Europe Reacts to the Europe Reacts to the Legacy of the French Legacy of the French

Revolution and NapoleonRevolution and Napoleon

1815-18551815-1855

1815-1915 may be seen as a 1815-1915 may be seen as a struggle between the liberal forces struggle between the liberal forces unleashed by the French Revolution unleashed by the French Revolution and conservative forces that saw any and conservative forces that saw any opposition as liberal.opposition as liberal.

Popular movements vs. status quo Popular movements vs. status quo and established institutionsand established institutions

RussiaRussia

After the burning of Moscow – After the burning of Moscow – Alexander I and Russian troops Alexander I and Russian troops pursued Napoleon and his forces pursued Napoleon and his forces throughout Europe. throughout Europe.

A Russia that was entering the A Russia that was entering the European stage emerged.European stage emerged.

Alexander I came to power after a Alexander I came to power after a coup d’etat led by the nobles and coup d’etat led by the nobles and army killed his father Tsar Paul – son army killed his father Tsar Paul – son of Catherine the Great.of Catherine the Great.

Alexander IAlexander I

After assuming power in 1801, Alexander tried to After assuming power in 1801, Alexander tried to bring Enlightened ideals to his rule – as his bring Enlightened ideals to his rule – as his grandmother Catherine the Great did. grandmother Catherine the Great did.

As Napoleon became a greater and greater As Napoleon became a greater and greater threat, Alexander moved away from reform and threat, Alexander moved away from reform and back to autocracy – partially in an attempt not to back to autocracy – partially in an attempt not to alienate the nobles.alienate the nobles.

Alexander became convinced that liberalism, the Alexander became convinced that liberalism, the French Revolution and Napoleon were attacks on French Revolution and Napoleon were attacks on Christianity. His own religious views became Christianity. His own religious views became more mystical. He formed the HOLY ALLIANCE in more mystical. He formed the HOLY ALLIANCE in 1815 as a conservative Christian attack on 1815 as a conservative Christian attack on liberalism.liberalism.

Austria – the HabsburgsAustria – the Habsburgs

Prince Klemens von Metternich – the Prince Klemens von Metternich – the foreign minister of Austria was the foreign minister of Austria was the most important conservative most important conservative statesman in the first half of the 19statesman in the first half of the 19thth century. His aim was to promote and century. His aim was to promote and secure Austria and the Habsburg secure Austria and the Habsburg lands.lands.

Liberalism and nationalism perhaps Liberalism and nationalism perhaps most dangerous to Austria.most dangerous to Austria.

MetternichMetternich

Leader of the Leader of the Conservative Conservative Movement in Movement in EuropeEurope

The vast majority of the population The vast majority of the population under Habsburg controls were not under Habsburg controls were not Austrian and not even German.Austrian and not even German.• Italian states in northern ItalyItalian states in northern Italy• Magyars – HungariansMagyars – Hungarians• PolesPoles• Etc.Etc.

After the Congress of Vienna – the After the Congress of Vienna – the German speaking states were loosely German speaking states were loosely organized into the GERMAN organized into the GERMAN CONFEDERATIONCONFEDERATION

Austria needed to dominate the Austria needed to dominate the Confederation in order to stop a Confederation in order to stop a German political entity that would German political entity that would pull Austria away from its non-pull Austria away from its non-German possessions.German possessions.

The GERMAN CONFEDERATION The GERMAN CONFEDERATION consisted of 39 states under Austrian consisted of 39 states under Austrian leadership.leadership.

Austria could not allow representative Austria could not allow representative government – its logical conclusion government – its logical conclusion would destroy its empire. would destroy its empire. Constitutionalism and German Constitutionalism and German unification had to be avoided.unification had to be avoided.

Prussia was seen as a growing Prussia was seen as a growing problem for Austria.problem for Austria.

PrussiaPrussia

During the War of Liberation – as the During the War of Liberation – as the Prussians called the last phase of their Prussians called the last phase of their conflict with Napoleon – Frederick William conflict with Napoleon – Frederick William III had promised liberal reforms. III had promised liberal reforms.

