

http://www.smartfire.eu/



77

LIGHTWEIGHT, FLEXIBLE AND SMART PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL

Silvia PAVLIDOU Materials Industrial Research and Technology Center (MIRTEC S.A.), Greece

[email protected]

Introduction

The FP7 project SMARTPRO aims to develop lightweight and flexible protective

clothing incorporating smart functionalities and designated for daily use by law

enforcement authorities. In fact, despite the progress achieved in terms of materials

development, modern body armours they are still heavy, bulky and rigid. Therefore,

they limit wearer’s mobility and agility and are impractical for use on joints, arms, legs

etc. Moreover, body armours have traditionally been designed to protect the wearer

against ballistic threats and, thus, they provide only a limited level of protection against

knives, sharp blades or sharp-tipped weapons. Therefore, there is an obvious need to

develop materials that combine stab and ballistic protection, while retaining their

flexibility and low weight [1, 2].

Experimental

Early in the project end-users requirements were defined, regarding protection levels

as well as ergonomic requirements. Woven and 3D knitted structure were realized and

innovative surface treatments based on shear thickening fluids (STF), dilatant powders,

ceramic coatings, carbide particles (Sic) or crosslinkable side functionalized aromatic

polymers were applied on protective textiles, aiming to improve their performance on

an areal density basis. Thus, fewer fabric layers will be required, which is expected to

result in increased flexibility and reduced weight of the armour. Moreover, partners are

working on the optimization of the design of the armour as well as on the development

of smart systems, i.e. textile antennas and heart sensors that will be integrated in the

armour to increase users’ awareness.

Results

Encouraging results were obtained especially regarding the possibility to increase stab

resistance of protective textiles, based on Kevlar® by application of surface treatments.



78

Figure 1. Comparison of antistab performances of different treatments

Ongoing work focuses on optimizing the balance between stab and ballistic resistance,

weight and flexibility, taking always into consideration the end-users requirements.

Keywords: body armour; ballistic; stab resistance; protective panel.

Acknowledgement

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union

Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 607295”.

References

1. Silva E. Protective clothing for law enforcement personnel. Protective and comfort Science, 2010.

2. Kang TJ, Kim CY, Hong KH. Rheological behavior of concentrated silica suspension and its application to soft armour. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2010; 124: 1534-1541.



79

SENSOR-BASED AIRBAG FOR PROTECTION FROM

DAMAGE INDUCED BY FALLING

Jan Vincent JORDAN1, Gesine KOPPE1, Michael LEHNERT2, Hyo-dae KIM3,

Michael MIN4, Yves-Simon GLOY1, Thomas GRIES1 1Institut Für Textiltechnik Der RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany 2ABS Peter Aschauer GmbH, Munich, Germany 3Saenal Tech-Tex Co. Ltd., Kyungbuk, South Korea 4Korea Dyeing&Finishing Technology Institute (Dyetec), Daegu City, South Korea

[email protected]

Introduction

Work carried out on scaffolds and ladders is performed at a certain risk of falling. For

the protection from falling off a scaffold, systems are available that are efficient in a

range of 2 to 5 meters. These systems fail in situations of fall from below 2 meters.

Work on ladders can be carried out in heights up to 5 meters without a duty of wearing

a protection system except from helmets. Hence many accidents occur on construction

sites due to damage induced by falling. For example damages to the spinal column

might cause walking impediment or Quadriplegia. Therefore a protection system is

being developed that protects the wearer while carrying out work in heights from up to

5 meters.

Experimental

The basic requirements for the effectiveness of the airbag system were obtained in a

theoretic approach. To protect the human body from loads, induced by falling, a

reduction of the impact is necessary. Therefore a deceleration of the falling body has to

be achieved, which is in a range of bearable deceleration. Two main criteria were

chosen to determine this value of bearable deceleration. One of these criteria is the

Head Injury Criterion (HIC) which is calculated by the increment of the acceleration

value during the moment of the impact. An HIC of below 1000 is regarded to be

bearable, as it leads to a 50 % likelihood of avoiding irreversible injuries. Several

designs of one-piece-woven (OPW) airbag textiles were tested in a fall test bench with

different values of initial air pressure. The resulting deceleration values were measured

and the HIC values were obtained. A sensor unit was developed allowing the detection

of a falling situation [1].

Results

A textile OPW double layer structure was designed having woven seams. The woven

seams have an increased tear resistance compared to conventional seams. A tear

resistance of the woven seams of over 1300 N was achieved.

For a falling height of up to 3 meters HIC values of below 600 could already be

obtained.



80

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

HIC

[-]

Initial air pressure inside the airbag [bar]

3m

2m

1m

Maximum bearable HIC value according to (1)

Height

Figure 1. Resulting experimental HIC values

Keywords: scaffold; airbag; one-piece-woven; head-injury-criterion.

Acknowledgement

The system is being developed in a cooperation project of the German Federal Ministry

of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) and the Korea Institute for Advancement and

Technology (KIAT).

References

1. Kramer, F., (2009), “Passive Sicherheit von Kraftfahrzeugen", Vieweg+Teubner Verlag Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden; pp 111-112.



81

ECOLOGICAL DYEING & FINISHING PROCESS OF

PROTECTIVE COMFORTABLE WOOL

Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Rosa Maria SILVA1, Augusta SILVA1,

Helena MAGALHÃES2, Manuel PINHEIRO2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal 2Tinturaria Têxtil SA (TINAMAR), Barcelos, Portugal

[email protected]

Burns from clothing fires are a significant cause of injury and death. While most fabrics

used in clothing can burn, some are much more flammable than others. In some

applications – work wear for emergency services and military personnel, and in

situations where there is potential exposure to open flame or extreme heat – it is crucial

for apparel and other textiles to provide a level of safety from the risk of burns, smoke

and fume inhalation. The most important parameter in assessing the flammability of a

textile is fibre type. Of the commonly used textile fibres (cotton, rayon, polyester, acrylic

and nylon), wool is widely recognised as the most flame resistant [1].

Wool fibre it’s considered a multifunctional fibre which promotes protection as well as

health and comfort to the user through the following properties: management of

moisture and odour reduction (absorption and moisture / perspiration transfer removing

sweat next to the skin); thermal regulation (cold and heat insulation); natural protection

from UV rays (in closed structures); Water repellency and soiling; breathability;

elasticity and crease recovery.

This study focuses on an innovative ecological finishing process of wool. With the aim

of maintaining the intrinsic properties of wool fibres, eco dyeing and finishing process

was developed using enzymes. Two dyeing processes were considered using the

same substrate: conventional dyeing process and ecological dyeing process (Figure 1).

Tem

per

atu

reºC

Time min.

CONVENTIONAL DYEING PROCESS

Tem

per

atu

reºC

Time min.

ECOLOGICAL DYEING PROCESS

Figure 1. Dyeing processes



82

In order to enable the determination of associated impacts, a Life Cycle Assessment

study was performed. For the ecological process the following reductions were verified:

operating time - 24%; electric power consumption - 24%; natural gas consumption -

47%; water consumption - 55%. From the results achieved, the ecological dyeing

process developed will have a significant positive environmental and economic impact.

Keywords: ecological dyeing & finishing process; life cycle assessment, wool; flame

resistance.

Acknowledgement

This study was made possible thanks to a team of Portuguese partners (FERNANDO

VALENTE, COLTEC, F.D.G. Fiação da Graça, LEMAR, SCORECODE, TINAMAR,

CENTI and CITEVE) within PT21 Project (QREN / COMPETE).

References

1. Delden E., Wool and Flame Resistance,

http://www.iwto.org/uploaded/Fact_Sheets/Wool_and_Flame_Resistance_I

WTO_Fact_Sheet.pdf, December, 2015.



83

PROPOSAL FOR ADEQUATE EVALUATION

TECHNIQUES OF SMART ACCLIMATIZATION TEXTILE

SYSTEMS

Gilda SANTOS1, Cristina OLIVEIRA1, Ana BARROS1, Patricia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal


[email protected]

All clothing design for military use has the multi-purpose of protecting the soldier and

enabling him to function effectively, while at the same time maintaining the comfort

within a range that maximizes physical, cognitive or other performances on the

battlefield [1].

This study focused the activities/steps involved in the definition and development of

suitable methods for evaluation of comfort and ergonomics of smart acclimatization

textile systems (smart clothing with active thermoregulatory systems for stabilization of

soldier’s body temperature in cold and hot environments), in laboratorial and

operational environments.

A proposal for testing smart acclimatization textile systems was defined and evaluated

based in the following stages: a) Biophysical analysis of textiles; b) Biophysical

analysis of garments in climatic chamber; c) Preliminary field tests in non-controlled

environment. Two different smart acclimatization textile systems (with heating and

cooling technologies) in different environments were evaluated, since the analysis and

characterization of textile materials (skin model) until the analysis of the garments in

climatic chamber (manikin and human subjects) followed by preliminary field tests in

non-controlled environment. In both environments (hot and cold), it was possible to

obtain quantitative and qualitative results for both acclimatization textile systems even

when wearing a ballistic vest.

According to the results achieved and the crucial importance of thermoregulatory

systems for the military and civilian human subjects, suitable methods and tailored

technical inputs for new standards for laboratory and field tests are needed, taking into

account namely the possibility to evaluate the cold or heat stress and the comfort

together in the final solution. Information from the evaluation techniques proposed can

be relevant for new methods and standards development. Other issues like the

subjectivity of the human reaction to physical stimuli (thermophysiological and

sensorial) and the physiological impact of the solutions, the impact of fit and size on

comfort and ergonomics and cost effective evaluation of the final solution are also of

great importance.


84

Keywords: smart acclimatization; textile systems; military protective clothing; comfort

and ergonomics assessment; thermophysiological comfort; thermal sweating manikin.

Acknowledgments


DAMEL; SAGEM) within ACCLITEXSYS project (EDA CEDS programme B-1143-RT-

GP). CITEVE, as project coordinator, wish to thank the Portuguese Army cooperation

(Escola das Armas).

References

1. Santos, G., Oliveira, C., Barros, A., Ferreira, P. (2015), New methods for

comfort and ergonomics evaluation of smart acclimatization textile systems,

Protective and smart textiles, comfort and well-being. Pp 78-86, July 2015,

Lodz University of Technology, Poland.



85

PROTECTION AND COMFORT OF FIRE-FIGHTERS’

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

Yusuf SAĞLAM Kıvanç Group, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Fire-fighters’ personal protective clothing is the only source of protection for fire-fighters

during fire-fighting. The protective clothing should provide adequate protection as well

as should be comfortable to wear. The protection and comfort requirements are always

the contradicting fact in several protective clothing including fire-fighters’. Appropriate

material selection, clothing design and final evaluation of the results play a critical role

in predicting the clothing performance and comfort.

Experimental

Firefighter Clothing or Firefighter Suits are designed to protect firefighters against the

hazards and chemical exposure of fire fighting in most extreme environments. Today’s

fire fighting clothing must meet tough safety standards including the European

Standard EN469:2005 and the American Standard NFPA1971:2007.

Fire fighters protective clothing (pants and jacket) is a three-component ensemble

intended to protect the fire fighter from radiant and thermal exposure, unexpected

flashover conditions, and puncture and abrasion hazards while still maintaining an

adequate level of dexterity and comfort. The performance requirements for the

individual components (moisture barrier, thermal liner, and outer shell) and the

ensemble are described in NFPA 1971, whereas the selection, care, and maintenance

of the "turnout gear" is described in NFPA 1851 and EN 469.

Other requirements of firefighter clothing include being: thermally insulated, water

repellent, breathable, flexible in nature, light-weight, and high-impact, puncture and tear

resistant.

For every type of firefighting situation, there needs to be a suit well adapted to the

hazards. High volume suits provide water-based protection, where as structural

firefighter suits focus on durability and comfort.

Results

The protective clothing used for fire-fighting is required to shield the fire-fighters from all

possible hazards that may be faced during the work and should provide

thermophysiological comfort. These two requirements are always contradictory. The

protective clothing is usually heavy, thick with multiple layers, which reduces water

vapour permeability and heat exchange across layers from body to the environment. It

results the wearer to face heat stress due to the high physical activity and excessive

exposure to heat which overloads his metabolic system. Resolving this issue and



86

getting a balance between protection and comfort will always be the area of future

research.

Keywords: fire-fighters’ protective clothing; test standards; heat stress; performance;

comfort.

References

1. Barker RL (2002) From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 14(3/4):181–200.

2. Bruce-Low S, Cotterrell D, Jones G (2007) Effect of wearing personal protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus on heart rate, temperature and oxygen consumption during stepping exercise and live fire training exercises. Ergonomics 50(1):80–98.

3. Farnworth B (1986) A numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing. Text Res J 56(11):653–665.

4. EN 469 Protective clothing for firefighters. Performance requirements for protective clothing for firefighting.

5. NFPA 1971: Standard on protective ensembles for structural fire fighting and proximity fire fighting.



87

EVALUATING ERGONOMIC PROPERTIES OF NEWLY

DESIGNED CHINESE FEMALE FIREFIGHTING

CLOTHING

Dandan LAI, Faming WANG Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China

[email protected]

Introduction

Currently, specially designed female firefighters’ protective clothing is still not available.

Female firefighters wear exactly the same protective clothing that was pattern designed

for male firefighters. Documented studies [1,2] revealed that female fighter clothing

should be sized specifically for female wearers, and reconstruction design was urgent

especially in terms of suspender function and the placement of radio pockets because

of the structure of women’s breasts. Recently we designed a new prototype female

firefighting clothing ensemble based on the average body dimension of adult Chinese

females. The main objective of this study was thus to evaluate the ergonomic

properties of the newly designed Chinese female firefighter.

Experimental

Ten healthy adult female subjects were recruited in the study, and the existing

firefighting clothing used in Chinese firefighting sectors (i.e., EXISTING, see Fig.1) was

selected as a baseline. All measurements included anthropometrics, static and

dynamic, as well as task-related range of motion. The trials were conducted in a

climate chamber, where Ta=22±0.5 °C and RH=40±5%. Subjects donned randomly

either EXISTING or NEW (i.e., the newly designed female firefighting clothing showed

in Fig.1) on separate days to perform the designated ergonomic tests. Subjects were

also asked to complete a questionnaire of the perception on fitting, mobility and comfort

at the end of the test.

Figure 1. The existing (EXISTING) and newly designed firefighting clothing (NEW)



88

Results

Range of static motion determined from main joints and motions of body. It was found

that the NEW significantly increased the flexion of shoulder and elbow, and the

percentage of increase was 15.4% and 12.8%, respectively. For dynamic and task-

related range of motion, the new female firefighting clothing provided a much greater

freedom of movement for all dynamic movements due to the improvement of crotch of

pants, ranging from 5.2% to 34.6%. The questionnaire demonstrated that subjects

were more satisfied with the NEW than EXISTING in terms of fitting, mobility and wear

comfort.

