Europe after Hitler’s Advance

Reflection Reflection

a.a. ““You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to You ask, what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, What is human crime. That is our policy. You ask, What is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory- victory our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory- victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror; victory, at all costs, victory in spite of all terror; victory, however hard and long the road may be; for without however hard and long the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.” -Winston Churchill victory, there is no survival.” -Winston Churchill May 13, 1940 May 13, 1940

Europe After Hitler’s AdvanceEurope After Hitler’s Advance

Britain and US Relations Britain and US Relations

QuizQuiz

Take out a piece of paper and match the Take out a piece of paper and match the following countries with their respective action. following countries with their respective action.

QuizQuiz 1. ___Germany a. This country along with France declared war

on Germany after Hitler invaded Poland.

2. ___France b. This country made a non-aggression pact with Germany.

3. ___Britain c. Hitler was appeased at the Munich Conference with a portion of this country called the Sudetenland.

4. ___Austria d. This country was blamed for World War I and forced to pay huge reparations to the victor countries.

5. ___Czechoslovakia e. This country fortified its borders with Germany except for an area called the Ardennes forest which they assumed could not be penetrated by a large army.

6. ___Soviet Union f. Hitler invaded this country only to get to the northern part of France.

7. ___Belgium g. This country was unwillingly annexed by Germany in a move called the Anschluss.

8. ___Poland h. The invasion of this country sparked the beginning of World War II.

Fall of France Fall of France

Terms: Germany had all Terms: Germany had all of France’s northern of France’s northern borderborderSouthern France was still Southern France was still under French control under French control (Vichy government)(Vichy government)Why would the British be Why would the British be concerned? concerned? ““"Your departure grieves "Your departure grieves me! I hope you will at me! I hope you will at least leave me your least leave me your colonies as a souvenir!" colonies as a souvenir!" (23 June 1940)” (23 June 1940)”

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Hitler knew he couldn’t launch an attack Hitler knew he couldn’t launch an attack against Britain against Britain – Air offensiveAir offensive to destroy air fields and industryto destroy air fields and industry

– Even though many places were destroyedEven though many places were destroyed, , the Luftwaffe were not successful at defeating the Luftwaffe were not successful at defeating the Royal Air Force or breaking the morale of the Royal Air Force or breaking the morale of the British people the British people

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Hitler’s first defeat Hitler’s first defeat – If he couldn’t bomb If he couldn’t bomb

them into submission them into submission he would he would starve them starve them into submission into submission

Sank merchant shipsSank merchant ships on their way to Britain on their way to Britain

When Britain began to When Britain began to use the convoy system use the convoy system the Germans used “wolf the Germans used “wolf packs” to attack them packs” to attack them

American “Neutrality” American “Neutrality”

Destroyers for basesDestroyers for bases– Britain lost many of its destroyers and asked Britain lost many of its destroyers and asked

President Roosevelt to transfer old American President Roosevelt to transfer old American destroyers to themdestroyers to them

– It was agreed that It was agreed that for the old destroyers Britain for the old destroyers Britain would grant the US permission to build military would grant the US permission to build military bases on Newfoundland, Bermuda, and islands in bases on Newfoundland, Bermuda, and islands in the Caribbeanthe Caribbean which meant that there was which meant that there was no no monetary exchangemonetary exchange, and the Neutrality act didn’t , and the Neutrality act didn’t applyapply

– The press was shocked. The press was shocked.


Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act– United States would become “the great United States would become “the great

arsenal of democracy” arsenal of democracy” – Britain was running out of money and could Britain was running out of money and could

no longer pay for the “cash and carry” no longer pay for the “cash and carry” Roosevelt compared it to lending a garden hose to Roosevelt compared it to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire a neighbor whose house was on fire

– Passed in 1941 Passed in 1941


Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act– The The United States United States

could lend or lease could lend or lease arms to any country arms to any country that might be “vital that might be “vital to the defense” of to the defense” of the United States the United States

mostly Britain, but mostly Britain, but also to the Soviet also to the Soviet Union as well Union as well – ““Those who fight Those who fight

against Nazism are against Nazism are on our side too” on our side too”

-Churchill-Churchill


Step by step Roosevelt was leading the Step by step Roosevelt was leading the US to the verge of war with the Nazi’s US to the verge of war with the Nazi’s – Over the summer of 1941 American ships Over the summer of 1941 American ships

“escorted” British ones to the tip of Greenland “escorted” British ones to the tip of Greenland and Iceland and Iceland

When Hitler broke his promise to the When Hitler broke his promise to the USSR the US extended the lend lease act USSR the US extended the lend lease act to the USSR to the USSR


Atlantic Charter Atlantic Charter – August 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met face to faceAugust 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met face to face (secretly) to (secretly) to

discuss the leadership of a postwar world of democracy, non-discuss the leadership of a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the aggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas seas


Almost every day since the war began Almost every day since the war began FDR and Churchill had been exchanging FDR and Churchill had been exchanging phone calls, letters or cables phone calls, letters or cables

Atlantic Charter condemned “Nazi Atlantic Charter condemned “Nazi Tyranny” and embraced the 4 freedoms of Tyranny” and embraced the 4 freedoms of speech, worship, freedom from want and speech, worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear freedom from fear