After the defeat of Napoleon, he went back After the defeat of Napoleon, he went back on his pledge and his reform minded on his pledge and his reform minded ministers resigned. He replaced the ministers resigned. He replaced the ministers with conservative JUNKERS who ministers with conservative JUNKERS who opposed German unification because they opposed German unification because they feared loss of social and political control.feared loss of social and political control.

Frederick William IIIFrederick William III

Baden, Bavaria and WurttembergBaden, Bavaria and Wurttemberg

These southern German states had These southern German states had monarchs who issued constitutions after monarchs who issued constitutions after 1815 in order to secure popular support. 1815 in order to secure popular support. The constitutions – however – denied The constitutions – however – denied popular sovereignty and stated that political popular sovereignty and stated that political rights were gifts from the monarchs.rights were gifts from the monarchs.

Many young liberals and veterans of the Many young liberals and veterans of the wars against Napoleon entered university wars against Napoleon entered university after 1815. Inspired by liberal ideals they after 1815. Inspired by liberal ideals they formed BURSCHENSCHAFTEN – student formed BURSCHENSCHAFTEN – student associations.associations.

The Burcschenschaften celebrated events The Burcschenschaften celebrated events such as the anniversary of the Battle of such as the anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig and the tercentenary of Luther’s Leipzig and the tercentenary of Luther’s 95 Theses. These groups made 95 Theses. These groups made conservatives in Germany and Austria conservatives in Germany and Austria nervous. In 1819 a student assassinated a nervous. In 1819 a student assassinated a conservative dramatist.conservative dramatist.

Metternich used this event as an excuse to Metternich used this event as an excuse to get the German leaders to clamp down on get the German leaders to clamp down on the growing student liberalism.the growing student liberalism.

Carlsbad DecreesCarlsbad Decrees

July 1819, Metternich persuaded the major July 1819, Metternich persuaded the major German states to adopt the CARLSBAD German states to adopt the CARLSBAD DECREES which dissolved the student DECREES which dissolved the student associations, established university associations, established university inspectors and press censorship. Secret inspectors and press censorship. Secret police enforced the rules.police enforced the rules.

1820 – the FINAL ACT – the German 1820 – the FINAL ACT – the German Confederation issued the Final Act which Confederation issued the Final Act which limited what the German states of Baden, limited what the German states of Baden, Bavaria and Wurttemberg could discuss Bavaria and Wurttemberg could discuss regarding constitutional reform.regarding constitutional reform.

Political Repression in Great BritainPolitical Repression in Great Britain

George III suffered from physical and mental George III suffered from physical and mental illness – resulting in the appointment of his illness – resulting in the appointment of his son the Prince of Wales as regent – son the Prince of Wales as regent – REGENCY PERIOD. The future GEORGE IV REGENCY PERIOD. The future GEORGE IV was a self-indulgent vulgar man who was a self-indulgent vulgar man who brought disrepute to the monarchy.brought disrepute to the monarchy.

Poor harvests – industrial unemployment Poor harvests – industrial unemployment and recently unemployed soldiers and and recently unemployed soldiers and sailors created an atmosphere ripe for sailors created an atmosphere ripe for social unrest in Great Britain.social unrest in Great Britain.

George IIIGeorge III

George IVGeorge IV Prince RegentPrince Regent

1815 CORN LAW – high duties on imported grain – 1815 CORN LAW – high duties on imported grain – forcing the price of grain to increase in order to forcing the price of grain to increase in order to provide money for the landed gentry – all while provide money for the landed gentry – all while more and more people were moving to the cities more and more people were moving to the cities – becoming wage laborers.– becoming wage laborers.

1816 – income tax on wealthy repealed and 1816 – income tax on wealthy repealed and replaced by excise tax paid by everyonereplaced by excise tax paid by everyone

1799 – Combination Acts – forbade workers’ 1799 – Combination Acts – forbade workers’ organizationsorganizations

Wage protection removed during war with FranceWage protection removed during war with France Talk of ending poor laws – which provided public Talk of ending poor laws – which provided public

support of the destitute.support of the destitute.