Keywords: firefighting turnout gear; females; ergonomic; range of motion; pattern

design.

References

1. Huang D., Yang H., Qi Z., Xu L., Cheng X., Li L., Zhang H., (2012) Questionnaire on firefighters’ protective clothing in China. Fire Technol, 48(2): 255-268.

2. Park H., Hahn K.H.Y., (2014) Perception of firefighters’ turnout ensemble and level of satisfaction by body movement. Int J Fashion Des Technol Educ, 7(2): 85-95.



89

THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF FIREFIGHTER’S

UNIFORMS

Selin Hanife ERYÜRÜK, Senem KURŞUN BAHADIR, Fatma KALAOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Firefighters’ work environment consists of multiple threats. Environmental and human

factors such as physical, physiological and psychological affect firefighter's interaction

with the fire scene. In fire situations, fabrics are subjected to extremely heavy loads.

Fabric performance in these situations is related to comfort, time, heat, durability, and

other characteristics specific to the occurrence [1]. Moreover the thermal performance

of fire fighters' protective clothing is primarily based on the thermo-physical properties

of the materials used to construct the clothing. The physical properties used for thermal

analysis and predictions are: (a) thermal conductivity; (b) specific heat; (c) density; and

(d) the thermal spectral properties of emissivity, transmissivity and reflectivity [2].

Firefighter clothing must be evaluated considering standard and specifications, risk

factors, safety requirements, thermal performance properties, comfort properties.

Thermal protection from fire and metabolic heat stress generated by the human body

due to metabolic activities must be balanced. Fire protection can be achieved by

wearing firefighters’ clothings that are produced from multilayered or thick textile

materials. The structure of the garments must allow evaporation of perspiration,

ventilation and also thermal protection from fire. This study aims to evaluate thermal

comfort properties of firefighters’ uniforms considering different combinations of fabrics

in different layers [3-9].

Experimental

In the scope of this study, Permetest was used to test the thermal resistance and water

vapour resistance of fabrics according to the ISO 11092 standard. Prowhite Air

Permeability Tester Machine was used in order to test air permeability of the samples

according to ISO Standarts (under 400 kPa). Fabric system consists of five layers are

combined together. The first layer is outer fabric made from PBI fiber, second layer is

moisture barrier fabric from hydrophilic polyester membrane laminated onto a polyester

raschel knitted fabric, third layer is stitched thermal barrier fabric, the forth layer is

again moisture barrier fabric from hydrophilic polyester membrane and the fifth layer is

thermal barrier fabric.

Results

Thermal resistance, water vapour resistance, air permeability tests were conducted

and results were compared. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the fabrics used in the

experiments. It was observed that layered samples has high thermal and water vapour



90

resistance values. High thermal resistance is required to meet the thermal isolation and

high water vapour resistance values were obtained because of five layers. Moreover,

acceptable air permeability results were obtained.

Table 1. Characteristics of the fabrics

Layer Fabric details

1st layer OUTER FABRIC

PBI Matrix 200 g/m²

2nd layer MOISTURE BARRIER

PU Membrane which is laminated to knitted fabric (85g/ m²)


3rd layer HEAT BARRIER LAMINATED WITH CONDUCTIVE YARN

Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (55g/ m²)

Aramid Viscose FR inner lining quilted to nonwoven (85g/ m²)

4th layer MOISTURE BARRIER



5th layer HEAT BARRIER

Aramid Viscose inner lining quilted to Aramid felt

Keywords: firefighter uniform; thermal comfort; air permeability; thermal resistance;

water vapour resistance.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Kıvanç Tekstil A.Ş.,Turkey for their fabrics and firefighter

clothings support.

References

1. Raheel, M. (1994), “Protective Clothing Systems and Materials”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

2. Vettori, R. (2005),“Estimates of Thermal Conductivity for Unconditioned and Conditioned Materials Used in Fire Fighters' Protective Clothing”, National Institute of Standards and Technology, November 2005.

3. Raimundoa A. M., Figueiredo R. A., (2009), “Personal protective clothing and safety of firefighters near a high intensity fire front”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 44, Issue 4, 514–521.

4. Teunissena L. P.J., Wang L.-C., Chou S.-N., Huang C.-H., Jou G.-T., Daanen H.A.M., “Evaluation of two cooling systems under a firefighter coverall”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, November 2014, 1433–1438.

5. Levels K., Koning J.J.E. M., Foster C., Daanen H.A.M., (2014), “The effect of pre-warming on performance during simulated firefighting exercise”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 6, 1504–1509.



91

6. Son, S.-Y., Bakri, I., Muraki, S. and Tochihara,Y.,(2014), “Comparison of firefighters and non-firefighters and the test methods used regarding the effects of personal protective equipment on individual mobility”, Applied Ergonomics, Volume 45, Issue 4, 1019-1027.

7. Kong, Pui W., Suyama, J. and Hostler D., (2013), “A review of risk factors of accidental slips, trips, and falls among firefighters”, Safety Science, Volume 60, 203-209.

8. Chung, G-S.and Lee, D. H., (2005), “A study on comfort of protective clothing for firefighters”, Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series, Volume 3, 375-378.

9. Jiang Y.Y., Yanai E., Nishimura K., Zhang H., Abe N., Shinohara M., Wakatsuki K.,(2010), “An integrated numerical simulator for thermal performance assessments of firefighters’ protective clothing”, Fire Safety Journal, Volume 45, Issue 5, 314-326.


92



93

DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMULATION APP FOR

THERMAL CLOTHING ENGINEERING DESIGN

Benjamin VAN DER SMISSEN, Peter VAN RANSBEECK, Alexandra DE

RAEVE, Simona VASILE, Joris COOLS, Mathias VERMEULEN University College Gent, Ghent, Belgium

[email protected]

Introduction

Design and production in apparel industry need cost-effective and user-friendly thermal

comfort design software. The design tools should model all thermal functions that are

depending on the complex interactive physical behaviours involved in the clothing

wearing system, which consists of (1) the human body, (2) the clothing and (3) the

external environment. The related physical behaviours may include the thermal

interactions among the human body, clothing and external environment, the biological

thermoregulation of human body and the heat and moisture transfer processes in

textile and air layers. On the other hand, the clothing is practically designed and made

with textile materials and various technologies/functional treatments. With the

development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), it should be possible to simulate

and predict the thermal and moisture properties in the complete clothing wearing

system including the microclimate flows [1,2]. However few researchers have

examined the thermal mechanisms in complete clothed wearing systems including air

gaps, using simulation methods [1]. The complex determination of the air layers using

3D body scanning is investigated in [3].

Method

In this paper the development of a simulation app for the engineering design of thermal

quality clothing has been started. The software architecture is developed for different

design strategies. Specific design requirements lead to different simulation models for

the clothing wearing system ranging from simple 1D, 2D to complex time-consuming

3D models. The simulation model is implemented also at different scales ranging from

the human body scale (m) to the fabric (mm), fibre (µm) and the particle scale (nm).

The application is available using a web server and can be used on different operating

systems, where the simulation can be sent to different PC’s, clusters and clouds.

Results

The design application has been validated for the 1D design level with experimental

results from [4]. The app will be demonstrated and first promising results for a design

case for protective clothing will be presented.

Keywords: simulation; app; CFD; clothing; design.



94

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by the University College Ghent, Belgium.

References

1. Mao, A; Luo, J.; Li, Y; Xiaonan, L & Wang, R: A multi-disciplinary strategy for computer-aided clothing thermal engineering design, Computer-Aided Design 43, 1854–1869 (2011).

2. Van Ransbeeck, P., De Raeve, A., Benoot, R., Cools, J., Van Der Smissen, B., Vermeulen, M., Cools, J., Vasile, S. and Vermeulen M. (2014) Towards Virtual Engineering of Protective Clothing Comfort, 6th European Conference on Protective Clothing, 14-16 May 2014, Bruges, Belgium.

3. Mert, E., Böhnisch, S. ,Psikuta, A., Bueno M.A., Rossi, R.M. (2015), Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning, 6th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 27-28 October 2015.

4. Gibson, P.,Charmchi, M., (1997) The Use of Volume-Averaging Techniques to Predict Temperature Transients Due to Water Vapor Sorption in Hygroscopic Porous Polymer Materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64, 493-505.



95

FUNCTIONAL TEXTILE WITH ELECTROSPUN

NANOFIBERS CONTAINING POLYESTER AND

CHITOSAN

Nagihan OKUTAN1, Ahmet ÇİFTÇİ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University - NANOTEL A.Ş., İstanbul, Turkey 2Çiftçiler Tekstil Ltd., İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

The functional textile applications have taken interest recently due to fact that there are

increasing demands from consumers with various needs. The features such as

improved mechanical strength and waterproofing are properties investigated for

functional textiles. Especially woven fabrics with cotton need to be developed with

improved mechanical strength and waterproofing for various applications. There are

different techniques for fabricating nanofibers. Among these, electrospinning is a

relatively simple and fast process to produce structured functional nanofibers by using

different materials, modifying electrospinning apparatus, changing electrospinning

parameters and including treatment of electrospinning materials before or after

electrospinning. In this study, our aim was to apply electrospun nanofibers with

hydrophobic character to a woven as an outer layer for exhibiting waterproof function.

In addition, we expect to obtain improved mechanical strength for the fabric samples.

Experimental

In this study, polyester was kindly provided by Çiftçiler Tekstil Ltd. Şti. (Istanbul,

Turkey). The other chemicals were purchased from Sigma. The electrospinning

equipment (NE100, Istanbul, Turkey) was used to obtain nanofibers. The setup

consisted of a metal needle connected to a high voltage power supply. The needle was

fed with the feed solutions. From a syringe mounted on a programmable syringe sump.

An aluminum foil was wrapped on a grounded collector plate. The electric field

generated between the needle and the collector was shielded from surrounding

materials by having a box around the tip and the collector setup. The collector was

placed vertically up from the needle. The applied voltage, the distance to the collector

plate and the feed rate for feed solution were 40 kV, 7 cm and 0.5 ml/h, respectively..

The diameter and morphology of the fibers collected were determined using a scanning

electron microscope (SEM). Nanofibers were used to obtain a suspension. This

suspension was sprayed to a cotton fabric. The contact angle measurements were

performed with the fabric samples for determining the hydrophobicity. The mechanical

properties will be tested by using a texture profile analyzer.



96

Results

The electrospun nanofibers containing polyester and chitosan were obtained. The

contact angle measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing

nanofibers and binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto woven fabric. The

outcomes of this study will help to develop woven textile products with functional

properties. Even though there are functional textiles present in the market,

nanotechnology applied products seems to be more efficient with less amount of active

materials which is considered as sustainable and green systems.

Keywords: functional textile; electrospinning; nanofibers; woven; polyester; chitosan.



97

ENHANCED PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY ON

TEXTILES THROUGH UTILIZATION OF NOVEL

DOPANTS

Asena CERHAN1, Iuliana DUMITRESCU2, G. Bahar BAŞIM1 1Özyeğin University, İstanbul, Turkey 2National Textile Institute Romania, Bucharest, Romania

[email protected]

Introduction

The indoor air quality and hygiene can be achieved by the photocatalytic activity if the

titania based particles can be tuned to function at the visible light ranges. This study

focuses on tuning the TiO2 particles in anatase form as a well-known photocatalyst

active under the visible light by using novel doping agents.

Experimental

Anatase was examined in terms of particle size and stabilization in water repelling

finishing solutions and distilled water. Deep coating technique was used to cover the

textile with alternatively doped anatase particle solutions. The absorbance values of the

fabrics coated with different anatase solutions was evaluated according to ISO 10678

procedures. Stain tests were also performed based on ISO 10678 procedure.

Results

The particle size of anatase in finishing solution was measured as 0,084 m and

verified by AFM measurements. UV spectrophotometer measurements showed that the

absorbance values are decreasing with increasing anatase concentration in the

finishing solution indicating increasing transmittance of the methylene blue and hence

better photocatalytic activity. The results were also verified by the bleaching tests. The

novel dopants were also observed to carry the photocatalytic activity to the visible light

range.



98

Figure 1. Textile samples exposed to UV radiation after anatase coating at different

concentrations

Keywords: doped titania; photocatalytic textiles.

References

1. “Classification of foundry as a profession", National Occupational

Standards, Professional Qualification Agency., 2011, pp 7.

2. Faulkner Brent C., Drake David B., MD, Gear Andrew J. L., Frederick

Watkins H. ve Edlich Richard F., (1997) Molten Metal Burns: Further

Failure To Comply With Occupational Administration Regulations,

Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,

Virginia, 15(5): 675-677.

3. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of

materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status

of a British Standard.



99

MACROPOROSITY AND THE ULTRAVIOLET

PROTECTION FUNCTION OF WOVEN FABRICS

Polona DOBNIK DUBROVSKI1, Abhijit MAJUMDAR2 1University of Maribor, Textile Materials and Design Department, Maribor, Slovenia 2Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Textile Technology, New Delhi, India

[email protected]

Introduction

Textile flat materials, e.g. fabrics, are highly porous materials. Typically, they have 60 -

90 % of air trapped within the structure; the rest is composed of solid material. Thus,

fabric porosity is one of the key parameter for achieving good fabric performance, e.g.

comfort, aesthetic appeal, durability, care and maintenance, as well as

health/safety/protection. Through the porosity structure (as well as fibrous material),

fabrics namely allow the transmission of energy and substances, and are therefore

interesting materials for different applications. The fundamental building elements of

the material porous structure are pores, e.g. void spaces within the material which are

separated between each other and could be classified in several ways [1]. The paper is

focused on an overview of porosity in woven fabrics, including determination of fabric

porosity parameters and definition of the ideal geometrical model of porous structures.

A special issue is focused on the possibility to predict porosity parameters in advance

within the phase of a new fabric development. At the same time, the results of the

influence of porous structure on UV protection function of cotton woven fabrics are

exposed.

Experimental

Our experiment [2] was focused on 100% cotton woven fabrics in a grey state with the

same yarn fineness (14 tex) and different thread densities to achieve fabric cover factor

between 59% and 87%. This was possible by introducing different types of weave

(plain, twill, satin), while it is known that by plain weave lower densities are achieved

due to the thread passages regarding to the twill and satin weaves.

Results

The results of UV protection function of cotton woven fabrics are shown in Figure 1.

The results clearly show that lower open porosity means better UV protection and that

open porosity should be lower than 12 % to achieve good UV protection according to

AS/NZ standard of tested samples.



100

R² = 0,72

R² = 0,98

R² = 0,99

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

UP

F

Open porosity (%)Cover factor (%)

plain twill satin

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65

good UV protection

Figure 1. The influence of open porosity on the UPF of cotton woven fabrics

Keywords: ultraviolet protection; porosity; woven fabrics.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by the Slovenian Research Agency "ARRS" (P2-063).

