Europe

Religion, Colonialism, Changes and Conflict

Christianity

• Romans• Allowed the Jews to worship freely, only thing they

cared about was being loyal to Emperor• Jesus: Christianity is based off his teachings (a lot of

Jewish principles as well)• Romans feared Jesus, though teachings might cause an

uprising• Pontius Pilate: Roman governor, arrested Jesus and

had him crucified• Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead and

that through faith all believers could be saved.

Christianity

• Romans• Christianity started to spread slowly throughout the

Roman Empire. Eventually the Roman Empire began to see it as a threat.• Christianity became more popular in times of struggle

(wealth and social status also did not matter)• By 300 AD, Christianity had grown so much that the

Roman Empire was forced to accept Christianity as a religion.• Constantine supported Christianity, by 391 AD

Christianity was adapted as the official religion of Roman Empire.

Christianity

• Roman Religious Structure• Priest: Local Levels• Bishops: Head of all churches in an large city/area• Pope: Supreme power over all the church• Holy Trinity: Father, Son, Holy Spirit. • Structure resembles the Catholic Church today• A TON of conflict between the power of bishops, popes

and political leaders (Kings, Queens, etc)

Christianity

• Crusades:• Cause: Muslims from Central Asia gained control of

Palestine (Israel today). Also they threatened Christians in the Byzantine Empire (Turkey)• Pope Urban II: Decided to reclaim the holy land• Over 10,000 Europeans took up this cause of numerous

military expeditions. • Why did so many people go: Save Souls, gain land and

wealth, make money through trade

Christianity

• 1st Crusade• French and Italian leaders sent out armies• Successful in attacking and capturing the holy city of

Jerusalem. (Massacred Jewish and Muslim residents)• Positive in that it set up trade between Europe and the

Middle East. • Muslims and Christians lived along side of each other• Europeans had some control of the Middle East

Christianity• 2nd Crusade

• The Turks began to unite their forces and took back cities that the European’s had won• German and French forces failed to win back Damascus

• 3rd Crusade• Muslims gained control of Jerusalem• Red Beard (HRE), Phillip II (France), Richard I (England)

all united to fight back• Red Beard drowned leading his army, Phillip and

Richard fought with each other….did not win city back

Christianity• 4th Crusade

• Pope Innocent III organized it• Italians troops attacked Christian cities of Zadar and

Constantinople• Children’s Crusades

• Young people from across Europe marched on the Holy Land to regain it for Christianity.

• Many were killed or sold into slavery• Results

• Last Crusade ended in 1291 when Muslims captured the city of Acre

• All but the 1st Crusades were a failure• Gunpowder, crossbows, etc• Church became more powerful• Exchange of goods and ideas boosted trade

Reformation

• Reformation• Split of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe

• Why• People felt the Church was focusing too much on

money and power

• Start• Independent German states began to do their own

thing religiously. • Pope Leo X tried to force these states to pay money for

committing a sin….angered a lot of people

Reformation

• Martin Luther• Monk who was struggling with his personal religious struggle• Belief: ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in

saving a sinner. Only thing that mattered was inner faith with God. “Justification by grace through faith”• He shocked everyone by challenging the Church• Pope declared him a heretic and kicked him out of Church• Luther was declared an outlaw and he hid @ the Wartburg

Castle in Eisenach Germany. There he translated the Bible into German. • Followers of Luther’s teachings were called Protestants

Spread of Protestantism• German Issues

• Charles V tried to stop Protestantism from spreading• He was unsuccessful, each German ruler had the right to

choose the type of Christianity for their state.