The poor and lower class workers The poor and lower class workers responded by forming organizations responded by forming organizations calling for liberal reformscalling for liberal reforms

The government saw sans-culottes The government saw sans-culottes and responded with repression.and responded with repression.

1817 – COERCION ACT – habeas 1817 – COERCION ACT – habeas corpus suspended laws against corpus suspended laws against seditious gathering extendedseditious gathering extended

PETERLOOPETERLOO

16 August 1819 – a mass rally of 16 August 1819 – a mass rally of workers met in Manchester at St. workers met in Manchester at St. Peter’s Fields. Before speeches could Peter’s Fields. Before speeches could even begin – local leaders ordered the even begin – local leaders ordered the militia to end the gathering. Panic militia to end the gathering. Panic ensued and people were killed and ensued and people were killed and hundreds injured. People called it hundreds injured. People called it PETERLOO – comparing the attack PETERLOO – comparing the attack with the Battle of Waterloo.with the Battle of Waterloo.

PeterlooPeterloo

The conservative government of The conservative government of LORD LIVERPOOL decided to support LORD LIVERPOOL decided to support the Manchester officials and to try to the Manchester officials and to try to end the liberal movements.end the liberal movements.

Radical leaders arrestedRadical leaders arrested Carlsbad Decrees inspired the Carlsbad Decrees inspired the

Liverpool government to issue the Liverpool government to issue the Six ActsSix Acts

Lord LiverpoolLord Liverpool

Six ActsSix Acts

1. no large unauthorized meetings1. no large unauthorized meetings 2. increased fines for seditious libel2. increased fines for seditious libel 3. Quick trials for political agitators3. Quick trials for political agitators 4. increased newspaper taxes4. increased newspaper taxes 5. prohibited training of armed 5. prohibited training of armed

groupsgroups 6. local officials could search homes6. local officials could search homes

The Cato Street ConspiracyThe Cato Street Conspiracy

1820 – a group of wacko radicals led 1820 – a group of wacko radicals led by a man named Thistlewood was by a man named Thistlewood was stopped from carrying out a plot to stopped from carrying out a plot to blow up the British Cabinet. While blow up the British Cabinet. While there was no evidence that this was there was no evidence that this was little more than one group of wackos little more than one group of wackos – the British government used the – the British government used the Cato Street Conspiracy as a pretext Cato Street Conspiracy as a pretext for clamping down on more liberals.for clamping down on more liberals.

FranceFrance

Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution – Louis XVIII agreed to a constitution – but one of his makingbut one of his making

THE CHARTERTHE CHARTER• Hereditary monarchHereditary monarch• Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

Monarch appointed upper house Monarch appointed upper house Lower house- Chamber of Deputies – elected Lower house- Chamber of Deputies – elected

but the franchise was very limited to high but the franchise was very limited to high property requirementsproperty requirements

Louis XVIIILouis XVIII

• Most of the rights in the Most of the rights in the “Declaration of “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” remainedthe Rights of Man and Citizen” remained

• Roman Catholicism the official religion – Roman Catholicism the official religion – but religious toleration remainedbut religious toleration remained

• Lands confiscated and distributed during Lands confiscated and distributed during the Revolution were not given back to the Revolution were not given back to the Church or the noblesthe Church or the nobles

UltraroyalistsUltraroyalists

There was a large ultraroyalist There was a large ultraroyalist conservative movement that thought Louis conservative movement that thought Louis XVIII had not been reactionary enough.XVIII had not been reactionary enough.