References

1. Kaneko, K., (1994), Determination of pore size and pore size distribution, Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 96, pp. 59-89.

2. Dubrovski, P.D., Golob, D., (2009), Effects of Woven Fabric Construction and Colour on Ultraviolet Protection, Textile Research Journal, Vol.79, No.4, pp. 351-359.



101

GENERATING OF PASSIVE NOICE CANCELING

HEADSETS BY USING RECYCLED MATERIALS

Ulaş ÇINAR1, Aliye KAŞARCI HAKAN1, Emre GÜMÜŞ2 1İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Gedik University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Personal protective equipment is used as the last step in the hierarchy of risk

prevention when a danger or a risk cannot be eliminated or controlled. Prolonged

exposure to high levels of noise can be the significant cause of hearing loss for workers

[1]. Furthermore, in the case of intermittent exposure to loudly noise may lead to

hearing damage, irritability, decreased concentration and even occupational accidents.

The damage which is caused by noise can be prevented by two methods: active and

passive. Active method is based on a headset with an integrated microphone which

detects sound waves coming from outside. The headset produces neutralized sound

with reverse wave characteristics by an electronic circuit [2]. Passive method is based

on the use of sound-absorbing materials which can isolate direct sounds. Passive

protective headsets are highly preferred because of its cost and durability. It is

generally mandatory to use headsets, which must be renewed at certain times, during

the heavy industrial works.

Experimental

Recent protective equipment particularly for ears consist of antiallergenic headsets or

earphones with hard plastic outer case, acoustical foam high plastic derivatives live,

melamine, polyurethane, polypropylene which are hygienic contact surface

components. A new earphone model that complies the principles of EN 352-1 standard

is proposed. It is made of materials which can be recycled from paper, glass and

plastic waste [3]. This fact will also be beneficial in terms of environmental and

economic aspects. The outer part of the earphone consists of recycled polymers and

inner part consists of egg cardboard, recycled fibers and sound isolation foam. Sound

mitigation coefficient and sound relaying loss measurements were determined by an

Impedance Tube [4].

Results

Headsets on the market can decrease the volume/noise from 14 to 37 dB. According

the results of the studies, passive anti-noise/noise-canceling headsets which are made

from recycled materials have similar outcomes to conventional headsets. After the

standardization, they are considered to be used.

Keywords: recycle; material; noice; headphone; occupational; health; safety.



102

References

1. “Guidelines for the Use of Personal Protective Equipment", Occupational Safety&Health Council., 2001, p 5.

2. ElliottS. J., Nelson P. A., (1993) Active Noise Control, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine; p 12.

3. EN 352-1 (2002)Hearing protectors - General requirements - Part 1: Ear muffs.

4. ASTM E1050-10 (2010) Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials Using a Tube, Two Microphones and Digital Frequency Analysis System.



103

A NEW ROUTE FOR SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBACTERIAL

TIN (IV) OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR FABRICS

Aslı BAYSAL, Banu Yeşim BÜYÜKAKINCI, Gül Şirin USTABAŞI İstanbul Aydın University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Nanomaterials like metal oxides have unique physicochemical properties, and they are

presently much investigated for their potential applications in various areas. Tin oxide

appears particularly interesting when grown in nanometer. It is very important to design

a synthetic method using cheap and non-toxic reagents [1]. It also provides

antibacterial properties [2].

This study illustrates a simple synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using sodium citrate and

investigates the antibacterial efficacy of SnO2 colloidal solution on the wool and

polyester fabrics.

Experimental

Synthesis of SnO2 NPs was achieved according to the silver nanoparticle synthesis

method described in Aashritha’s work [3]. Trisodium citrate 5.5 dihydrate solution was

added drop wise onto SnCl2 solution, mixed vigorously, while they were heated to

boiling temperature.

Characterization was made using UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry, Dinamic Ligth

Scattering and zeta potentials for both characterization and particle size determination.

FTIR results proved the SnO2 nanoparticles (Figure 1).

Figure 1. FTIR Spectrum of (a) SnCl2 as a precursor, (b) after synthesis procedure; SnO2 NPs

After the synthesis and characterization of SnO2 NPs, precursor concentration (0.05-4

g/L SnCl2) effect on particle size and antibacterial efficiency were investigated. For this

purposes, different SnO2 colloidal solution were applied to the fabrics (wool and

polyester) with padding method without an additional binder or chemicals. Antibacterial

efficiency was investigated on these fabrics using antibacterial effect test (AATCC 147-

2004) for ATCC25923 Staphylococcus aureus.


104

Results

UV-VIS and FTIR spectrometry observation of SnO2 nanoparticles informed their shape

and size distribution. Concentration of SnO2 NPs on antibacteriel efficency were

investigated and antibacteriel effect were observed at >2 g/L of SnCl2 was adding as

precursor material. SnO2 colloidal solution is also an alternative to nano silver in terms

of cost effectiveness

Keywords: nanoparticles; tin(IV)oxide; antibacterial; wool; polyester.

References

1. Bhattacharjee A., Ahmaruzzaman M. (2015) A green approach for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and its application in the reduction of p-nitrophenol, MaterialsLetters, 157 p 260–264.

2. Büyükakıncı B. Y. (2013) Investigation of antibacterial activities of tin ions on wool fabric, Industria Textila, 5, p 241-245.

3. Shenava, A., Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their antifungal activity, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy 10/2013; 4(10):111-113.

https://www.researchgate.net/journal/2230-8407_International_Research_Journal_of_Pharmacy

https://www.researchgate.net/journal/2230-8407_International_Research_Journal_of_Pharmacy



105

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EVALUATION OF

MICROBIAL BARRIER PROPERTIES OF PROTECTIVE

CLOTHING

Mark CROES, Jean LÉONARD, Yvette ROGISTER Belgian Textile Research Center (CENTEXBEL), Grâce-Hollogne, Belgium

[email protected]

Introduction

Following the recent outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, the demand for protection

against infectious diseases and primarily against the transmission of viruses has

increased dramatically. In addition, both the regulation regarding such protective

equipment and the proper evaluation of their effectiveness is not well known.

There is also some lack of knowledge concerning the necessary measures to ensure

that a product normally used as a medical device can also be used as a means of

protection. An example are the surgical gowns used in hospitals which, first and

primarily serve to protect the patient from infection during an operation, but now, the

surgeon must also be protected against the patient's infection. It’s mainly the suppliers

of Western hospitals that have been faced with this question as part of their preparation

to receive patients suffering from Ebola disease from risk areas in West Africa [1].

Summary

The barrier fabrics are used to protect the wearer against different kind of fluids and dry

particles. In the medical field, the protection is principally against biological fluids

(bodily fluids contaminated by micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses).

Barrier fabrics are mainly used in the operating room as gowns, drapes and masks. In

these situations the infective agents to which the patients and the staff may be exposed

are usually well known.

Other fields of use are some working conditions with a risk of exposure to infective

agents are laboratories or biotechnological production, where the infective agents are

usually also well known or in sewage works, waste treatment, emergency clean-up,

etc. In the latter cases the infective agents the workers are exposed to may not be

known, although the possible risks can be assessed.

Several European and US product standards exist that describe test methods to

evaluate the microbial barrier properties of materials and articles (ex. woven,

nonwoven, coated or laminated fabrics and coveralls, masks or gowns) [2, 3]:

• EN 13795+A1:2013 - Surgical drapes, gowns and clean air suits, used as medical devices for patients, clinical staff and equipment - General requirements for manufacturers, processors and products, test methods, performance requirements and performance levels

• EN 14126:2003 - Protective clothing - Performance requirements and tests methods for protective clothing against infective agents (+AC:2004)

• EN 14683:2014 - Medical face masks - Requirements and test methods



106

• ASTM F2100 – 11 - Standard Specification for Performance of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks

• ANSI/AAMI PB70:2012 - Liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel and drapes intended for use in health care facilities

In addition to mechanical (ex. tensile, burst and tear strength) and water barrier (ex.

hydrostatic pressure or impact penetration) properties, these standards prescribe a

number of specific tests for microbial resistance:

• Against penetration by blood-borne pathogens using bacteriophage (ISO 16604:2004 and ASTM F1671/F1671M – 13). These tests are the only ones that permit to determine the resistance against viral penetration of a material. The hydrostatic pressure challenge can vary between 0 kPa and 14 kPa (medical textiles) or 20 kPa (protective garments), with bacteriophage PHI-X174 being used as a challenge virus.

• Against penetration by infective agents due to mechanical contact with substances containing contaminated liquids (ISO 22610:2006). In this test, the material is subjected to a dynamic mechanical stress that could cause liquid migration and allow bacteria to penetrate through it. Breakthrough time (protective garments) and count of penetration (medical textiles) are used to set performance requirements.

• Against penetration by biologically contaminated liquid aerosols or bacterial filtration efficiency (ISO/DIS 22611:2003 and ASTM F2101 – 07). These tests permit to evaluate the bacterial filtration efficiency of a protective material against a contaminated aerosol challenge.

• Against penetration by contaminated solid particles (ISO 22612:2005). This test method provides a means for assessing the resistance to penetration through barrier materials of bacteria-carrying dust particles.

Figure 1. Introduction of the contaminated particles - ISO 22612

Keywords: infection protection; virus bacteria barrier testing.

References

1. World Health Organization, (2014), Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola.

2. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical Mask Performance, Arab Medical Hygiene Magazine, January 2013, p 64-67.

3. Rogister Y., Croes M., (2013), Surgical drapes and gowns, European Medical Hygiene Magazine, February 2013, p 31-35.



107

FUNCTIONAL DISPOSABLE FACE MASKS FOR

MALODOROUS SURGICAL OPERATIONS

Özge YÜKSEL1, Beliz BOZALP1, Gizem Ceylan TÜRKOĞLU1, Tolga

ÖNDER2, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK1, Salih OKUR3, Ayşenur DURU3 1Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey 2Kars Sarıkamış Public Hospital, Kars, Turkey 3İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Department of Material Science and Engineering, İzmir, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Medical textiles are one of the important areas in technical textiles, which constitute

wide range of product group. With the developing technology, textiles can be use as

materials in many different products, ranging from bandages to surgical gowns and

artificial organs to vascular grafts. It is possible to use medical textiles in healthcare

and hygiene products, extracorporeal devices, implantable materials, and non-

implantable materials [1, 2]. Odors are very important for productivity in the workplace.

When it comes to surgical operations, irritating odors are unavoidable. Especially,

environmental odor of infections caused by anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens

during surgeries like fournier’s gangrene, fairly disturbing [3]. Therefore in this study, it

is aimed to develop a disposable mask to prevent malodor which can be used in work

environments where the bad smell is inevitable.

Experimental

In the scope of this study, research has been carried on the masks in different

experimental design to prevent the malodor. Two major experimental designs were

constructed. In the first design masking of malodor and in the second one suppressing

this odor was intended. β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide, which is in a

shape of truncated cone. Due to cyclic glucopyranose units, apolar cavity composes

and hydroxyl groups oriented outside of the cone gives hydrophilic properties. Thus, β-

CD has the capability of encapsulating specific molecular sized substances in their

apolar cavity and employed in encapsulation of malodor or redolence [4]. N-menthol,

which is known as a soothing scent, was used to inhibit malodor. In the study, β-CD,

physical mixture of β-CD and N-menthol and their inclusion complex are applied to

disposable masks, separately. Binding properties were investigated by solutions

prepared using different binders of different concentrations.

Results

According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the presences of different

structures on the masks are determined. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-

IR) analysis was effective in identifying the inclusion complexes including fragrance

molecules on the fabric.



108

Keywords: functional face mask; malodor; menthol; cyclodextrin.

References

1. Horrocks, A. Richard, and Subhash C. Anand, eds., (2000) Handbook of technical textiles. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.

2. Anand, S. C., Kennedy, J. F., Miraftab, M., & Rajendran, S. (Eds.). (2005). Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare. Elsevier Science & Technology, Elsevier Health Sciences.

3. Sarıısık A.M. and Kartal G.E., (2015) Disposable Mask Design For Odor Pollution In The Work Environment, Journal Of Textiles & Engineers/Tekstil Ve Mühendis, 22 (97): 31-36.

4. İnceboz T., Erkan G., Türkoğlu G.C., Sarıışık A.M., Bakırcı S., Üner S., and Üner A. (2015). In-Vivo And In-Vitro Tick Repellent Properties Of Cotton Fabric, Textile Research Journal, 85(19) 2071–2082.

https://www.google.com.tr/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=760&q=elsevier+science+%26+technology&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LUz9U3MDJLSYpX4gIxTQuKi8tMtTQzyq30k_NzclKTSzLz8_Tzi9IT8zKrEkGcYqvi0qTizJTMxKLM1GIAsHXDvEQAAAA&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw72BrrjKAhWGEywKHTn0DBQQmxMIlQEoBDAU

https://www.google.com.tr/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=760&q=elsevier+health+sciences&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LUz9U3MDJLSYpX4gIxTQuKi0uytTQzyq30k_NzclKTSzLz8_Tzi9IT8zKrEkGcYqvi0qTizJTMxKLM1GIAmcTuE0QAAAA&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw72BrrjKAhWGEywKHTn0DBQQmxMIlgEoBTAU



https://www.google.com.tr/search?espv=2&biw=1600&bih=760&q=elsevier+health+sciences&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgE-LUz9U3MDJLSYpX4gIxTQuKi0uytTQzyq30k_NzclKTSzLz8_Tzi9IT8zKrEkGcYqvi0qTizJTMxKLM1GIAmcTuE0QAAAA&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirw72BrrjKAhWGEywKHTn0DBQQmxMIlgEoBTAU



109

INFLUENCE OF THE MAINTENAISE ON THE

PROTECTIVE FUNCTION AND THE COMFORT OF PPE

Edith CLASSEN Hohenstein Institut für Textilinnovation, Bönnigheim, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

Personal protective clothing is worn by the worker and during the daily work the

clothing is contaminated. These contaminations can influence the protection function

and can lead to additional risks to the health and safety of the workers. So personal

protective clothing must be maintained, repaired or replaced so it continues to minimise

the risk to the worker who uses it. The conditions of the various washing and drying

processes can influence the protective function and also the comfort. After all

treatments it must be ensured that the protective function is given. To proof the

functionality or the comfort of the protective clothes after home laundry is often difficult

because the test methods are not available. If the reprocessing is done in industrial

laundries and textile services the protective function must be ensured by these

companies. Sometimes dependent from the kind of PPE various special laundry

processes are necessary to ensure the protective function. Often the functionality is

proofed by destructive test methods and such methods are not useful. So there is the

need for new, fast and powerful non-destructive test methods. This talk will give an

overview about research projects concerning maintenance of PPE.