• England• Henry VIII: Created the Anglican Church to get away from

the Roman Catholic Church• Henry did this because he wanted a divorce because his

wife only gave him a daughter (Mary I). There had never been a Queen before.• Pope did not allow the divorce, so Henry VIII formed his

own Church (Anglican Church of England).• Church kept same practices but did open the door for

Protestantism in England

Calvinism

• John Calvin• Became the leader of the movement in Switzerland• Similar to the Protestants in that it relied heavily on faith

and the Bible• Predestination: God decided who to save @ the beginning

of time.• Theocracy: Government ruled by a religious leader• Calvinist: Righteous Living, very strict• Huguenots: French nobles who began to covert to

Calvinism. Fought Civil Wars with French Catholics for 30 years (1562-1598). Eventually given religious freedom.

European Exploration

• Foundations• Needed better maps, navigation tools (compass) and

ships to effectively sail to the riches of India and China• Joint-Stock Companies: helped to fund explorations all

throughout the world.• Banks began to be more modern (lending, etc)• European Countries (Spain, Portugal, France, and

England) began to build overseas Empires.• Mercantilism: countries wanted to get as much gold

and silver possible to have more wealth. A favorable balance of trade with its colonies would help this.• Renaissance (curiosity), Religion (freedom), Land and

Fame all led to more people wanted to explore

Portugal• Explorers

• Prince Henry: Henry the Navigator, sent people around Africa, looking for gold and trade• Bartolomeu Dias: Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope• Vasco da Gama: Sailed to India.• Opened the door to great wealth for Portugal• Pedro Cabral: Tried sailing west, landed in Brazil• Treaty of Tordesillas: Imaginary line that divided Spain’s

conquests from Portugal's• Also expanded into SE Asia (Sri Lanka, Japan, China)• Began Slave Trade• Portugal could not keep up, eventually overrun by Spain

Spain

• Christopher Columbus• Shorter route to Asia by sailing Westward (Ptolemy and

Marco Polo)• Made 4 total voyages to the West Indies, believed he

had founded a completely new land. • Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods between

products, plants, animals, and even disease• Made Spain very wealthy

Spain• Explorers

• Amerigo Vespucci (Italian): Sailed for Spain and Portugal (America’s namesake)• Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese): Sailed for Spain, made the

first journey around the world in 1522. • Ponce De Leon: Florida and Fountain of Youth• Hernan Cortes: Mexico, captured Aztec leader Montezuma

and destroyed Empire w/ small pox• Francisco Pizarro: Claimed Ecuador to Chile for Spain,

destroyed thee Incan Empire • Fore a time the colonies produced great wealth for Spain.• The Empire was attached a lot by other countries

Dutch

• Early Ties w/ Spain• The Netherlands were part of Spain’s control. Phillips II

ruined that by treating them poorly b/c of Calvinism• William of Orange led a successful revolt against

Spanish influence by using guerilla warfare.

• Dutch Exploration• Dutch were very tolerant of others, always had been

sea going people.• Dutch East India Trading Company• Purchased Manhattan Island from natives…NYC• Dutch were looking to make money, had settlements in

North America, South America and Asia.

Great Britain's Empire

• Summary• Started during the 1600s, by 1760 Great Britain had the

strongest colonial empire in the world

• Start• King Henry VII sent John Cabot to explore the west in

1497 (explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia)• Elizabeth I: Sent out many explorers (Drake, Hawkins,

Raleigh) that claimed new lands and made the Spanish mad by pirating their ships. • Defeating the Spanish Armada gave England confidence

to colonize.

Great Britain’s Empire

• Colonization• Queen Elizabeth grated a charter to a group known as

the British East India Trading Co…involved with India for 260 years. Most powerful company in world (1700s)

• America• First looking for Northwest Passage• Henry Hudson (explored of both Dutch and

English)..never found the Northwest Passage• First settlements in Jamestown and Plymouth

Changes to GB Empire• America

• America won its independence in 1781• Canada

• Canadian settlers wanted more self rule in the early 1800s. GB just let them have their independence

• Australia• James Cook claimed the land in 1770 for Australia, GB sent

prisoners to live there.• Aborigines: Native people to Australia• All parts of Australia united in 1901.