They were led by Louis XVII’s younger They were led by Louis XVII’s younger brother CHARLES, THE DUKE OF ARTOISbrother CHARLES, THE DUKE OF ARTOIS

White Terror resumedWhite Terror resumed 1816 – so many ultraroyalists were elected 1816 – so many ultraroyalists were elected

to the Chamber of Deputies and Louis XVIII to the Chamber of Deputies and Louis XVIII called for new electionscalled for new elections

Charles XCharles X Duke of ArtoisDuke of Artois

The Duke of Richelieu led Louis The Duke of Richelieu led Louis XVIII’s government XVIII’s government • Indemnity paidIndemnity paid• Foreign troops recalledForeign troops recalled• Attempt to work with the liberalsAttempt to work with the liberals• Angered Artois and the ultraroyalistsAngered Artois and the ultraroyalists

1820 – the son of the Duke of Artois – 1820 – the son of the Duke of Artois – second in line to the throne of France was second in line to the throne of France was assassinatedassassinated

Louis XVIII forced to institute anti-liberal Louis XVIII forced to institute anti-liberal measures:measures:• Wealthy electors given two votesWealthy electors given two votes• Press censorshipPress censorship• Easy arrest for political reasonsEasy arrest for political reasons• Control of secondary education given to Catholic Control of secondary education given to Catholic

bishopsbishops• Liberals driven from political lifeLiberals driven from political life

The Concert of Europe – major The Concert of Europe – major powers worked in unison in their powers worked in unison in their conservative control of Europe.conservative control of Europe.

The Congress System – the victors The Congress System – the victors over Napoleon met periodically in over Napoleon met periodically in order to maintain conservative order to maintain conservative control over Europe.control over Europe.

The Spanish Revolution 1820The Spanish Revolution 1820

Ferdinand VII reclaimed the Spanish throne Ferdinand VII reclaimed the Spanish throne for the Bourbon family after the fall of for the Bourbon family after the fall of Napoleon by promising to rule with a written Napoleon by promising to rule with a written constitution.constitution.

After assuming power he ignored his liberal After assuming power he ignored his liberal pledge. He dissolved the CORTES pledge. He dissolved the CORTES (parliament) and ruled alone.(parliament) and ruled alone.

1820 – Spanish officers who were about to 1820 – Spanish officers who were about to go to the Spanish colonies in America to put go to the Spanish colonies in America to put down rebellion – themselves rebelled down rebellion – themselves rebelled against Ferdinand. Ferdinand agreed to rule against Ferdinand. Ferdinand agreed to rule by a constitution.by a constitution.

Ferdinand VII of SpainFerdinand VII of Spain

July 1820 – revolutionary spirit in the July 1820 – revolutionary spirit in the KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES – the KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES – the monarch agreed to accept a constitution.monarch agreed to accept a constitution.

METTERNICH was afraid of the growing METTERNICH was afraid of the growing constitutional movement. He wanted constitutional movement. He wanted European intervention in Italy and Spain.European intervention in Italy and Spain.

CONGRESS OF TROPPAU October 1820 – CONGRESS OF TROPPAU October 1820 – Austria, Prussia, and Russia met with Austria, Prussia, and Russia met with unofficial representatives from Britain and unofficial representatives from Britain and France met to discuss Spain and Italy.France met to discuss Spain and Italy.

The Kingdom of theThe Kingdom of the• Two SiciliesTwo Sicilies

• Naples and SicilyNaples and Sicily

The Holy Alliance led by Alexander I issued The Holy Alliance led by Alexander I issued PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU. Stated that PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU. Stated that military intervention was possible in order to military intervention was possible in order to preserve European conservative stability.preserve European conservative stability.

CONGRESS OF LAIBACH – January 1821 CONGRESS OF LAIBACH – January 1821 leading nations authorized troops be sent leading nations authorized troops be sent into Italy. Austrian troops restored the king into Italy. Austrian troops restored the king of the KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES to of the KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES to power WITHOUT the confines of a power WITHOUT the confines of a constitution.constitution.