Experimental

Different clothing ensembles (e.g. fire fighter clothes, cool protective clothes, high

visible clothes) were treated with various washing and drying processes according DIN

EN 6330 for household washing and DIN EN ISO 15797 for industrial laundry. The

functionality and comfort parameters were proofed with different test methods

according different standards dependent on the function of the protective clothes. Non-

destructive methods are necessary to control the functionality during the lifetime of the

PPE.

Results

The results of various research investigation show that the washing and drying process

can have an important influence on the protective clothes. This depends on the textile

materials, the connection of multilayer material, the washing and drying parameters

(e.g. temperatures, process period, detergents, amount of water, pressure). In some

cases the function of the protective clothes must be reactivated or renew by an

additional treatment and at same time that can lead to a decreased comfort. E. g. for

fire fighter clothes the hydrophobic treatment is necessary in the last rinsing process or

in a spraying process. Both processes show a different effect on the comfort. The



110

insulation layer of cool protective clothing can be compressed during the washing and

drying process. If the tumbler is used for drying the differences of the thermal insulation

are lower than in finishing process. So it is necessary to find the right process

parameter of the protective clothes which show no or only a low influence on the

product performance.

Keywords: PPE; reprocessing; functionality; comfort; destructive and non-destructive;

test methods.



111

ASSESSMENT OF SENSORIAL COMFORT OF FABRICS

FOR PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

Simona VASILE1, Benny MALENGIER2, Alexandra DE RAEVE1, Johanna

LOUWAGIE2, Myréne VANDERHOEVEN1, Lieva VAN LANGENHOVE2 1University College Gent, Gent, Belgium 2Gent University, Gent, Belgium

[email protected]

Introduction

Protection and comfort are important issues for protective clothing and an appropriate

protection is most of the times detrimental for overall clothing comfort. The tactile or

sensorial comfort is related to the mechanical interaction between the garment and the

human body. Fabric Hand and Fabric Touch are two crucial elements that express how

consumers experience textiles by touching them with the fingers and respectively by

wearing them. Both subjective and objective methods are used to assess the fabric

hand and touch. Well-established objective test methods such as Kawabata (KES-F),

SiroFAST as well as PhabrOmeter®, Handle-O-Meter, etc. [1] exist which characterize

the fabric hand indirectly. They measure certain mechanical fabric parameters that are

considered to represent components of the hand (e.g. fabric stiffness, compressibility,

roughness, bending, etc.), but some of these instruments are complex to handle or

expensive. Subjective methods (e.g. panel of experts) are time consuming, slow,

expensive and most of the small companies cannot afford that.

Within the ongoing CORNET project Touché [2] both subjective methods (e.g. blind

tests, questionnaires) and innovative instruments (e.g. FTT, TSA) are employed for

assessment of fabric hand and touch. The Fabric Touch Tester (FTT) [3, 4] enables

fast and simultaneous assessment of 13 physical fabric indices (e.g. bending,

compression, friction, roughness and thermal conductivity) and uses these indices to

predict comfort primary indexes such as smoothness, softness, warmness, total hand

and total touch. It could be therefore a promising, very fast selection method of fabrics

that will eventually lead to clothing with high sensorial comfort. Fabrics with similar

weight and thickness were tested aiming at identifying possible significant differences

between the samples.

Experimental

Four fabrics currently used as FR workwear (external layer) were tested (Table 1).

Table 1. Fabric properties

Fabric ID Fabric type Fabric weight (gsm) Thickness (mm)

L Woven fabric, printed 190 0.45

M Woven ripstop fabric, printed 210 0.37

N Woven ripstop fabric, kaki colour 210 0.36

O Woven ripstop fabric, beige colour 210 0.35



112

The FTT instrument was employed and the following fabric indices simultaneously

assessed: BAR (bending average rigidity), BW (bending work), surface friction

coefficient (SFC), SRA (surface roughness amplitude), SRW (surface roughness

wavelength), CW (compression work), CRR (compression recovery rate), CAR

(compression average rigidity), RAR (recovery average rigidity), TCC (thermal

conductivity when compression), TCR (thermal conductivity when recovery) and Qmax

(maximum thermal flux). These indices are further used to predict comfort primary

indexes such as smoothness, softness, warmness, total hand and total touch. Primary

touch means the subjective (human) feeling when contacting textile samples passively,

i.e. wearing, while primary hand means the subjective feeling when contacting textile

samples actively, i.e. hand evaluation. For each of the four fabrics 20 replicates were

tested (e.g. 10 replicates for inside of the fabric and 10 replicates for the outside of the

fabric), both in warp and weft direction. The means and variances were calculated and

a one-way ANOVA, Tukey test was performed to identify statistically significant

differences (95% confidence level) between the samples.

Results

The results showed no significant differences between most of the indices measured

by FTT for the samples MNO (with the same weight and similar thickness). However

significant differences were found between the samples MNO on one hand and sample

L on the other hand. The significant differences are with respect to:

- Bending properties: sample L had higher values for bending average rigidity BAR

and bending work BW (inside/outside and weft/warp direction) than samples

MNO

- Compression properties: sample L had higher compression work CW than MNO

and a lower compression recovery rate CRR and recovery average rigidity RAR

than sample MNO

- Thermal properties: sample L has a significantly lower Qmax than the other

samples and sample N has a higher thermal conductivity TCC (only inside) than

samples LMO

- Friction properties: sample L has a significantly higher coefficient of friction in

weft direction at the inside of the fabric and sample M at the outside

- Roughness: sample L is significantly different than the other samples (rougher)

- Sample L is significantly less smoother and softer than the others (inside and

outside, active/passive), is warmer than samples MNO and has an the poorest

touch and hand.

Conclusions

The results showed that the FTT can discriminate between fabrics with very similar

weight and thickness. The results were also in agreement with the results of the

manufacturer (e.g. their own panel). In the framework of on-going project Touché in-

depth subjective assessment of the samples will be performed and correlated with the

results of the FTT to assess if FTT is a fast and reliable selection method of fabrics that

will lead to an increased sensorial comfort of workwear.



113

Keywords: workwear; protective clothing; sensorial comfort; fabric hand; fabric touch;

fabric touch tester (FTT).

Acknowledgements to VLAIO for financial support of Cornet project TOUCHE (2014-

2016)

References

1. Behery,H., Effect of mechanical and physical properties on fabric hand

(2005), Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, Elsevier.

2. http://www.toucheproject.eu/.

3. http://www.sdlatlas.com/product/478/FTT-Fabric-Touch-Tester.

4. J.Y. Hu, Lubos Hes, Y. Li_, K.W. Yeung, B.G. Yao, Fabric Touch Tester:

Integrated evaluation of thermal–mechanical sensory properties of

polymeric materials, Polymer testing 25 (2006), 1081-1090.

http://www.toucheproject.eu/

http://www.sdlatlas.com/product/478/FTT-Fabric-Touch-Tester


114



115

CLOTHING PROTECTION AND WEARING COMFORT

Simon ANNAHEIM1, Tom PITTS1, Matthew MORRISSEY1, Pauline

WEISSER2, André CAPT2, Martin CAMENZIND1, René M. ROSSI1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Switzerland 2DuPont, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Fire fighters’ protective clothing protects the wearer from external heat load during their

work on the fire ground. On the other hand, the composition of protective clothing

constrains heat dissipation from the human body leading to heat accumulation in the

body and concomitant uncompensable heat stress [1, 2]. This condition not only

reduces wearing comfort but also limits physical and mental performance and becomes

life threatening in extreme conditions. Therefore, besides protective properties of

clothing systems its thermo-physiological impact of the systems has to be assessed for

a better understanding of their interaction.

Experimental

For the assessment of the ability of a clothing system to protect the human body from

external radiant heat sources property, a radiant heat test [3] was conducted applying a

heat flux density of 40 kW/m2. The time to achieve a temperature rise of 24 (± 0.2) °C

was recorded (T24). The thermo-physiological impact was evaluated by the Torso

methodology [4] providing parameters to model the thermo-physiological impact of the

clothing system. This way, the comparative maximum allowable working duration

(cMAWD) was calculated.

Results

Figure 1 shows the relationship between T24 and cMAWD. The results indicate a high

dependence of protective properties and thermos-physiological impact. More detailed

investigations of this relationship and how it is attributed to textile materials and textile

construction provides and important basis for the optimization of protective clothing

with regard to protection and wearing comfort.



116

Figure 1. Protection (T24) and thermo-physiological impact (cMAWD)

Keywords: protective clothing; wearing comfort; heat stress; materials; textile

construction.

References

1. Cheung SS, Petersen SR, McLellan TM. Physiological strain and countermeasures with firefighting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010;20 Suppl 3:103–16.

2. Holmér I. Protective Clothing in Hot Environments. Ind Health 2006;44:404–13.

3. EN ISO 6942. Evaluation of materials and material assemblies when exposed to a source of radiant heat. 2002.

4. Annaheim S, Wang L, Psikuta A, et al. A new method to assess the influence of textiles properties on human thermophysiology. Part I. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 2015;27:272–82.



117

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPORT

PHENOMENA IN CYLINDRICAL CLOTHING

MICROCLIMATES

Tiago S. MAYOR1, Marta SANTOS2, Dinis OLIVEIRA2, João B. L. M.

CAMPOS2, René M. ROSSI1, Simon ANNAHEIM1 1Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology(EMPA), Switzerland 2Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Transport Phenomena Research Centre, Portugal

[email protected]

Introduction

Clothing microclimates, i.e. the space between the skin and the clothing layers, can

play a pivotal role in the heat/mass exchanges of the body. This is particularly true for

clothing with thick microclimates (e.g. CBRN) whose features may allow for natural

convection to occur.

Recent works on flat and wavy [1-3] clothing microclimates have reported substantial

changes in local transport rates near the skin, which may have potential implication in

the development of protective clothing. This highlights the need for further investigation

on other geometries representing clothing microclimates in different body regions (e.g.

around an arm/leg).

Methods

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was used to study the transport

phenomena across cylindrical microclimates, formed by air layers trapped between the

skin and air-permeable clothing layers. Focus was put on cylindrical microclimates with

different thickness to study the effect of natural convection on the local transport

patterns, e.g. heat flux, temperature distribution, across geometries representing

clothed regions (e.g. limbs).

Results

The transport patterns in the microclimates were found to strongly depend on the

microclimate thickness when compared to the diameter of the body limb, i.e. the

microclimate thickness to limb diameter ratio. As this ratio increases, one observes the

formation of two counter-rotating convective cells, located upstream and downstream

the limb, due to onset of natural convection inside the microclimate. The motion of the

warmer (less dense) and colder (denser) fluid elements in the microclimate originates a

warmer region at the top and a colder region at the bottom, drastically changing the

local heat transport rates along the skin. Moreover, when increasing the microclimate

thickness to limb diameter ratio, we observed lower skin heat losses in the upstream

body region (because of the partial “shielding” offered by the upstream convective cell)

and a higher heat loss in the downstream region (because of the thinner thermal

boundary layer caused by the downstream convective cell). This stresses the important



118

influence of natural convection in the way heat/mass is transported across cylindrical

microclimates, and highlights how misleading average transport rates can be, when

microclimate geometries and prevailing environmental conditions lead to natural

convection. Knowledge on these effects is crucial for the development of protective

equipment (e.g. CBRN). Further investigation is needed to clarify the influence of

clothing transport properties (e.g. air permeability), on the relevance of natural

convection inside clothing.

Keywords: clothing microclimates; air gap; natural convection; protective clothing.

References

1. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2015). Advanced modelling of the transport phenomena across horizontal clothing microclimates with natural convection. Int. J. Biomet. 59, 1875–89.

2. Mayor, T. S., Oliveira, D., Rossi, R. M. & Annaheim, S. (2015), Numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in tilted clothing microclimates. in XVI Int. Conf. Environ. Ergon.

3. Mayor, T. S., Couto, S., Psikuta, A. & Rossi, R. M. (2014). Transport phenomena in clothing wavy microclimates – a numerical study. in Sci. Conf. Smart Funct. Text. Well-being, Therm. Comf. Clothing, Des. Therm. Manikins Model. (Ambience14 10i3m).



119

EMERGING FACTORS RELATED TO THE DESIGN,

SELECTION, AND USE OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

AGAINST HIGHLY INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Jeffrey STULL1, Christina STULL1, Huiju PARK2, Susan ASHDOWN2, Jason

COLE3, Judith MULCAY3, Jason ALLEN4 1International Personnel Protection, Inc., Austin, Texas, USA 2Cornell University, New York, USA 3Kappler, Inc., Guntersville, Alabama, USA 4Intertek Testing Services NA, Inc., New York, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

In 2014 through early 2015, Ebola raged through the West African countries of Guinea,

Liberia, and Sierra Leone leading to an estimated 28,300 cases with 11,315 fatalities,

also including a significant portion of healthcare workers. Undoubtedly, the infection

and ultimate death of several doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel was due to

failure to use needed forms of personnel protective equipment; however many

succumbed to the disease even when seemingly having adequate protection. Case in

point, two U.S. nurses treating Liberian patient Thomas Eric Duncan ended up with

Ebola Viral Disease despite following the U.S Center for Disease Control guidelines for

PPE for highly infection diseases. The lessons learned from the spread of EVD created

significant ramifications for the design, selection, and use of PPE for protection against

highly infectious diseases. A multitude of efforts were launched for improving both PPE

and the practices for its use global with organizations such as the World Health

Organization, Doctors without Borders, and the International Medical Corps attempting

to redefine medical personnel protective clothing practices in West Africa.

Development Approach

This paper describes one series of U.S. government funded design efforts aimed at

creating an ensemble approach for using a reconfigured garment system and

head/face protection coupled with existing gloves and footwear for West African use.

Specific design features were created to provide an overall liquid-resistant ensemble

with improved levels of liquid integrity while minimizing the potential for heat strain

when used in hot/humid environments having few local resources. These designs

supported donning and doffing procedures involving fewer steps and focused on

reducing the potential for contaminant transfer, a PPE factor suspected of contributed

to healthcare worker infections in both West Africa and Dallas, Texas. Photographs of

a coverall and hood concept are shown in Figures 1 and 2.



120

Principal Finding

The new ensemble designs and practices for their use, particularly doffing and

decontamination approaches, have demanded shifts in the how clothing is developed,

selected, and used for highly infectious diseases and pointed to the inadequate of both

local and international standards.

Keywords: PPE; design; selection; ebola; disease.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development.

Figure 1. Coverall with separating

sleeves for quick donning

Figure 2. Hood with integrated faceshield

and protective, reusable facepiece



121

EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING USED BY

MEDICAL PERSONNEL AGAINST SIMULATED BODILY

FLUIDS USING A RAPID ELBOW LEAN TEST

F. Selcen KILINÇ BALCI1, Peter A. JAQUES2, Pengfei GAO1, Lee

PORTNOFF1, Robyn WEIBLE2, Matthew HORVATIN2, Amanda STRAUCH1,

Ronald SHAFFER1 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health/National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2URS Corporation, Greater Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Gowns, coveralls, and aprons are important components of protective ensembles used

during the management of patients requiring droplet and contact precautions.