• New Zealand• British took control in 1840.• Maori: Native people of New Zealand• By 1907 New Zealand had joined the British Empire.

Social Changes

• Bad Living Conditions• Cities were dirty, unsafe, and unhealthy• People did not go out alone at night, no police, etc• Disease was easily able to spread b/c of waste everywhere

• Black Death• Plague that started from Asian trade routes (1347)• Carried by black rats on ships• Around 25 million people died (1/3 of all Europe population)• People lost faith in God, workers wanted more wages, etc

New Ways of Thinking

• Renaissance• Philosophical and Artistic Movement.• Renewed by studying the works of ancient

civilizations..got the idea from the Byzantines during the Crusades. • Believed in the power of human reason (thinking)

• Niccolo Machiavelli• Writer who believed that political rulers should be only

concerned about power and political success

New Ways of Thinking• Inventions

• Thomas Edison: Light bulb and harnessing electricity• Alexander Graham Bell: Human voice on electrical circuit• Henry Ford, Karl Benz, Etienne Lenoir: Cars• Wilbur and Orville Wright: Airplane

• New Thinkers• Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution. Those who survive have the

best natural characteristics to survive.• Gregor Mendel: Founded Genetics• Edward Jenner: small pox vaccine (coxpox)• Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization….found out that bacteria cause illness• Dmitry Mendeleyev: Classified Elements• Albert Einstein: German Scientist

New Ways of Thinking

• New Thinkers cont..• Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud: Psychology• Beethoven: German Composer• James Fennimore Cooper: American Writer• Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky: ballets, operas

• Sports • Became organized and popular during the 1800s. • Soccer and baseball were some of the earliest

Economic Changes

• Domestic System/Barter• Old way of doing things were manufacturing took place

within the home. Separate workers would complete tasks at home..come together to produce final product• Barter: Trade• Money Changers were the first bankers. They

exchanged money and gave out loans. Many Jews held this role in Middle Ages b/c they could not own land• People also began to invest money

Economic Change

• Industrial Revolution• Rapid industrial development caused by available land

and natural resources, available money to invest and available workers.

• Mechanization: Automatic machines (silk spinning first)• Richard Arkwright: Use of water to power

machine..started the first factory system.• Demand for cotton increased, England got most from

the Southern United States (4 million to 100 million pounds per year)

• Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): machine that cleaned cotton, made it easier to mass produce it

Economic Changes

• Industrial Revolution• Water (river power) was unpredictable, tried to harness

steam power (James Watt)• Bessemer Process: Process to inject air into pure Iron to

remove impurities. This made steel easier to use.• Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization (made rubber less sticky)• Robert Fulton: Steam Engine on boat..changed water travel• Samuel Morse: Morse Code and Telegraph• Great Britain was the European leader in Industrialization• Factory System developed a wage system and Middle Class• Women also began to work more

Economic Changes

• Capitalism• Economic system where individuals or corporations

control what and how much gets produced (not govts)• Division of Labor: Economic principle that increased

the rate of production….each person specialized in a certain job.• Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts…machines

that made things that were all alike…easier to fix• Mass Production: Producing large numbers of identical

items. • Business began to become corporations (people could

buy stock in them)

Economic Changes

• Supply-Demand• Item is scarce and has high demand=high prices paid.

When supply goes down, prices rise• Item is not scarce and has low demand=lower prices paid• Smith’s Theory: Manufacturers that compete with other

companies must reduce prices to be competitive (but not too low or they will go out of business).• System of Free Enterprise (no government control)

Economic Changes

• Conditions:• Were bad for workers• Humanitarians: People who tried to help (Charles Dickens)• Strikes: effective way to protest working conditions• Unions: organizations created to protect the rights of

workers

Economic Changes

• Socialism• Some people felt that the laissez-faire approach would not

work (let it be)• Felt they need to change who owned the means of production• Means of Production: money and equipment used to produce

and exchange goods (land, RR, mines, factories, stores, banks)• Definition: government owns the means of production and

operates them for the benefit of all people, not just the wealthy. Everyone should share in the profits