CONGRESS OF VERONA 1822 – Britain CONGRESS OF VERONA 1822 – Britain withdrew from the notion of a united withdrew from the notion of a united front of European conservative front of European conservative monarchs. Austria, Prussia, and Russia monarchs. Austria, Prussia, and Russia authorized the French army to cross the authorized the French army to cross the Pyrenees and help Ferdinand VII put Pyrenees and help Ferdinand VII put down liberalism. Spanish liberals and down liberalism. Spanish liberals and radicals were executed and tortured – radicals were executed and tortured – severe attempt to end liberalism.severe attempt to end liberalism.

The Greek Revolution 1821The Greek Revolution 1821

Liberals used ancient Athens as a Liberals used ancient Athens as a symbol of their desire for democracy in symbol of their desire for democracy in Europe. The Greeks fought the Europe. The Greeks fought the Ottoman Turks for independence. The Ottoman Turks for independence. The Ottoman Empire was weak and posed Ottoman Empire was weak and posed the the eastern questioneastern question for European for European leaders. How do they deal with the leaders. How do they deal with the Ottoman Empire and the various Ottoman Empire and the various European ethnic groups they controlled.European ethnic groups they controlled.

Europe also feared Ottoman control of the Europe also feared Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and Palestine.eastern Mediterranean Sea and Palestine.

THE TREATY OF LONDON 1827 – Britain, THE TREATY OF LONDON 1827 – Britain, France and Russia agreed to provide fleet France and Russia agreed to provide fleet support for the rebellious Greeks. They support for the rebellious Greeks. They demanded the Turks recognize the demanded the Turks recognize the independence of Greece.independence of Greece.

Liberals and conservatives agreed:Liberals and conservatives agreed:• Liberal idealismLiberal idealism• Conservative land grabs at the expense of the Conservative land grabs at the expense of the

TurksTurks

TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE – after Russia TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE – after Russia sent troops to occupy what is today sent troops to occupy what is today Romania – the Turks agreed to let Romania – the Turks agreed to let Europe decide the fate of Greece.Europe decide the fate of Greece.

Second TREATY OF LONDON – 1830 – Second TREATY OF LONDON – 1830 – Greece given its independence. The Greece given its independence. The son of the king of Bavaria was named son of the king of Bavaria was named OTTO I of GreeceOTTO I of Greece

Otto I of GreeceOtto I of Greece

The Development of LiberalismThe Development of Liberalism

Political LiberalismPolitical Liberalism• Political ideals from the EnlightenmentPolitical ideals from the Enlightenment• English civil rightsEnglish civil rights• U.S. “Declaration of Independence” and U.S. “Declaration of Independence” and

ConstitutionConstitution• ““Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen”• Free government required government Free government required government

ministers be responsible to representatives ministers be responsible to representatives rather than a monarchrather than a monarch

• Often well educated class with moneyOften well educated class with money• NOT usually advocates of true democracyNOT usually advocates of true democracy

Economic LiberalismEconomic Liberalism

Adam Smith THE WEALTH OF NATIONS Adam Smith THE WEALTH OF NATIONS 1776 – removal of economic restraints 1776 – removal of economic restraints associated with mercantilism.associated with mercantilism.

Manufacture and sell freelyManufacture and sell freely Labor a commodityLabor a commodity Favored the state over the monarchy Favored the state over the monarchy

• Not true with German liberals who Not true with German liberals who favored the monarchy – believing the favored the monarchy – believing the monarchy the only force that could bring monarchy the only force that could bring about unification.about unification.

NationalismNationalism

The concept of nation should be base The concept of nation should be base don people who are joined naturally don people who are joined naturally through language, customs, culture and through language, customs, culture and history.history.

Romantic movement – organic in natureRomantic movement – organic in nature Not based around a monarchNot based around a monarch German and Italian unification seen as German and Italian unification seen as

nationalismnationalism BUT not always liberal - MagyarsBUT not always liberal - Magyars

Liberal MovementsLiberal Movements

Russia: The DECEMBRIST REVOLT 1825Russia: The DECEMBRIST REVOLT 1825 Repressive regime of Alexander I and Repressive regime of Alexander I and

the experiences of the Russian army in the experiences of the Russian army in Europe since 1800 led many army Europe since 1800 led many army officers to demand a liberal change for officers to demand a liberal change for Russia.Russia.