Experimental

In this study, a “rapid elbow lean test” was used to obtain a visual qualitative measure

of resistance to the strike-through (passage of a fluid through a barrier product) of a

bodily fluid simulant. Tests were done on swatches of continuous and discontinuous

regions (e.g., ties, seams and zippers) of fabrics cut from Association for the

Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) PB70 Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3

isolation gowns, a prototype Level 4 isolation gown, an isolation gown without PB70

claims, and four coveralls at multiple elbow pressure levels (2 - 44 PSI), using two

bodily fluid simulants.

Results

Swatches cut from the continuous regions of the prototype Level 4 isolation gown and

the two coveralls did not have any strike-through. For discontinuous regions, only the

prototype Level 4 isolation gown consistently resisted strike-through. As hypothesized,

with the exception of one garment, fluid strike-through increased with higher applied

elbow pressure, was higher for lower fluid surface tension, and was higher for the

discontinuous regions of the protective garments.

Keywords: medical garment; synthetic blood; rapid elbow lean test; strike-through;

medical personnel.



122

Disclaimer

The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not

necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health. Mention of product names does not imply endorsement. The authors identify no

conflicts of interest in the conduct of this study.



123

EFFECT OF ADDITIVE PARTICLE SIZE ON X-RAY

PROTECTIVE COATED FABRICS

Nebahat ARAL1, Cevza CANDAN2, Banu UYGUN NERGİS2 1İstanbul Kavram Vocational School - Istanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

The personal protection against scattering x-ray radiation is critical during radiological

operations [1]. Lead and lead based products are widely used for radiation shielding;

however, the recent researches are focused on designing lead free materials by using

alternative radiopaque metals to minimize lead’s harmful effects on people and the

environment [2, 3]. Tungsten is a convenient candidate for lead free shielding materials

with high x-ray attenuation ability and low toxic character [4]. The aim of this study is to

develop wearable x-ray shields by coating the textile surfaces with tungsten powder-

polymer compounds and to investigate the particle size effect of micro and nano sized

tungsten powders on x-ray shielding performance of the coated fabrics.

Experimental

The micro (average size: 12µm) and nano sized tungsten powders (average size: 150

nm and 300 nm) were used as additives in textile coating at the same volume ratios

(i.e., 12%). Three groups of samples with different average particle size were prepared

by coating of the base cotton fabrics with tungsten powder-silicone rubber compounds.

Tungsten (W) powder with 19.3 g/cm3 density was utilized as powder materials

whereas silicone rubber (Terra Silicone Silastosil LSR36, density: 1.11g/cm3 after

curing) was chosen as the coating material. 100% cotton, plain weave fabric was used

as the base for the coating with 0.29 mm of thickness and 110 g/m2 of fabric weight.

The coating compound was prepared by mixing tungsten powder additives and the

silicone rubber with 70% additive weight ratio (12% volume ratio). RGK 40 laboratory

type knife coating machine from Atac Machine Corporation was used for the fabric

coating process with knife over roll position technique.

In accordance with the medical protection standards, the radiation attenuation values of

the samples were measured at 30kV, 80kV, and 100kV tube voltages. Moreover, the

fabric surfaces were characterized by using SEM analysis. The coated sides of the

fabric surface were characterized by using an FEI Quanta FEG 200 SEM. For clear

imaging, samples were coated with 5nm of Palladium and Gold (Pd-Au) by using

Quorum SC7620 ion sputtering equipment.

Results

The results of x-ray attenuation measurement of the samples with three different

average additive particle sizes were presented in Table 1. As it can be seen from the



124

results, the coated fabrics with nano sized tungsten additives (W12-SR-1h (average

size: 300 nm) and W12-SR-8h (average size: 150 nm) can attenuate more radiation

than W12-SR which is composed of micro sized powders. Besides W12-SR-8h

samples with lower average particle size has the highest attenuation ratios at each

tube voltage levels.

Table 1. The radiation attenuation ratios of the coated fabrics at three different tube voltage

levels

Radiation quality X-ray voltage

(kV)

Radiation attenuation ratios (%)

W12-SR W12-SR-1h W12-SR-8h

N30 30 58.1 77.3 88.8

RQR6 80 35.8 47.4 59.5

RQR8 100 31.3 41.4 52.7

In Figure 1, SEM images of the samples at x1000 magnification were shown. As it can

be evaluated visually, at the same volume fraction (12%) there was a notable

difference between the samples with nano and micro powders in terms of the uniformity

of the particles in silicone rubber matrix. It may be seen that the tungsten particles in

coated surface of W12-SR-8h samples with the average particle size of 150 nm were

dispersed more uniformly compared to the other samples.

Figure 1. SEM images of W12-SR, W12-SR-1h, and W12-SR-8h samples from left to

right respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our results indicated that the particle size of tungsten additives in textile

coating has an effect on x-ray shielding performance which possibly stems from the

more uniform particle distribution of tungsten powders in coating.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by TUBITAK (112M453) and Istanbul Technical University

(BAP 37057).



125

References

1. Schueler BA (2010)Operator Shielding: How and Why, Tech Vasc Interventional Rad 13:167-171.

2. Tajiri, M., Sunaoka, M., Fukumura, A., & Endo, M. (2004). A new radiation shielding block material for radiation therapy. Medical physics, 31(11), 3022-3023.

3. Schlattl, H., Zankl, M., Eder, H., & Hoeschen, C. (2007). Shielding properties of lead-free protective clothing and their impact on radiation doses. Medical physics, 34(11), 4270-4280.

4. Kobayashi, S. et al., (1997), “Tungsten alloys as radiation protection materials”, Nuc Inst and Met in Physics Res, A 390, 426-430.


126



127

MULTIFUNCTIONAL TICK REPELLENT TEXTILES

Wazir AKBAR, G. Bahar BAŞIM Özyeğin University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Tick-borne encephalitis, or TBE, is a human viral infectious disease involving the

central nervous system. According to the World Health Organization 35-58% of TBE

patients suffer long-term neurological problems, such as various cognitive or

neuropsychiatric complaints, balance disorders, headache, dysphasia, hearing defects,

and spinal paralysis, and 2% die from the disease. Therefore, it is a stringent need to

find alternative methods to reduce the incidence of TBE through preventive methods

such as repellent clothes. This paper focuses on smart textile manufacturing with tick

repellency through encapsulation of the natural extracts and applying them on to the

textile surfaces.

Experimental

Eucalyptus oil is encapsulated by diblock co-polymers using solvent evaporation

technique. The developed capsules were characterized based on their surface

morphology, size, size distribution, surface charge and controlled release. Initially,

textile properties were thoroughly studied. A textile sample with cotton weaved on its

outer surface while polyester on the inner surface was selected for the testing. The

textile was treated with the prepared nano/micro capsules having eucalyptus oil

encapsulated for tick repellency. The attachment of capsules to the textile was studied

by SEM and change in the pre and post sample weight. The surface of the treated

textile was analyzed by contact angle measurement, Zeta Potential and SEM.

Results

The various polymeric capsules analyzed by atomic force microscopy verified that the

capsules have different diameters. Some agglomeration has also been obsereved. The

average capsule diameter was found to be 50nm. Figure 1 shows the optimization of

design of experiments (DoE), suggesting %100 cotton is the best textile for the capsule

attachment. However, 65/ cotton/polyester blend was chosen to meet the flexibility

requirement for the sports garments. The selected textile was coated with the capsules

on the cotton side for ticks repellency. Ticks were observed to be most sensitive to the

eucalyptus oil extracts as a function of the controlled release.



128

Figure 1. Optimization of design variables in design of experiment

Acknowledgement:

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Eureka TickoTEX project

E18083 and Kivanc Tekstil in Adana Turkey.

References:

1. Haglund, Mats, and Göran Günther. (2003): "Tick-borne encephalitis-

pathogenesis, clinical course and long-term follow-up." Vaccine 21 S11-

S18.

2. Donoso Mantke O, Schädler R, Niedrig M. (2008) A survey on cases of tick-

borne encephalitis in European countries. Euro Surveill;13(17): pii=18848.

3. CDC fact sheet available online:

http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/tickborne-

encephalitis.aspx.






129

FABRIC WATER ABSORPTION & WETNESS

PERCEPTION

Margherita RACCUGLIA, Simon HODDER, George HAVENITH Loughborough University, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough, UK

[email protected]

Introduction

The ability to sense wetness is one of the most critical factors contributing to thermal

[1, 2, 3] and sensorial discomfort during wear. Fabrics are characterised by different

properties, including thickness, structure and fibre content and it is difficult to identify to

what extent each variable contributes to fabrics moisture behaviour and the related

wetness perception (WP). The amount of added water also plays a critical role in

affecting WP outcomes. It is common to study fabrics moisture behaviour by adding the

same absolute water content [4]. However, for fabrics with different thickness and

volume, the application of the same absolute amount of water results in a different

water content to volume-ratio (relative water content), leading to confounding results.

The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to examine the role of thickness and fibre type on

fabrics absorption properties and WP as well as 2) to compare WP outcomes between

two different wet states.

Experimental

Twenty-four fabric samples (of 100 cm2), with different structure, thickness and fibre

type were included in this experiment. Fabric absorption capacity was determined

according to the ‘water absorption capacity test’ [4]. Twelve Caucasian subjects (7

males/5 females) assessed WP of the fabrics, placed on their upper back by the

investigator, using a magnitude estimation approach. To correct for volume-related

differences in WP that could occur during the application of the same absolute water

content, fabrics were wetted with the same relative water content (REL) of 0.4μl.mm-3.

In a separated trial fabrics were tested at the same absolute water content (ABS) of

2400μl.mm2. Furthermore, to minimise the contribution of physical surface

characteristics on the perception of wetness, fabrics were assessed under static

contact with the skin.

Results

In REL, WP showed a positive relationship with fabric water content (r2 = 0.87,

p<0.001), mainly determined by fabric thickness which accounted for 98% (r2 = 0.98) of

the variability in water absorption capacity, despite differences in fibre content. The

rank analysis indicated that in REL thinner fabrics (and thus having the lowest absolute

amount of water) were ranked as driest, whereas in ABS thinner fabrics were ranked

as wettest. This is likely due to the fact that thinner fabrics contained higher relative

water amount to volume-ratio compared to the thicker fabrics in the ABS test. The ABS



130

condition might suggest the use of thicker fabrics given that they result in dryer

sensations [4] however, when profuse sweating occurs and saturation is reached,

thicker materials would contain more water than the thinner ones, resulting in higher

WP and thermal discomfort. This study demonstrated that thickness is the main factor

affecting fabric water absorption and also the related WP. The diverse outcomes

resulting from the application of two different water contents, i.e. REL and ABS,

suggest that the methodology used when studying fabrics moisture behaviour and

moisture perception should be carefully considered in relation to the application.

Keywords: fabric absorption property; fabric thickness; water content; wetness

perception; thermal comfort.

References

1. Li Y (2005) Perceptions of temperature, moisture and comfort in clothing during environmental transients. Ergonomics 48:234–48.

2. Fukazawa T, Havenith G (2009) Differences in comfort perception in relation to local and whole body skin wettedness. European journal of applied physiology 106:15–24.

3. Filingeri D, Havenith G (2015) Human skin wetness perception: psychophysical and neurophysiological bases. Temperature 2:86–104.

4. Tang KPM, Kan CW, Fan JT (2014) Assessing and predicting the subjective wetness sensation of textiles: subjective and objective evaluation. Textile Research Journal 85:838–849.



131

ERGONOMIC TEXTILE CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTION FOR

MILITARY SOLDIERS

Gilda SANTOS1, Ana BARROS1, Augusta SILVA1, Patrícia FERREIRA2 1Centro Tecnológico Têxtil e Vestuário (CITEVE), Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal


[email protected]

Military protective clothing provides vital functions but also add physiological loads that

could contribute to a progressive decline in physical and mental capacity of the

soldiers, which consequently could lower their productivity and performance to variable

extents. Therefore, the clothing impacts on comfort and soldier’s performance are of

particular importance [1].

This study focuses on the development of an innovative ergonomic clothing system for

soldiers. In order to define and achieve the military clothing system requirements,

interviews with target users from four different Portuguese Army Units (Paraquedistas /

Aeropercursores Terrestres, Centro de Tropas de Comandos, Centro de Tropas de

Operações Especiais and Escola Prática de Infantaria) were performed. The interviews

were focused on mission’s characterization, operating temperatures range, operating

movements and actions and it was also requested to evaluate and characterize the

military clothing system currently used concerning functionality, thermal insulation,

water resistance and water repellency, breathability, soiling resistance, durability, tear

and wear resistance.

From the results obtained it was possible to redefine the military clothing system

requirements and develop an innovative and ergonomic textile solution with new design

and suitable qualified components, resulting in an optimal balanced improvement

between a range of physiological, psychological, physical and protection factors in a

satisfactory manner. To assess the military clothing system developed, CITEVE

performed manikin tests and also end user ergonomics and fitting tests at Escola

Prática de Infantaria. Multifunctional clothing system characteristics will be presented in

more detail.

Figure 1. Field trials at Escola Prática de Infantaria and manikin tests



132

Keywords: military clothing system; protection and physiological factors; comfort;

ergonomics and fitting; soldier’s performance.

Acknowledgement

This study was made possible thanks to a Portuguese Consortium (CITEVE, DAMEL

and AST) within a QREN / COMPETE Project in cooperation with the Portuguese

Army.

References

1. Bishop et al. (2013), Ergonomics and Comfort in Protective and Sport

Clothing: A Brief Review, J Ergonomics, S2, Pp. 1.



133

VALIDATION OF METHOD TO MEASURE CUMULATIVE PERMEATION OF CHEMICAL WITH LOW VAPOR PRESSURE THROUGH TEXTILE AND GLOVE MATERIALS Anugrah SHAW1, Ana Carla COLEONE2, Julie MERCKLING3, Hyeshin YOON4, Karine LOI5, Eva COHEN6 1University Of Maryland Eastern Shore, Maryland, USA 2São Paulo State University, Sao Paulo, Brazil 3French Instıtute Textile and Apparel (IFTH), Paris, France 4Korea Apparel Testing & Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea 5CTC Groupe, France 6Centro Nacional de Medios de Protección, Sevilla, Spain [email protected]

Introduction Permeation tests are used to measure the protection provided by materials against chemicals. The existing standards are designed primarily to measure permeation of pure chemicals that are volatile and/or soluble in water or other liquid or gaseous collection media. A new test method has been developed to measure the permeation of pure or mixtures of chemicals with low vapor pressure and/or low solubility in water and other collection media. All tests for methodology development were conducted in one laboratory based on expertise provided by several individuals. Drafts submitted to ASTM and ISO for consideration as standards were approved as new projects. Five laboratories from ISO member countries participated in inter-laboratory tests.

