ENLARGEMENT DG 1 EU ENLARGEMENT DG Enlargement Information Unit From Six to Fifteen and Beyond.
EUROPE & ASIA Presentation Chapter 26 ENLARGEMENT (Ian Barnes and Pamela Barnes)
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Transcript of EUROPE & ASIA Presentation Chapter 26 ENLARGEMENT (Ian Barnes and Pamela Barnes)
EUROPE & ASIAPresentation
Chapter 26 ENLARGEMENT
(Ian Barnes and Pamela Barnes)
by Andi Demo
Presentation Plan Introduction Definition of Enlargement
Rationalist view Constructivist view
History of Enlargement The accession process
Membership criteria – Article 49 of TEU The Copenhagen Criteria Implementation mechanism
Conditionality framework The Czech and Bulgarian cases
The impact of Enlargement The prospective of Enlargement
Turkey, The Western Balkans and beyond… Conclusion
Understanding Enlargement
Nominal - the increasing of the size of the Union by incorporation additional members
Alternative – the widening of EU influence beyond the borders of the member states and deepening relations within the organization
Unions’ rationale - maintain and spread liberal democratic ideals and the market economy principles
States’ rationale – changing domestic and political and economic circumstances (for the better)
Rationalist viewAssumption – EU in not autonomous in decision making but
interacts with member states ; EU poses a driving sense of purpose
Enables the analyses of the self-interest of the actors concerned, which judge on a [financial] cost and benefit model
EU provides the legal authority and technical expertise
Fails to explain the reason why existing members would want to accept new members, with …
Justification for not engaging in non-enlargement : The potential of new members for undermining the coherence of the decision making process and other established economic and political realities.
Constructivist viewSHARED norm-and-values-driven enlargement between the
EU, Member countries and candidate countries.
Potential countries will seek institutional ties because they identify with the aims and policies of the Union
casesCandidacy of Iceland – FAVORABLECandidacy of Turkey – CONTROVERSIALEnlargement of the CEE - PROBLEMATIC
HISTORY OF ENLARGEMENT
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/europe/04/enlarging_europe/html/eu_expansion.stm
UPDATE - Croatia became the 28th member of the EU on 1 July, 2013 “practically completing the central European block accession”
- Director-General of Enlargement at the European Commission, Stefano Sannino
The Accession Process Initiated as an unsophisticated structure-less processStarts with a successful Application Improved and institutionalized via the Article 49 of
TEU and the Copenhagen CriteriaCommission’s approvalParliament’s supportCouncil’ unanimityRatification by parliament or referendum of the
aspiring memberRatification by individual member countriesConstantly changing on sui generis cases : Croatia,
Western Balkans
Article 49 of TEU The Union is founded on the principles of liberty,
democracy, respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and rule of law
The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms – Rome 1950
The Union shall respect national identities of Member States
The Union shall provide itself with the means necessary to attain its objectives
Copenhagen Criteria - 1993Stable institutions guaranteeing
democracyThe rule of lawRespect for human rightsProtection of minoritiesFunctioning market economy – capable to
withstand competitive pressuresAbility to take and respect political,
economic and monetary union obligations
Implementation mechanisms With increased membership it was necessary to adopt
additional mechanism in order to insure smooth transitions of peripherical countries
(Western Balkans) Stabilization and Association Process (SAA) – road to
membership through legislation modification, training of bureaucracy and harmonization
Safeguard clauses – Croatia border dispute with Slovenia
In the interim, it benefits from special arrangements, such as being able to comment on draft EU proposals, communications, recommendations or initiatives, and “active observer status” on EU bodies and agencies (it is entitled to speak, but not vote )
Conditionality framework A tool to encourage and persuade candidate
states to reform in line with the model of the EU
An instrument of power and influence towards candidates, albeit the most enthusiastic ones
On top of formal criteria, it exerts pressure and effectively causes structural domestic change
Carrots – funds in the short termSticks – delay and/or suspension of the
processProtects against enlargement fatigue
The Czech and Bulgarian cases
2008 Czech Republic official complaint from the Commission and
the prospective of financial sanctions for failure to introduce a anti-discriminatory law
2008 Bulgaria500 million Euros of withheld given-funds because of prior mismanagement, with the promise of restoration of funds if corrective actions were taken
The impact of Enlargement
PositiveIncreased global
importance Increased internal marketWidening of the euro zoneConvergence of living
standardsIntensification of intra-
relations
NegativeA more culturally,
linguistically diverse Union
Consensus, more difficult to achieve
Competition from cheap labor from new Members
Structural funds issueExtra-pressure on CAP
The prospective of Enlargement
In the words of Olli Rehn:“Enlargement does not continue at the pace of a shinkansen, but rather that of a local train...yet, being one of the EU’s most important security guarantees”
Enlargement with continue , HOWEVER
Despite the existing commitments, prospective candidates will faces increasingly complicated and rigorous requirements.
The European Continent
The Battle of Turkey
Special case 1963 - Association Agreement :
Custom Union, Freedom of Movement for Workers and Services
1987 – Application for membership 1999- Candidate Status 2005- Accession negotiations started
Lack of support and enthusiasm from EU citizens based on :
human rights records(Kurds, religious minorities)
Large population Huge agricultural sector MUSLIMS
Candidates - Western BalkansAlbania (formally applied for membership)
Broadly stable and enthusiastic; sporadic cases of corruption and organized crime , judiciary reforms
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEthnic divisions
Montenegro (formally applied for membership)Serbia
Historical baggage - ICTYFYROM
Resolution of the name-controversy with GreeceRepublic of Kosovo^(Resolution 1244/99 of
UNSC)Status
The unknown frontier
Potential Issues and Subjective view
Enlargement will continue with a slower path – a moment of consolidation, 5-10 years
Turkey’s entrance will be determined by the way EU will engineer itself globally :a global player (?)– Turkey will be Europe's military branch in the Middle East ( very unlikely given the conservative Christian club mindset )
Serbia and Kosovo will be the last members of the EU, given the improbability on status agreement
EU enlargement will stop with Ukraine
Reactionary subjective views
Conclusion
The hope of EU membership is a major incentive for reform amongst prospective members
There is a large development and income gap between Western/Central and South Western countries
EUROSCEPTISM versus EnlargementImperative of inward looking consolidation
policiesA more divers Europe will be more vibrant but
more difficult to manageEnlargement will stop with/at the moment of
consolidation of a common vision and purposeFederative Europe – it’s far!
…for your attention
ResourcesChapter 26 – Nugent, Government and Politics of the EU, Palgrave,
7th Edition, 2010
Euro Barometer - http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.html
http://www.iiea.com/events/the-future-of-eu-enlargement-policy#sthash.QdGcY4hn.dpuf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union
http://snippits-and-slappits.blogspot.jp/2011/10/qaddafi-speaks-on-turkey-eu-and-bin.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/europe/04/enlarging_europe/html/eu_expansion.stm
http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/policy/steps-towards-joining/index_en.htm