The sudden death of Alexander I in The sudden death of Alexander I in 1825 provided the officers the pretext 1825 provided the officers the pretext for a demand for change.for a demand for change.

Conditions/demands causing unrest:Conditions/demands causing unrest:• Representative governmentRepresentative government• Abolition of serfdomAbolition of serfdom• Independent PolandIndependent Poland• ConstitutionConstitution

1825 – dynastic crisis – Alexander I 1825 – dynastic crisis – Alexander I had no childrenhad no children

Grand Duke Constantine was next in Grand Duke Constantine was next in line by birth – but had removed line by birth – but had removed himself through a morganic himself through a morganic marriage. He recognized his younger marriage. He recognized his younger brother Nicholas as tsar.brother Nicholas as tsar.

Grand Duke Nicholas I acknowledged Grand Duke Nicholas I acknowledged his older brother Constantine as tsar.his older brother Constantine as tsar.

Grand Duke Constantine PavlovichGrand Duke Constantine Pavlovich

The delaying in Nicholas acknowledging The delaying in Nicholas acknowledging and being proclaimed tsar allowed and being proclaimed tsar allowed army officers time to promote a army officers time to promote a conspiracy to demand liberal reforms.conspiracy to demand liberal reforms.

26 December 1825 – Moscow regiment 26 December 1825 – Moscow regiment of the army marched in St. Petersburg of the army marched in St. Petersburg and refused to swear allegiance. They and refused to swear allegiance. They called for Constantine and a called for Constantine and a constitution.constitution.

Tsar Nicholas ITsar Nicholas I

Other troops were called in the Other troops were called in the attack the rebellious group. Some attack the rebellious group. Some were killed that day – others were were killed that day – others were later executed – hundreds exiled to later executed – hundreds exiled to Siberia.Siberia.

The Decembrist Revolt failed. But The Decembrist Revolt failed. But there were repercussions:there were repercussions:• Nicholas feared change and any Nicholas feared change and any

challenge to his rulechallenge to his rule

• Gone was any real talk of reformGone was any real talk of reform• The Decembrists became martyrs to The Decembrists became martyrs to

later liberalslater liberals• Serfdom maintained in order to maintain Serfdom maintained in order to maintain

noble support for Nicholasnoble support for Nicholas• Literary and political censorship Literary and political censorship

increasedincreased• Secret policeSecret police

Official NationalityOfficial Nationality

Official Nationality – “ORTHODOXY, Official Nationality – “ORTHODOXY, AUTOCRACY, and NATIONALISM”AUTOCRACY, and NATIONALISM”

Russian Orthodox faith was to be the basis Russian Orthodox faith was to be the basis for morality, education and intellectual life.for morality, education and intellectual life.

The young were taught to accept their The young were taught to accept their place in lifeplace in life

Political writers stressed that only under Political writers stressed that only under an autocrat had Russia been truly great.an autocrat had Russia been truly great.

Nationalism – meaning RUSSIA over all – Nationalism – meaning RUSSIA over all – RUSSIFICATION – the attempt to make all RUSSIFICATION – the attempt to make all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire ethnic groups in the Russian Empire Russian.Russian.

Repression in PolandRepression in Poland

Polish nationalists continually strove for Polish nationalists continually strove for independence – especially from Russia.independence – especially from Russia.

December 1830 the Polish Diet voted to December 1830 the Polish Diet voted to depose Nicholas as ruler of Poland.depose Nicholas as ruler of Poland.

Russian troops put down revolt.Russian troops put down revolt. ORGANIC STATUTE February 1832 – ORGANIC STATUTE February 1832 –

Russia declared Poland not to be an Russia declared Poland not to be an occupied land – but a true and continuous occupied land – but a true and continuous part of Russia. Polish nationalism could part of Russia. Polish nationalism could then be seen as treason.then be seen as treason.