Inter-laboratory Study The inter-laboratory study was conducted as a two-step process. The first phase was refinement of methodology and the second phase to determine the repeatability and reliability for the test method. A website was developed to support the inter-laboratory studies. The website included instructions as well as templates for submission of information, images, and data by the respective laboratories. For the first phase, six materials were tested using diluted Prowl 3.3 EC (5% a.i.). After one hour the collector disc was extracted and analyzed to determine the amount of pendimethalin (active ingredient) that permeated through the material. The laboratories were asked to take images prior to extraction for visual analysis. The bright yellow color of the test chemical is beneficial in determining the distribution of the permeated material on the absorbent disc. After initial testing, individuals from two laboratories and the coordinator met to determine possible reasons for variability. The procedure used by each lab was observed, modifications made to the methodology and tests repeated until the issues were resolved. Lessons learned were incorporated in draft document and the revised version used for further testing. During the second phase three test materials were tested to determine repeatability and reproducibility. Data from three laboratories that conducted tests in accordance with the final draft show low variability in materials that are relatively homogeneous and variability in the sample that was selected to represent materials that have



134

demonstrated high variability in test results. The final analysis will be conducted in January 2016.

Keywords: PPE; permeation; pesticides; inter-laboratory test; low vapor pressure.

Acknowledgement The study was supported by funds received from US Department of Agriculture through the University of Maryland Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station. Participating laboratories covered their own costs to conduct tests. The test chemical and textile materials were provided by the manufacturers.



135

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AS A MEASURE

TO MINIMISE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES

Dimitra NİKOLOPOULOU, Kyriaki MACHERA Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece

[email protected]

The use of pesticides, i.e. plant protection products (PPPs) and biocides, may involve

hazards and risks to humans, animals and the environment. Minimising human health

risks is critical in order to achieve a high level of health protection. For plant protection

products, the legal framework for Community action to achieve sustainability by

reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health is established by

Directive 2009/128/EC, whereas for biocides this task is undertaken by the

Commission and is still in an ongoing process.

Risks to humans could be minimized if specific measures are considered to lower

exposure. In this context, the operator and worker exposure during daily agricultural

activities and applying specific application practices could be minimized considering the

use of personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE is defined in Directive 89/686/EEC

as “any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection

against one or more health and safety hazards”. For humans exposed to pesticide

residues through their occupational activities as operators and workers, PPE may

include coverall, gloves, mask, boots, hat, face shield, apron etc. The criteria for

selection of one or more pieces of specific PPE may be hazard-based in line with the

criteria set out in Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 and/or driven by the risk assessment

considering the currently available calculation models or relevant measurements of

operator/worker exposure levels.

The use of one or more pieces of specific PPE is indicated in the pesticide label and

safety data sheet, which constitute the ultimate tools for hazard and risk

communication between the regulator and the user of the product. Unfortunately, to

date, the text on the pesticide label is not specific enough as to the exact required level

of protection needed for pesticide operator and worker safety. The specific technical

properties and performance of each PPE are given in CEN (European Committee for

Standardisation) and ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) standards.

The ISO standard 27065:2011 defines the level of protection offered by different types

of protective clothing, thereby allowing farmers and agricultural workers to buy and use

protective clothing according to the use requirements mainly during the application

phase of pesticides, i.e. the work phase where most operator contamination occurs.

Keywords: PPE; exposure; pesticides; biocides; label.



136

References

1. Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21

October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the

sustainable use of pesticides, OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 71–86.

2. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of

substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC

and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, OJ L 353,

31.12.2008, p. 1–1355.

3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for

protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.



137

THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES TO PESTICIDE

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BY PROTECTIVE LEVELS

Do-Hee KIM, Dahee JUNG, Joo-Young LEE Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

[email protected]

Introduction

As dermal exposure to pesticide has been shown to account for about 87 percent of

total body [1], wearing pesticide protective clothing (PPC) is therefore an effective

mean to reduce the risk of pesticide exposure. Nonetheless, the low wear rate of PPC

has been reported because of discomfort in hot and humid environments [2]. Although

ISO 27065 [3] provides performance requirements for PPC by protective levels,

thermal burden due to PPC has not been evaluated enough. The purpose of this study

was to examine thermoregulatory responses to PPC with different protective levels

through human wear trials.

Experimental

Three types of commercially available PPC with different protective levels (P1, P2 and

P3) were selected. P1 was T/C long-sleeved shirt and long pants which were widely

used for pesticide operator exposure studies; P2 was a reusable and widely provided

suit for pesticide handlers in Korea (nylon fabric with a microporous membrane); P3

was a disposable and impermeable coverall equivalent to the current chemical

resistant clothing requirement. The evaporative resistances of P1, P2 and P3 showed

42, 54 and 151 m2 Pa/W according to ISO 9920 [4]. Eight young males participated in a

wear trial at the air temperature of 32oC, 50%RH. The exercise protocol consisted of

10-min rest, followed by 60-min walking and 10- min recovery. Total sweat rate, rectal

(Tre) and skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured.

Results

Significant differences among the types in most measurement items were found. P3

caused the greatest thermal burden along with the greatest total sweat rate (0.52 ±

0.07, 0.81 ± 0.18 and 1.08 ± 0.21 kg·h-1 for P1, P2, and P3, respectively), the highest

Tre (37.5 ± 0.3, 38.0 ± 0.3 and 38.5 ± 0.4 oC) and the highest mean Tsk (35.1 ± 0.6, 35.9

± 0.4 and 36.1 ± 0.4 oC) at the end of experiments. The rises in Tre showed 0.5, 1.0 and

1.5 oC for P1, P2 and P3. The limit value of Tre recommended an increase of 1.4℃ or

38.5oC, whichever comes first in case of rapid heat storage under hot environment

condition according to ISO 9886 [5].


138

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea

[Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development

(#PJ010518)].

Keywords: pesticide workers; personal protective clothing; protective level; thermal

strain.

References

1. Durham, W. F., Wolfe, H. T., (1962), Measurement of the Exposure of Workers to Pesticides, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 26, 1, 75-91.

2. Hayashi, C., Tokura, H., (2000), Improvement of Thermo-physiological Stress in Participants Wearing Protective Clothing for Spraying Pesticide, and its Application in the Field. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 73, 3, 187-194.

3. ISO 27065 (2011), Protective clothing -- Performance Requirements for Protective Clothing Worn by Operators Applying Liquid Pesticides.

4. ISO 9920 (1995), Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment -- Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble.

5. ISO 9886 (2004), Ergonomics -- Evaluation of Thermal Strain by Physiological Measurements.



139

VARIABILITY ON TESTS RESULTS USING ISO 17491-4

WITH DIFFERENT SPRAYING NOZZLE

Hamilton Humberto RAMOS1, Anugrah SHAW2, Viviane Corrêa Aguiar

RAMOS1, Polyane Barbalho DA SILVA1 1Centro de Engenharia E Automação (CEA), Instituto Agronômico (IAC), São Paulo, Brazil 2University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA

[email protected]

Introduction

Since 2000, the Engineering and Automation Center (CEA) of the Agronomic Institute

(IAC) in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil, has been conducting the spray cabin test in

accordance with ISO 17491-4 [1]. Observations while conducting the test indicate that

there is an issue with spray distribution that needs to be addressed. In addition, it was

observed that the height of the test subject also affects the spray distribution. The

amount of spray that reaches the head is much lower when the test subject is taller.

This study was conducted to document the problems and propose solutions.

Experimental

A spray cabin that meets the ISO 17491-4 specifications was used in testing. The

nozzles, test chemical, and protocol used for testing garments to determine compliance

with Level 2 of ISO 27065 [2] was used for the study. Tests were conducted with two

hollow cone nozzles (Hypro DC3/CR23 and TeejetTX8) that meet the requirements in

ISO 17491-4. The analysis documents the variability in the spray distribution and the

issue with test subject height. In addition, tests were conducted with a flat fan nozzle

(Teejet XR8001) that, based on preliminary tests that may provide a more uniform

spray distribution. Testing was also conducted with five nozzles to determine if the

additional nozzle could be used to address the issue related to the test subject height.

Qualitative as well as quantitative analysis was used to compare the distribution

pattern.

Results

The results of the study show differences between the spray distributions when the two

hollow cone nozzles specified in the standard are used. A more uniform distribution

was observed with the flat fan nozzle. However, quantitative analysis shows that the

spray volume is also higher. The information was discussed at the ISO meeting in

March 2015. Future plans include working with individuals and laboratories, including

notified bodies in Europe, to compare results. Based on the follow up test and

discussions, a decision will be made by ISO/TC94/SC 13 committee on the need for

revision of ISO 17491-4, which is used for testing in accordance with ISO 27065 and

ISO 16602.



140

Keywords: pesticide; protective clothing; PPE quality; worker safety.

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to the Ana Flávia Villa and Melissa Alexandre dos Santos for assistance

in conducting the experiments.

References

1. ISO 17491-4 (2008) Performance requirements for protective clothing worn

by operators applying liquid pesticides.

2. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective Clothing – Test methods for clothing providing

protection against chemicals. Part 4 – Determation of resistance to

penetration by a spray of liquid (spray test).



141

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PROTECTIVE

MATERIALS USED FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT FOR PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS

Kyriaki MACHERA, Angelos TSAKIRAKIS, Konstantinos KASIOTIS Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece

[email protected]

The determination of occupational exposure to pesticides and the use of appropriate

personal protective equipment (PPE) is of major importance for the safety of

agricultural workers and applicators. The “actual” dermal exposure (ADE) represents

the pesticide amount that lands or reaches the human skin, penetrating all layers of

clothing, therefore the use and type of PPE strongly affects ADE levels. Field

experiments provide useful “real-conditions” data on both the exposure rates and the

degree of protection provided by PPE but it is not possible to have such data available

for all pesticides and application scenarios. Thus, for the regulatory risk assessment

various predictive calculation models are used. However, the latter apply standard

protection factor values that correspond to only specific PPE types considered by each

model. In this study experimental results of operator exposure field studies -conducted

with coveralls made from different materials- are presented and compared to the

respective default values considered in the calculation models.

Field trials were carried out in the frame of various studies in Greece covering a range

of application scenarios i.e. open field- and indoor crops (olive groves, vineyards,

orchards) different spraying techniques and equipment (knapsack, handheld spray

gun/lance connected to motorized pump or tractor), variable duration of tasks, regions

etc. [1,2]. In most studies two coverall types were used and compared i.e.

cotton/polyester 50/50% treated with water repellent finish attached at nano level to the

fibers (Resist Spills®) and plain cotton (100%) ones. In all trials the “whole body

dosimetry” technique was used based on the respective ΟΕCD protocols. The

penetration degree of the fabric was calculated from the amount of pesticide detected

on the coveralls (outer dosimeters) in relation to the one measured on the inner

dosimeters (cotton) worn underneath.

From the overview of all the field studies conducted, the protection (=100 minus

percent penetration) provided by both coverall types was satisfactory ranging from

97.2-99.6% and 97.3-98.8% for Resist Spills® and cotton coveralls respectively. In the

German model and in the British UK POEM model the respective default value is 95%

whereas in the EFSA calculator it is 90% and 95% for workwear and certified coverall

respectively. Τοwards the direction of manufacturing and certifying PPE with defined

protection levels the new ISO 27065:2011 on PPE is expected to provide significant

contribution [3].



142

Keywords: PPE; exposure; pesticides; protective materials.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Mrs Dimitra Nikolopoulou for her contribution to the presentation of

this work.

References

1. Tsakirakis Α.Ν., Kasiotis K.M., Charistou A.N., Arapaki N., Tsatsakis A., Tsakalof A., Machera K. (2014) Dermal & inhalation exposure of operators during fungicide application in vineyards. Evaluation of coverall performance, Science of the Total Environment, 470-471: 282-289.

2. Machera Κ., Tsakirakis A., Charistou A., Anastasiadou P., Glass C.R. (2009) Dermal exposure of pesticide applicators as a measure of coverall performance under field conditions, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 53(6): 573-584.

3. ISO 27065 (2011) Protective clothing – Performance requirements for protective clothing worn by operators applying liquid pesticides.



143

25 May 2016 Wednesday


144



145

PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT WORKWEAR

FABRICS USED IN MOLTEN METAL INDUSTRY

Bengi KUTLU, Tuğçem BİTGEN Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

There are a lot of types of fabrics in use in the molten metal industry, in Turkey. Some

have special fibers in it and some are thick cotton fabrics. Regarding this variability, in

this study it is aimed to investigate the properties of these fabrics according to the ISO

11612 standard. This standard define the performance ranges for fabrics to be used as

heat and flame protective workwear.

Experimental

In this study, seven types of different fabrics and one type of leather sample was used

(Table 1). In addition, regarding the requirements of ISO 11612 standard, a device for

the measurement of molten metal protection was produced and this device is unique in

Turkey.

Table 1. Types of fabrics used in the study

Number Samples

1 Meta-aramid

2 Modacrylic-Viscose-FR cotton

3 Cotton 1

4 Leather

5 Cotton 2

6 Aluminized aramid

7 Cotton 3

8 FRViscose-Wool-Polyamide

First of all, area weight, thickness, pH values, tensile properties and elongation of

fabrics and leather was determined. Free fatty acid content of the leather was found.

The performance tests for these fabrics i.e.limited flame spread and molten metal

protection was applied to the samples. Additionally, however, out of the scope of ISO

11612, abrasion strength, air permeability, and water resistance properties of the

samples were measured.

Results

Although all these samples were available for molten metal industry, wide range of

physical and performance properties were obtained. In the Table 2, some of the results

and compliance to ISO 11612 regarding tensile properties are shown. Some samples



146

showed good results regarding ISO 11612 standard, however, comfort related

properties were poor.

Table 2. Thickness, area weight and compliance to ISO11612 of tensile properties

Keywords: workwear; protective clothing; molten metal protection; cotton; ISO11612.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by Dokuz Eylül University (2013.KB.FEN.032).

References

1. EN ISO 9185 (2007) Protective clothing —Assessment of resistance of materials to molten metal splash The European Standard has the status of a British Standard.

2. Makinen, H. (2013). Flame resistant textiles for molten metal hazards, F.S. Kılınç, (Ed.), Handbook of Fire Resistant Textile siçinde (581-603). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.