American “Neutrality”American “Neutrality”

FDR pledged to force an FDR pledged to force an incident which would incident which would justify him in opening justify him in opening hostilities with Germanyhostilities with Germany (according to Churchill) (according to Churchill) German and US relations German and US relations deteriorated quicklydeteriorated quickly as a as a U-boat fired on a U-boat fired on a American ship and American ship and Roosevelt gave a “shoot Roosevelt gave a “shoot on sight” orderon sight” order– Germans targeted 2 Germans targeted 2

American destroyers which American destroyers which sank in the North Atlantic sank in the North Atlantic killing 115 American sailorskilling 115 American sailors

American “Neutrality”American “Neutrality”

Are they really the bad guys?Are they really the bad guys?

Japan vs. the USJapan vs. the US

Disaster in the Pacific Disaster in the Pacific

Because of preoccupation with Germany, Because of preoccupation with Germany, Roosevelt avoided conflict with JapanRoosevelt avoided conflict with Japan– As a result Japan expanded militarily into As a result Japan expanded militarily into

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia

Japanese leaders viewed their Greater Japanese leaders viewed their Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere as an East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere as an Asian version of the Monroe DoctrineAsian version of the Monroe Doctrine– Wanted to replace EuropeansWanted to replace Europeans

– Threatened the Open Door policy with China Threatened the Open Door policy with China

Policies to Discourage Japan Policies to Discourage Japan

Economic pressure Economic pressure – Japan depended on the US for many of its Japan depended on the US for many of its

important supplies (oil, iron ore, steel)important supplies (oil, iron ore, steel)

July 1940 Export Control ActJuly 1940 Export Control Act– Gave President Roosevelt the power to Gave President Roosevelt the power to

restrict certain materials to certain nationsrestrict certain materials to certain nations – He blocked the sale of airplane fuel and He blocked the sale of airplane fuel and

scraps to Japan scraps to Japan This pushed Japan to side with Axis powers This pushed Japan to side with Axis powers

Embargo Embargo

Japanese leaders indicated a desire to Japanese leaders indicated a desire to negotiatenegotiate

Two nations were at oddsTwo nations were at odds– Japan wanted its conquests recognizedJapan wanted its conquests recognized– Us insisted Japan withdraw from China and Us insisted Japan withdraw from China and

renounce the Tripartite Pact with Germany renounce the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy and Italy

Japan prepared for secret attacks on US Japan prepared for secret attacks on US positions in Guam, Philippines and Hawaiipositions in Guam, Philippines and Hawaii

Japan Attacks the US Japan Attacks the US

Is it a direct result of the Is it a direct result of the bombing of Pearl bombing of Pearl Harbor that the US Harbor that the US entered WWII ??entered WWII ??Between August 1939 Between August 1939 and December 1941 the and December 1941 the US did everything to US did everything to help Britain, which help Britain, which included introducing included introducing policies to discourage policies to discourage Japan from attacking Japan from attacking the British Empire the British Empire

1941 Roosevelt sent lend-lease aid 1941 Roosevelt sent lend-lease aid to China to China

US hoped if it could quell Japan in China they US hoped if it could quell Japan in China they wouldn’t attack anywhere else wouldn’t attack anywhere else

This failed and This failed and Japan marched into ChinaJapan marched into China – Roosevelt quickly froze all Japanese assets in the Roosevelt quickly froze all Japanese assets in the

US, dropped the oil amounts and built up American US, dropped the oil amounts and built up American defenses in the Philippinesdefenses in the Philippines

– Made it clear that if Japan left the US would lift the Made it clear that if Japan left the US would lift the embargoembargo

Japan decided to attack the US Navy in the Japan decided to attack the US Navy in the Pacific so they could continue their plans Pacific so they could continue their plans

Plans were madePlans were made

November 26, 1941 November 26, 1941 six Japanese aircraft six Japanese aircraft carriers, two carriers, two battleships and battleships and several other several other warships took off for warships took off for Hawaii Hawaii Japan seemed to be Japan seemed to be continuing the continuing the negotiationsnegotiations with the with the US ambassador US ambassador

December 7,1941December 7,1941

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

US never thought they would launch US never thought they would launch such a long-range attack such a long-range attack sank and or damaged 21 US ships sank and or damaged 21 US ships including 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 including 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers and 6 other ships destroyers and 6 other ships 188 airplanes were damaged and 2,403 188 airplanes were damaged and 2,403 Americans were killed with another Americans were killed with another 1,178 injured 1,178 injured

Did Roosevelt Know?Did Roosevelt Know?

Some critics feel he contrived it to bring Some critics feel he contrived it to bring the US into the war the US into the war

American intelligence had been working American intelligence had been working on cracking the Japanese code for some on cracking the Japanese code for some time time – Information did point to Pearl Harbor being at Information did point to Pearl Harbor being at

risk risk

Argument is based on circumstantial Argument is based on circumstantial evidence, not fact evidence, not fact

December 7,1941December 7,1941

Day of Infamy SpeechDay of Infamy Speech

Bugs Bunny Nips the Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips Nips

Europe after Hitler’s Advance

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