• Utopian Socialists: People who believed that people could live peacefully together in small communities where everyone would work for the common good of all

Theories

• Karl Marx• Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)• Thought that capitalism created a conflict between

workers and business owners. His thoughts were that a few owners made a ton of money of the hard work of the workers.• Marx predicted that the workers would eventually

unite and overthrow the capitalistic areas and create a socialist revolution.• Believed that people would learn the benefits of

working together and a classless society would emerge..pure communism

Theories

• Communism• Government that owns the means of production and all

economic planning (and all other aspects of daily life).

• Democratic Socialism• People retain partial control over economic planning

through the election of government officials

• Marx’s Ideas• Had an important affect in parts of Northern and

Western Europe. Huge impact in Russia

New Conflicts and Problems

• WWI• Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, • Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary (made

by Bismarck during the 1880s)• Triple Entente: France, Russia, and GB• Serbs wanted Bosnia (Controlled by Austria) to be part of a

Slavic Empire • Assassination of France Ferdinand (AH prince) by a Serbian

nationalist set off the alliances. • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,

Ottoman Empire• Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and others

Newer Conflicts and Problems• WWI

• U Boats• Propaganda• Trench Warfare• US Involvement (Lusitania and Zimmerman Note)• Eventually the Allies won due to American help and

Austria/Hungary falling apart• Costs of WWI

• 8.5-10 million dead, 21 million wounded, 300 Billion• 14 pts

• Wilson’s attempt to make the world safe for democracy• League of Nations: A world organization to maintain peace…

what the UN would become. Not strong after WWI• Treaty of Versailles: Punished Germany for actions in WWI and

caused WWII. (No resolution of problems, Germany poor)

New Conflicts• Great Depression

• Black Tuesday: Oct 29, 1929, stock market crash• Market Speculation: Risky Investments• Great Depression: 30 million unemployed by 1932• Major effect in GB, France, and Germany (destroy govt)

• France WWII Difficulties• Maginot Line (defending from France)..$$$$• France signed treaties w/ Czech and Poland

• Great Britain Struggles• Struggle to find people jobs during 1920s-1930s• Irish nationals revolted in 1916 (Easter Rising)• IRA: Irish Republic Army.• Compromise: Catholic Southern Ireland (Republic of Ireland)

would be independent, 6 Northern counties (Protestant) remained a part of the UK

Newer Problems

• Eastern Europe• Most of Eastern European Countries were very weak• Austria, Poland, Hungary, etc

• Italian Fascism• Benito Mussolini: Leader of fascist Italy• Fascism: Totalitarian dictatorship, opposed to democracies

and communism (very much nationalistic)• Communism appealed to the workers, Fascism appealed to

the middle/upper class because they were guaranteed to keep their power. Protect private property and middle class

• Black Shirts: Mussolini’s military branch that eliminated all things socialist or democratic

Newer Problems

• Germany• Nazis: Extreme Nationalism, anti-semitic (Jew) and anti-

communist. Began around 1920• Hitler’s views began to shape Nazi Party. • Through elections the Nazi’s were able to take gain a

majority in the Reichstag (Parliament). Hitler became the emergency dictator when the Reichstag burnt down in 1933.

• After that Hitler began to used the SS to round up Jews, forcing them to ghettos, work camps, and eventually concentration camps.