3. ISO 11612 (2008) Protective clothing -- Clothing to protect against heat and flame.

Samples

Tests

Meta-

aramid

Modacrylic-

Viscose-FR

cotton

Cotton1 Leather Cotton2 Aluminized

fabric Cotton3

FRViscose

-Wool-

Polyamide

Thickness

(mm) 0.642 0.474 1.110 1.042 0.708 0.736 0.780 0.770

Area weight

(g/m2) 248.61 249.23 565.21 735.35 331.06 273.52 431.42 420.68

Compliance of

Tensile

Properties to

ISO11612

+ + + + + + + +



147

INNOVATIVE FINISHING APPROACHES FOR

IMPROVED REPELLENCY TOWARDS METAL

SPLASHES

Kim HECHT1, Torsten TEXTOR2, Eva GIERLING1, Edith CLASSEN1 1Hohenstein Institut Für Textilinnovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany 2Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West GGmbH, Krefeld, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

Welding is associated with high temperatures and the formation of molten metal

splashes with temperatures far above 1000 °C. Therefore, workers are required to use

suitable protective clothes, which are often based on infusible, tightly-woven cotton.

When hot metal splashes hit the surface of the clothes, single cotton fibers of the fabric

decompose and this leads to a partial destruction and hence loss of protection. By

increasing the fabric weight, protection over longer service intervals can be reached,

while thermal insulation against heat is further improved. Heavy-weight fabrics,

however, have an adverse effect on breathability and wear comfort, which are crucial

aspects under the strenuous conditions of welding and determine the acceptance of

the protective equipment. Surface modification of cotton-based fabrics providing a

thermal and chemical barrier presents a promising approach towards light-weight

protective clothes with high protective function and thermophysiological comfort.

Experimental

In the scope of this study, different coatings are developed for the finishing of cotton-

based textiles to produce protective clothes for welding with improved protective

function and comfort [1]. The study focuses on sol-gel-based, organic-inorganic hybrid

polymers. A high portion of inorganic material (e.g. silica, alumina and zirconium oxide)

offers chemical and thermal stability as well as insulation, while functional silanes are

utilized to reduce the surface energy and heat transfer [2]. In a second approach, this

study investigates polymer coatings with functional additives such as thermally

insulating hollow microspheres or conductive carbon fibers. The protective function of

the finished textiles is investigated concerning DIN ISO 9150, and the wear comfort is

studied by thermophysiological methods with the sweating guarded-hotplate.

Results

Application of inorganic, homogeneous coatings results in a slight improvement of the

protective function, while the performance is not distinctly affected by the melting point

and add-on of the inorganic material. A substantial enhancement of the protection class

(class 2) is found for thin oleophobic finishes based on SiO2. This indicates that a short

contact time achieved by a decrease in surface energy is an effective approach to

reduce the heat transfer from the hot metal to the body. Protection class 2 can also be



148

reached for inhomogeneous, inorganic coatings with a micro/nanostructured surface,

which have a positive effect on the repellency towards metal splashes. For polymer

coatings, additives based on thermally insulating microspheres show little influence,

while—surprisingly—thermally conductive carbon fibers lead to an improved protective

function. This might be related to the effective release of heat across the textile

surface. All coatings show no negative impact on the thermophysiological properties of

the finished textiles.

Keywords: polymer coatings; protective clothing; repellency; sol-gel coatings; textile

finishing; welding

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Forschungskuratorium Textil e.V. for

financial support of the research project AiF-No. 17680 N provided from funds of

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) via a grant of German

Federal of Industrial Research Associations (AiF).

References

1. Textor, T., Gutmann, J. S., Brey, M., Gierling, E., Beringer, J., (2015), Entwicklung einer Ausrüstung zur Verbesserung der Abweisung von flüssigen Metallspritzern von Schweißerschutzkleidung, final report, IGF-No. 17680 N.

2. Mahltig, B., Textor, T., (2008), Nanosols & Textiles, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.



149

NEW TESTING PRINCIPLES FOR UV-PROTECTIVE

PROPERTIES OF WELDING PROTECTION CLOTHING

Jan BERINGER Hohenstein Institut für Textilinnovation GGmbH, Bönnigheim, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

Welders are exposed to numerous hazards such as molten metal splashes and UV

radiation. Up to now there was no measurement procedure available to investigate the

fullrange UV-protective properties of Welding protection clothing – especially in the

crucial UV-C range. Therefore the German employer's liability insurance association

wood and metal (BGHM) commissioned the Hohenstein Institute to develop such a

measurement procedure in a contract research project.

Experimental

Starting point for this project was an earlier investigation of the institute for occupational

health and safety of the German statutory accident insurance (IFA) and the BGHM in

which the emitted radiation spectra and energy levels of the seven most common arc

welding processes were recorded. Since 2010 legally binding exposition limit values for

artificial UV radiation are stipulated in the EU directive 2006/25/EG [1]. For the

wavelengths from 400 to 180 nm (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C) this exposition limit value H(eff) =

30 J/m2 in a timeframe of 8 hours.

It was investigated how much radiation energy over different UV radiation wavelengths

was transmitted through the fabrics at each arc welding process by modifying the EN

410 measurement procedure to the whole UV range. By a complex processing of this

transmission data with exposition limit value of H(eff) the maximum period of safe use of

the fabrics can be calculated for each of the seven most common arc welding

processes.

Results

To validate this measurement procedure a number of 20 fabrics certified acc. to EN

11611 from the market were investigated and resulted in repeatable results. The

results broadened from only a few minutes to more than the requested 8 hours of

protection from UV radiation.

With these testing principles PPE manufacturers have the possibility to determine the

compliance with the EU directive based on each arc welding process and the duration

of the arc firing time. With this data a focused product development and optimization of

welding protective clothing regarding the fullrange (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C) UV-protective

properties is now possible.



150

The developed testing principle is available for research and testing services and it is

furthermore planned to integrate this method into the EN 11611 in the next revision of

this standard.

Keywords: PPE; welding; UV-radiation; UV-C; exposition limit value; EN 11611;

testing principle.

Acknowledgement

This study was financially supported by the German employer's liability insurance

association wood and metal.

References

1. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006L0025-20140101.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006L0025-20140101

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006L0025-20140101



151

ELECTRICIANS’ PROTECTIVE CLOTHING WITH BUILT-

IN LED LIGHT FOR CHALLENGING OUTDOOR WORK

Emma KAAPPA, Aki HALME, Taina POLA, Jukka VANHALA Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Tampere, Finland

[email protected]

Introduction

The lighting can be considered as an essential part of work safety [1, 2]. Especially with

electricians who are working in challenging Northern areas. They are forced to work in

harsh environmental conditions during dark winter and autumn storms. LED in the

electricians’ protective clothing could give occupational safety with many ways; it could

give safety in traffic areas and be as a site lamp for different tasks. In this research

built-in power LED will replace electricians’ big and heavy, hand-portable light lamp [3].

The aim was to develop wearable LED work light for challenging conditions that

release hands while working. The visibility should be circa 2 m, the beam of light as

broad as possible and the period of operation for at least a normal work shift (8 hours).

In this work, LED is placed in the jacket zipper protection list, the location where it does

not dazzle the user, nor is below the harness.

Experimental

LEDs could be divided into two categories: low power LEDs and power LEDs. Low

power LEDs are quite small, cheap and suitable for example signal lights or simple

displays but not for the lighting. Power LEDs are larger, they generate higher luminous

efficiency and their power consumption is bigger. Therefore power LEDs need efficient

cooling. High temperature values generated by the power LED can break components,

shorten the life time etc. and in this case it could harm the user. Usually for electronic

components cooling are used different kinds of heat sinks and fans. We used bendable

metal plate, so that the heat spread over a wider area. This cooling solution was light

and easy to integrate into the textile.

Electricians’ protective jacket built-in light consists of two separate parts; in front of the

jacket is placed LED unit with switches and in inside pocket the battery and control

electronics. Power LED, switch etc. is placed on a rigid circuit board. The light

component was Bridgelux (the intensity of 360 lumens) and it requires the minimum

voltage of ~ 6.6 V. As a result, the system power source needs to be rated the voltage

of 7.4 V Lithium-polymer battery. The on/off software switch is placed close to the LED

light. This type of switch enables to change the pre-set LED brightness levels through

the control electronics. Power LED produces a large loss of heat so the cooling of LED

needs special attention. LED controlling is carried out using the pulse width modulation

(PWM). The principle is to switch on and off LEDs very rapidly, so the power is

consumed less and thus LED warming is fewer. Switching on and off is so fast that the



152

human eye does not notice it. One of the easiest ways to manufacture such adjustable

PWM can be achieved with microcontroller and the MOSFET switch component.

Results and conclusion

Environmental stress and conditions endurance were tested [4]. In addition user tests

were carried out in authentic work situations. As can be seen in Fig.1 LED provides

sufficient light.

Figure 1. Illuminance as the distance function and the lighting effect of the same LED in the

dark office

The effect of the temperature on the illuminance was measured at intervals of 15

minutes in different temperatures (Bentham IDR300). The results of measurements in -

20 °C temperature can be seen in Fig.2. The first measurements were made while the

climate chamber cools off.

Figure 2. Variation of the illuminance in the -20 °C temperature during 12 hours

Measurement distance (m)

Illu

min

an

ce (

lx)



153

User tests and measurement results prove that this kind of lighting is possible to

manufacture, it is reliable, easy to use and it is helpful to electricians. This concept

needs further development, particularly with the integration of the power supply.

Keywords: wearable; LED; electrician; light; protective clothing.

References

1. EN ISO 20471, (2013), High visibility clothing -- Test methods and requirements.

2. Cheng, K., Kwok, K., Kwok, Y., Chan, K., Cheung, N., Ho, Y. & Kwok, K., (2009), LED Lighting Development for Intelligent Clothing, 3rd International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications, PESA 2009. 4 p., May 2009, Hong Kong.

3. Cochrane, C., Meunier, L., Kelly, F. & Koncar, V., (2011), Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part I – Overview, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 36, December 2011, pp. 422-428.

4. PAS 10412, (2015), Intelligent clothing. LED active high visibility clothing. Specification.


154



155

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AGAINST ARC FLASH RISKS

Hendrik Beier Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. (STFI E.V.), Chemnitz, Germany

[email protected]

Introduction

Live working becomes more and more popular and electro-technical work is carried out

each and every day [1]. But there are also some new aspects, like photovoltaic or

battery farms which create workplaces where live-dangerous effects of an electrical arc

accident can hit the worker. As required by law employees shall be sufficiently

protected during work. But the risks during an arc accident are complex and require

mainly a sufficient thermal protection against the enormous impact of flames, radiation

and molten metal splashes. Within milliseconds the wearer of the PPE fined itself in a

blast of thermal energy (Figure 1).

Textile concepts for arc protection

Since many years’ different concepts and methods to test and classify the protection

performance of flame retardant textile materials exists. The basic idea of these

procedures consist of objective testing and evaluation of the protection performance

offered by the flame-resistant materials or material combinations, as well as the

assessment of the protection properties of ready-made products. Not all of them are

internationally harmonized which leads sometimes to irritations on the garment

manufacturer’s side as well as by the end-users. The standardization work in IEC TC78

for the IEC 61482-series opened a new capital and brought the risk into a wider focus.

And the work is still in progress [2].

The presentation informs about the state-of-the-art concepts for the testing and

certification of protective clothing against the thermal risk of an electric arc. To

understand the chances and challenges of garments against the risk of an arc flash

accident, the main influence factors to reach a proper protection performance are

shown. Based on different concepts of protective clothing used for arc flash protection

the lecture informs about important key aspects, correlations and limits.

Figure 1. Flame-retardantfabric in arc testing IEC 61482-1-2



156

Keywords: PPE; protective clothing; arc flash; arc rating; thermal risks; arc hazards;

testing; flame retardant fabrics.

References

1. IVSS Guideline for the selection of personal protective equipment when

exposed to the thermal effects of an electric fault arc; 2nd edition 2011.

2. DGUV Information 203-077 “Thermal hazards from electric fault arc - Guide

to the selection of personal protective equipment for electrical work”;

October 2012



157

STUDYING A NEW CHARACTERISATION OF PPE

PERFORMANCE FOR ARC-FLASH PROTECTION

Jean-Claude DUART1, David CALDERON2, Jorge MORENO3

1DuPont, USA 2AITEX, Alicante, Spain 3ITE

[email protected]

Introduction

Heat and flame from an electric arc are two of the important hazards that workers need

to be protected against. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for protection against

the thermal effect of an electric arc is subject to norm IEC 61482-2 [1]. The current

standardization in place helps to assess the level of arc rating of a PPE. In order to

provide adequate protection, the arc rating of the garment must be higher than the

potential incident heat energy that could be emitted during an arc flash event. For

choosing the right PPE, one needs to perform a hazard assessment (e.g. using IEEE

1584) and one needs to measure the arc rating of the garment. For quantifying the arc

rating of a protective garment, a test methodology exists that is aimed at characterizing

the fabric which constitutes the protective garment. The arc rating is most commonly

quantified by the Arc Thermal Performance Value (ATPV) determined according to

IEC/EN 61482-1-1/Method A. This numerical value of incident energy is attributed to a

material and describes its thermal properties of attenuating a heat flux generated by an

electric arc. Another characteristic of a fabric is the break-open threshold energy (EBT).

In this case the numerical value of incident energy attributed to a material describes its

break open properties when exposed to heat flux of electric arc. The lowest value

between ATPV and EBT is reported as Arc Rating. In particular, ATPV as well as EBT

result in a 50 % probability of causing second-degree burn injury based on the Stoll

curve or break-open respectively. That is the reason why a new arc rating

performance property is under development in the new version of the IEC 61482-1-1

[2] currently under revision. This characteristic is the Incident Energy Limit (ELIM)

which will be introduced to complement the fabric characterization and answer some

specific requirements from the European directive to provide a rating that protects

efficiently from injury up to that energy level. While the determination of the ATPV and

the EBT are based on statistical model called the logistic regression, a type of

probabilistic model, the ELIM is determined with a different method based on a higher

protection level of safety for the end user.

Experimental

The aim of the study is to describe the calculations of these performance

characteristics based on open arc test exposure of various fabrics. The joint experience

of two European testing laboratories combined with their most recent experiments in

this area will also be presented.



158

Results

Common fabrics being used in the industry like aramid based fabric, modacrylic blends

and FR cotton treated fabrics have been tested. The study will show the many energy

level tests developed in two European laboratories to characterize the protective

properties of fabrics (ATPV/EBT/ELIM) and will show the reliability of this test that

finally will result in the garment value to protect the end-user as the new standard is

adopted.

Keywords: ATPV; EBT; ELIM; arc flash; PPE; aramid; FR cotton; modacrylic; fabric.

References

1. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009-04 - Live working – Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc – Part 2: Requirements.

2. IEC 61482-2 Edition 1.0 2009 - Live working - Protective clothing against the thermal hazards of an electric arc - Part 1-1: Test methods - Method 1: Determination of the arc rating (ATPV or EBT50) of flame resistant materials for clothing.



159

DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR A THERAPEUTIC

RHEUMATOID ARTHIRITIS GLOVE

Gözde GÖNCÜ BERK, Neşe TOPÇUOĞLU İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is defined as a chronic, autoimmune disease and systemic

inflammatory disorder that primarily affects small joints of hands. RA causes painful

swelling of lining of joints and stiffness in morning hours and can eventually result in

bone erosion and joint deformity and thus hampers daily activities of sufferers [1].