SerbiaSerbia In the days after Napoleon – Serbian In the days after Napoleon – Serbian

nationalists began a guerilla war against nationalists began a guerilla war against the Ottoman Empire.the Ottoman Empire.

1830 – the Ottoman sultan formally 1830 – the Ottoman sultan formally granted Serbian independence. The granted Serbian independence. The boundaries of Serbia were in flux until boundaries of Serbia were in flux until 1878 – as Serbia wanted more land and 1878 – as Serbia wanted more land and more control of ethnic Serbians. Issues of more control of ethnic Serbians. Issues of religion also complicated matters in the religion also complicated matters in the Balkans.Balkans.

Russia became Serbia’s formal protector – Russia became Serbia’s formal protector – starting problems with Austria that will starting problems with Austria that will help initiate World War I.help initiate World War I.

ANOTHER French Revolution 1830ANOTHER French Revolution 1830

1824 – Louis XVIII died and was succeeded 1824 – Louis XVIII died and was succeeded by his ultraconservative royalist brother by his ultraconservative royalist brother CHARLES X – former Duc d’Artois.CHARLES X – former Duc d’Artois.

Charles X begins to pull back liberal Charles X begins to pull back liberal reformsreforms• Indemnified aristocrats who lost land in the Indemnified aristocrats who lost land in the

1789 revolution – this was done by lowering 1789 revolution – this was done by lowering interest on government bonds. BUT most bond interest on government bonds. BUT most bond holders were bourgeois who then lost money holders were bourgeois who then lost money on their loans to the government.on their loans to the government.

Charles XCharles X

Crown ofCrown of Louis XVIIILouis XVIII Charles XCharles X

• PRIMOGENITURE is restored – land can PRIMOGENITURE is restored – land can be inherited ONLY by the oldest son. be inherited ONLY by the oldest son. This was hated by the liberals as a sign This was hated by the liberals as a sign of feudalism.of feudalism.

• Sacrilege against the Roman Catholic Sacrilege against the Roman Catholic Church became a civil crime punished Church became a civil crime punished by imprisonment or death.by imprisonment or death.

Election of 1827 – liberals gain seats Election of 1827 – liberals gain seats in the Chamber of Deputies.in the Chamber of Deputies.

Liberals demand a constitutional Liberals demand a constitutional monarchymonarchy

1829 – Charles replaces his ministers 1829 – Charles replaces his ministers with ultraroyalistwith ultraroyalist

Liberals begin talks with Charles’ Liberals begin talks with Charles’ cousin LOUIS-PHILIPPE, Duc cousin LOUIS-PHILIPPE, Duc d’Orleans a moderate.d’Orleans a moderate.

JULY REVOLUTION 1830JULY REVOLUTION 1830 Charles called for new elections – Charles called for new elections –

liberals scored a tremendous victoryliberals scored a tremendous victory Charles send the French navy to Charles send the French navy to

defeat the Algerians and founds a defeat the Algerians and founds a French Empire in Africa – distracting French Empire in Africa – distracting the people he hopes.the people he hopes.

Charles X issued the FOUR Charles X issued the FOUR ORDINANCES on July 25, 1830 – a ORDINANCES on July 25, 1830 – a royalist coup d’etatroyalist coup d’etat

The Four OrdinancesThe Four Ordinances

freedom of the press restrictedfreedom of the press restricted Newly elected liberal Chamber of Newly elected liberal Chamber of

Deputies dissolvedDeputies dissolved Franchise restricted to the wealthiest Franchise restricted to the wealthiest

in Francein France New elections under new franchiseNew elections under new franchise

Rebellion in the StreetsRebellion in the Streets

Liberal newspapers called on the Liberal newspapers called on the people of Paris to denounce Charles people of Paris to denounce Charles and the Four Ordinancesand the Four Ordinances

The working class of Paris took to the The working class of Paris took to the streets and barricaded them against streets and barricaded them against royal troopsroyal troops

Battles in the streets of ParisBattles in the streets of Paris August 2, 1830 – Charles X abdicates August 2, 1830 – Charles X abdicates

and flees to Englandand flees to England

The Chamber of Deputies – composed of The Chamber of Deputies – composed of liberal constitutional monarchists – liberal constitutional monarchists – proclaimed Louis-Philippe the new king of proclaimed Louis-Philippe the new king of FranceFrance

BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION – this was not BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION – this was not the victory of the sans-culottes.the victory of the sans-culottes.