• Hitler believed in the Third Reich (3rd Empire)• Began to rebuild the Army (illegal) and made a secret

alliance with Italy

New Problems

• Spanish Civil War• Many changes following WWI• Nationalist: Fascist group called Falange (Francisco

Franco)• Loyalist: Supporters of the old Republic• Germany and Italy helped the Nationalist, Soviets

helped the Loyalists.• People the movement’s would spread throughout all of

Europe• Nationalists won and Franco set up a government that

looked a lot like Italy’s

New Problems• WWII:

• Began with Hitler's Aggression– Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Scandinavia and Low Countries,

USSR, France• Hitler was not able to fully capture USSR and never invaded

Great Britain.• Allies: GB, France, USSR, USA• Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan• Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union was similar to Napoleon’s

failed attempt. Too big and cold. • Hitler began to kill the Jews in 1941. • Famous concentration camps like Auschwitz were built• D-Day: Allied Invasion of France….would mark the end for

Hitler and the German Army

World After WWII• United Nations

• Created to keep peace throughout the world, don’t make the same mistakes that happened post WWI

• Yalta Conference• Divided up Germany into 4 states (3 controlled by the West

and 1 controlled by the USSR)• Cold War

• Began after WWII. The Soviet Army never really left the lands that they had conquered between Germany and USSR.

• Marshall Plan: US gave over 13 billion dollars to 17 Western European countries to prevent communism from spreading

• Truman Doctrine: USA would support any country in their fight against communism (Greece and Turkey were first)

World After WWII

• Berlin Airlift• City of Berlin (in east Berlin) was divided by East and

West. The Soviets shut off access to outside world• US and GB dropped food and supplies into West Berlin• Eventually the Berlin was created to prevent people

moving from East to West.

• NATO• Military Alliance of European countries..Warsaw Pact

was the same thing except involving Soviets and the countries they controlled

Great Britain

• Prime Ministers • Neville Chamberlain• Winston Churchill (during WWII)

• Economics• Struggled between welfare state and non welfare state• One of the least industrialized countries by 1960• Major problems from the destruction of WWII

France

• Problems• Destroyed, much like Great Britain from fighting in WWII• Had trouble holding on to foreign possessions like Algeria

and French Indochina (Vietnam)

• Charles De Gaulle• French President after WWII.• Let go of possessions, believed in NATO, etc• Economy never got better and he resigned

Other European Countries

• Denmark, Norway, Sweden• All had solid democracies in place• All prospered in the times after WWII• Very little rebuilding occurred

• Greece, Portugal, Spain• Turned to free-enterprise systems of economy• Portugal and Spain remained Authoritarian Govts

Modern Times• Great Britain

• Margaret Thatcher: Became the first female Prime Minister in Britain’s History

• Reduced government funding of many social programs (like Republicanism)

• Poll Tax: Replaced income tax, charged everyone the same…led to problems…she resigned in 1990

• John Major: More moderate, had many scandals• Tony Blair: Elected in 1997

• Northern Ireland (Protestant aligned with GB)• Battles between the Catholics (IRA) and Protestants• Wanted to drive the Protestants out of Ireland (unite)• Still an issue today

Modern Times

• France• Many different leaders (Pompidou, d’Estaing,

Mitterand, Chirac)• Continued to struggle with economic problems and

foreign relations.

• Germany• West Germany became a major economic power while

East Germany struggled• Helmut Kohl: Conservative (Reagan and Thatcher) kept

close times with GB and USA• USSR collapsed and Germany was re-united as one

country in 1992.

Modern Times• NATO

• United most of Western Europe (small countries)• Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland,

Norway, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland all were either supportive of Western ideas or neutral

• Italy• Divided between political parties and industrial/wealthy

Northern Italy vs poor/rural Southern Italy• Situation improved during the 1990s

• Spain• Juan Carlos: King in 1975• Troubles with economy during the 1970s and 80s• By 2000, Spain was in much better shape

Modern Times

• European Cooperation• Helsinki Accords: 35 European Nations (and USA/USSR) met to

discuss security and cooperation among countries• Called on all nations to respect basic human rights, such as

speech and worship…helped usher in democracy of the 1980’s• NATO: started to include Eastern European countries (Czech,

Poland, Hungary) in 1997• European Economic Community: Economic cooperation

between countries to include common taxation, trade and currency

• European Union: 1993, ended trade barriers between countries. Where the Euro came from (common currency)