Currently there is no cure for RA but it is commonly treated with medications and

physical therapy to minimize symptoms and slow down progress of the disease. Splints

and ortheses are often recommended to patients to decrease pain, swelling and/or

prevent ulnar deviation, boutonniere and swan neck deformities. Literature also

presents the hand symptoms such as pain, stiffness and swelling improve substantially

when the therapy gloves are used [1].

A field study is conducted in Bezmialem Medical School Hospital, Rheumatology and

Physical Therapy department to explore design requirements for a therapeutic arthritis

glove. The field study consisted of on-site observations and interviews with RA

patients, physiotherapists and medical doctors. Thirty RA patients are interviewed

about symptoms they experience, treatments they benefitted from and home remedies

they have developed. Three physiotherapists and two medical doctors are also

interviewed about symptoms and treatments of RA. Observations are carried out during

physical therapy of RA patients at the hospital. All the data are recorded digitally and

transcribed. Based on the findings from the field study and analysis of hand anatomy

and human factors issues related to glove use [2], des ign parameters are developed

for a therapeutic RA glove (Figure 1).

Adherence to a recommended treatment such as wearing therapeutic gloves every day

requires high motivation from a patient, so the comfort of the therapeutic gloves are ver

important. Glove design could influence the outcome measures of hand function

because fit can influence a wearer’s hand movement, grip, dexterity and tactile

sensation. Glove pattern, closures, fabric stretch all affect amount of pressure exerted

into the hand and thus compression, immobilization and joint support abilities for RA

treatment. Characteristics of glove fabric such as fiber content, stretch and thickness

are closely related to tactile comfort of the wearer and thermotherapy applications.



160

ComfortRequirements

TreatmentRequirements

DesignParameters

Pa ernSeamsClosuresHandMovement

HandandFingerGrip

ThermalBalance

Tac leComfort

Compression

Immobiliza on

HandDexterityJointSupport

FiberStretchThickness

GloveConstruc on

FabricConstruc on

ThermoTherapy

Anthropometry

Biomechanics

SkinIrrita on

Fit

Figure 1. Protective clothes protection level according to firms

Keywords: glove design; rheumatoid arthritis; human factors; physical therapy.

Acknowledgement

This study is supported by TUBITAK (115M710).

References

1. Nasir, S. H., Troynikov, O., & Massy-Westropp, N. (2014). Therapy gloves for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 6(6), 226–237.

2. Muralidhar, A., Bishu, R. R., & Hallbeck, M. S. (1999). The development and evaluation of an ergonomic glove. Applied Ergonomics, 30(6), 555-563.



161

ANTIBACTERIAL COATING OF TEXTILES WITH

ELECTROSPUN PVA/ZNCL2 NANOFIBERS

Büşra BAKIR1, Gözde KILIÇ2, Filiz ALTAY1 1İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey 2İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Textile can be great media for growth of microorganisms. It has adverse effects both on

itself and on consumers’ health. There are lots of studies about improving functional

properties of textiles. Nanotechnology applications have taken attentions recently. For

antibacterial property using commercial chemical finishing agents during textile

processing can be harmful. Therefore, nanotechnology applications appear to be a

solution for this concern due to fact that the amount of chemical materials is less than

that of conventional applications. Silver nanoparticles, chitosan nanofibers, carbon

nanotubes and such nanomaterials have been reported to have antibacterial effect on

textiles. In this study the objective was to use electrospun PVA/ZnCl2 nanofibers for

coating non-woven fabrics. ZnCl2 was used for antibacterial effect whereas PVA was

chosen for its easy electrospinnability.

Experimental

In the scope of this study, electrospinning technique was used to produce PVA/ZnCl2

nanofibers. For morphologic characterization, SEM analysis was conducted. The

suspension containing PVA/ZnCl2 nanofibers and binders was sprayed on non-woven

fabrics. To investigating antibacterial property of textile, total bacterial count analysis

will be performed.

Results

The electrospun nanofibers containing PVA/ZnCl2 was obtained. The contact angle

measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing nanofibers and

binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto nonwoven fabric. The outcomes of this

study will help to develop nonwoven textile products with antimicrobial property. Even

though there are antimicrobial textiles present in the market, nanotechnology applied

products seems to be more efficient with less amount of active materials which is

considered as sustainable and green systems.

Keywords: antibacterial; nanofiber; textile; electrospinning; microorganism.



162



163

SMART CLOTHES

Ekrem Hayri PEKER TEKSAD-Tekstil Araştırmaları Derneği, Bursa, Turkey

[email protected]

“NANO” means dwarfing in Hellenic language. Nano is a measurement. Nanometer is

equal to one billionth of meter. Global warming caused clothes to become thinner.

Then nano technologies became widespread and caused these technologies to enter

into human lives fast. After nineties, there were new applications for textile products

such as stain and oil repellency, catching fire harder and being crease-proof. In time

nano technologies became used for our clothes and daily life products. Researches

about new products that could be applied on clothes for military uniforms and sports

technologies gave positive result in short time.

-Products used by soldiers and sporters

-Products produced by home textile sector

-New stain and stainless products

-Breathing fabrics

-Products giving coolness and warmness feeling:

-Clothes protecting body against external effects

-Comfortable clothes

-Clothes produced with vitamin based nano chemicals providing skin care

-Medical clothes

Result

Application used on fiber and painted fabric surfaces to be used for clothing production

has these advantages:

-Application process can be carried out with current machine park for wet

processes. No new investment is necessary.

-Used nano chemicals are environmentally friendly. Most of them can be

disintegrated biologically.

-It reduces usage of environmentally hazardous chemicals to minimum.

-It protects fabric’s breathing ability.

Surface application does not change basic properties of the product. Trousers are still

trousers, but nano particles allow auto-cleaning for them against filth. Fabrics to be

used for nano technology applications are fabrics made of cotton, linen, Polyamide,

rayon and polyester. Bigness of the market created by clothes such as daily clothes,

sportswear and uniforms; home textile fabrics such as curtains, pillows, bed linens and

carpets; military uniforms and similar products is expected to be more than a hundred

billion dollars in 2015 year. USA, Russia, China and EU countries have invested

billions of dollars in these researches. Obtained nano particles are taking part in each

field of life.



164

References

1. Tekstil El Kitabı, Ekrem Hayri Peker, İstanbul-2013. 2. Tekstile Giriş, Ekrem Hayri Peker, İstanbul-2014. 3. Akıllı Giysiler, Ekrem Hayri Peker. 4. Akıllı Ev Tekstilleri, Ekrem Hayri Peker.



165

LAYER BY LAYER ASSEMBLY OF HALLOYSITE

NANOCLAY BASED FLAME RETARDANT

NANOCOMPOSITE ON COTTON FABRIC

Şule Sultan UĞUR1, Ayşe Merih SARIIŞIK2 1Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Textile Engineering, Isparta, Turkey 2Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Textile Engineering, İzmir, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

The development of flame retardant textiles is an important area because of the textiles

consideration as the main ignition sources in fire accidents [1]. Nowadays, increasing

concerns about the toxicological and environmental consequences of using chemical

species on the textile materials have considered scientist to create new chemicals and

methods for enhancing flame retardant property of textiles [2]. Polymer-based

multilayer films created by layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition are currently used to

enhance the functional properties of different materials [3]. Our research group was

demonstrated that LbL process could be used to obtain functional textiles (such as

antimicrobial, UV-protective properties) by using TiO2, ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles [4-

6].

Experimental

Halloysite nanoclay (diam. x L, 30 nm x 0,5-4µm, nanotube, HNC), Phosphoric acid

(H3PO4)and Poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS, Mw=70.000) were used for

enhancing flame retardant cotton fabrics. HNC suspension was prepared at 50 W for 1

hour by Hielscher Ultrasonic Laboratory Homogenizer. SEM-EDX measurements were

used to examine the surfaces and elemental properties of cotton fabric samples.

Limited Oxygen Index was measured for multilayer deposited cotton fabrics according

to ASTM D 2863-77 by using the LOI instrument. TS EN ISO 15025-Protective

clothing-Protection against heat and flame-Method of test for limited flame spread was

also measured.

Results

In conclusion, we have demonstrated HNC based multilayer films could be deposited

for obtaining nanocomposite structure on the cotton fabrics with LbL method. With the

HNC based nanocomposite film deposition, flame retardancy property of the cotton

fabrics were enhanced.

Keywords: halloysite nanoclay; layer-by-layer assembly; flame retardant; cotton;

nanocomposite.



166

References

1. Norouzi, M., Zare, Y., Kiany P., (2015), Nanoparticle as Effective Flame

Retardants for Natural and Synthetic Textile Polymers: Application,

Mechanism and Optimization, Polymer Reviews, 55, 3, 531-560.

2. Horrocks, A.R., Kandola, B.K., Davies, P.J., Zhang, S., Padbury, S.A.,

(2005), Developments in Flame Retardant Textiles: A Review, Polymer

Degradation and Stability, 88, 3-12.

3. Lvov, Y., Price, R., Gaber, B., Ichinose, I., (2002), Thin Film Nanofabrication

via Layer-by-Layer Adsorption of Tubule Halloysite, Spherical Silica,

Proteins and Polycations. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and

Engineering Aspects, 198–200, 375–382.

4. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., (2011), Nano-Al2O3 Multilayer Film

Deposition on Cotton Fabrics by Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method,

Materials Research Bulletin, 46, 1202–1206.

5. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., (2010), Fabrication of Nanocomposite

Thin Films with TiO2 Nanoparticles by Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method for

Multi-functional Cotton Fabrics. Nanotechnology 21, 325603.

6. Uğur Ş.S., Sarıışık M., Aktaş A.H., Uçar M.Ç., Erden E., (2010), Modifying

of Cotton Fabric Surface with Nano-ZnO Multilayer Films by Layer-by-Layer

Deposition Method. Nanoscale Research Letters 5, 1204–1210.



167

PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF PROTECTIVE

LEATHER GLOVES

Nilay ÖRK1, Gökhan ZENGİN1, Eylem KILIÇ2, Arife Candaş ADIGÜZEL

ZENGİN1 1Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Leather Engineering Department, İzmir, Turkey 2Uşak University, Fine Arts Faculty, Fashion Design Department, Uşak, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction In heavy-duty jobs such as industrial, constructional and landscaping applications, hands are easily exposed to chemicals, cuts and punctures from sharp instruments in various hazardous conditions. Gloving leathers play an important protective role as they are extremely durable and resilient against water, hazardous chemicals, provides insulation for extreme temperatures, and they won’t puncture or tear. Flame retardancy is one of significant features for personal safety and it is gaining importance for the production of technical, furniture and automobile leathers [1, 2]. Leather gloves are have to fulfill the performance requirements if it is used in the area of protective clothing, considering that leather is a common material chosen by professionals for technical gloves. Limited published information is available on the properties and production of leather gloves while up to our knowledge no information is found about gloving leathers as a protective clothing material.

Experimental In the scope of the study chromium tanned split calf leather was used and the production of protective leather gloves was differentiated in post-tanning process by using tara, phosphonium, chromium and their combinations as post tanning agents. Except retanning agents chemicals like fatliqouring and polymers were not varied and same conventional formulation was applied throughout the post-tanning processes for the production of protective leather gloves. The effect of the chemicals on thermal protective performance such as heat resistance, flame resistance, and other performance properties including water resistance, tensile and tear resistance, abrasion resistance and ultraviolet degradation were tested.

Results Performance testing results obtained from six different retanning process was compared according to the type of retanning material used in the production. Results reveal that retanning with different types of retanning material had significant effect on the performance properties of leather gloves.

Keywords: Protective leather gloves; flammability; performance properties; physical characteristics.

References

1. Da C., Kangjian W., Nianhua D., Meng L., Weihua D., (2012), Flame Resistance of Leather Tanned with Zr-Al-Ti Complex Tanning Agent, JSLTC, 96: 116-120.



168

2. Wang K.J., Chen D., Liu L., (2012), Functional leather series –flame retardant leather, Beijing Leather, 24: 87.

3. Torvi D.A., Hadjisophocleous G.V., (1999), Research in Protective Clothing for Firefighters: State of the Art and Future Directions, Fire Technology, 35(2): 111-130.



169

BACTERIA SENSITIVE SMART TEXTILES COATED

WITH ELECTROSPUN NANOFIBERS

Nagihan OKUTAN, Büşra BAKIR, Filiz ALTAY İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey

[email protected]

Introduction

Pathogenic bacteria cause infectious diseases that threat human life. It is known that

textiles are very suitable media for growing pathogenic bacteria. The consumers have

demand for knowing that if there is any contamination in their fabrics for babies,

children and elderly people. Especially medical textiles are expected to be clean, which

must be taken very seriously in emergency and intensive care units. For these textiles,

knowing that whether there is any bacterial contamination can be crucial. Smart textiles

are defined as systems which monitor man and his environment and react in an

appropriate way. As such they are well suited for protective applications. Smart textiles

can control and manage the information within the textile system. They have functions

like sensors, actuators, data processers, energy suppliers, and communicators. Such

data may allow rapid identification of health risks. When a smart textile system detects

an accident is about to happen, it could provide instant protection. After the accident

has happened, it could analyze the situation and provide instant aid or call for help.

In this study the objective was to develop a smart textile system that behaves like a

sensor when exposed to pathogen bacteria. Textile coated with electrospun polyvinyl

alcohol (PVA) nanofibers containing antibodies for the detection of pathogen bacteria

was used. In order to detect pathogen bacteria under UV light, nanofibers were added

fluorescent dyes. When pathogen bacteria interact with the surface of the textile

containing specific antibodies bind the pathogens. The fluorescent dye may lose its

fluorescence at the surface of the textile due to this interaction.

Experimental

In this study PVA nanofibers containing antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus

were obtained by electrospinning technique. PVA solution prepared at the

concentration of 8% and mixed with antibodies and the dye for electropinning.

Morphological characterization of nanofibers conducted with scanning electron

microscopy (SEM). The suspension containing nanofibers and binders was sprayed on

non woven fabrics. After contamination with S. aureus of the fabric, the samples will be

investigated under UV light.

Results

The electrospun nanofibers containing antibody against S. aureus was obtained. The

contact angle measurements of the nanofibers were done. The suspension containing

nanofibers and binders will be prepared and then sprayed onto nonwoven fabric. The

outcomes of this study will help to develop nonwoven smart textile products which

especially needed in health system.



170

Keywords: Nanofiber; antibody; dye; sensor; textile.

EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING · 2020-03-03 · 7th European Conference on Protective...

Documents

Transcript of EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on PROTECTIVE CLOTHING · 2020-03-03 · 7th European Conference on Protective...