The middle class of France – the banking The middle class of France – the banking and merchant class won over the and merchant class won over the conservative royalist and the working conservative royalist and the working classes.classes.

Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe

Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe

Liberal bourgeois monarchLiberal bourgeois monarch Tricolor restored as the French flagTricolor restored as the French flag New constitution seen as the right of the New constitution seen as the right of the

people NOT a gift from the monarchpeople NOT a gift from the monarch Censorship abolishedCensorship abolished Franchise wider but still restrictedFranchise wider but still restricted Monarch could not dispense with laws on his Monarch could not dispense with laws on his

wonwon Hereditary peerage abolished BUT power of Hereditary peerage abolished BUT power of

the landed gentry and wealthy urbanites the landed gentry and wealthy urbanites remained.remained.

The JULY DAYS – The JULY DAYS – Les MiserablesLes Miserables

Working class demanded more rights Working class demanded more rights and reformsand reforms

July 1832 – uprising in Paris after the July 1832 – uprising in Paris after the funeral of one of Napoleon’s generals funeral of one of Napoleon’s generals – streets barricaded– streets barricaded

Thousands killedThousands killed Bourgeois triumphed over the Bourgeois triumphed over the

proletariatproletariat

BelgiumBelgium

1815 – the former Austrian 1815 – the former Austrian Netherlands were merged into the Netherlands were merged into the kingdom of Holland.kingdom of Holland.

Differences in the people maintained a Differences in the people maintained a level of distrust and discomfort.level of distrust and discomfort.

August 25, 1830 – after an opera in August 25, 1830 – after an opera in Brussels depicting the Neapolitan Brussels depicting the Neapolitan rebellion against the Spanish provoked rebellion against the Spanish provoked a rebellion against Dutch rule.a rebellion against Dutch rule.

Propertied classes – bourgeois – Propertied classes – bourgeois – formed a provisional government formed a provisional government

Dutch forces defeatedDutch forces defeated November 1830 – national November 1830 – national

constitution writtenconstitution written

What about the Congress of Vienna What about the Congress of Vienna and the Holy Alliance???and the Holy Alliance???

1. Russia busy putting down Polish revolt1. Russia busy putting down Polish revolt 2. Prussia busy putting down German 2. Prussia busy putting down German

revoltsrevolts Austria busy putting down revolts in ItalyAustria busy putting down revolts in Italy France – did not mind and independent France – did not mind and independent

Belgium – confident they could control Belgium – confident they could control their northern neighbortheir northern neighbor

Great Britain – OK with independent Great Britain – OK with independent Belgium as long as it was not dominated Belgium as long as it was not dominated by another nation – SO…….by another nation – SO…….

Belgium and Great BritainBelgium and Great Britain

British Foreign Minister Lord British Foreign Minister Lord Palmerston gathered the world Palmerston gathered the world powers to agree to:powers to agree to:• Independent BelgiumIndependent Belgium• Neutral Belgium (Convention of 1839)Neutral Belgium (Convention of 1839)• Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Gotha named Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Gotha named

king of the Belgians in 1831king of the Belgians in 1831

Lord PalmerstonLord Palmerston

Leopold ILeopold I

A Prelude to World War OneA Prelude to World War One

1830 – Serbia and Belgium achieve 1830 – Serbia and Belgium achieve independence.independence.

These nations will be the sparks of These nations will be the sparks of World War I as the world finally fights World War I as the world finally fights the liberal vs. conservative war the liberal vs. conservative war