EuropeIn the Late Middle Ages

EnglandWilliam the Conqueror,

leader of the Norman Conquest, conquered and united most of England.Battle of Hastings marked beginning of Norman rule of

EnglandCommon law had its beginnings during the reign of

Henry II.King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s

power.1. It asserted that the nobles had certain rights2. It made it clear that the monarch must obey the law

King Edward summons the first Parliament

FranceHugh Capet established the French throne in

Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.

The Hundred Years WarTime – 1337-1453 A.D.Location - France and the Low Countries Reason – Two kings claimed to be King of

FranceKey Players

Joan of Arc, French peasantHenry V – EnglandCharles VII – FrancePhillip IV – France

The Hundred Years WarResults

French victoryRaised nationalism and patriotism in

England – we don’t want to be French anymore France – keep those stinkin’ English out of our

countryFrench King strengthenedEnglish King weakenedDecline of knights and mounted cavalry

Longbow Standing armies begin to replace knights as military

force

SpainFerdinand and Isabella unified the country

(finished the Reconquista) and expelled Muslim Moors (1492) and later the Jews.

Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Philip II.

The InquisitionTo eliminate heresy

Mongol ArmiesInvaded Russia, China and Muslim states in

southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside

Created an Empire

RussiaIvan the Great threw off

the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation.

Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar.

The Eastern Orthodox Church influenced unification.

The Crusades

Why Called?To recapture lands conquered by MuslimsTo protect Christians

in the Holy Land

Key Events

The capture of Jerusalem by Muslim armies, 638 A.D.Pope Urban II’s speech, 1095 A.D.Capture of Jerusalem by Crusaders, 1099 A.D.Founding of Crusader states, 1099-1291 A.D.Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, 1187 A.D.Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders, 1204

A.D.

EffectsWeakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened

monarchsStimulated trade throughout the

Mediterranean area and the Middle EastLeft a legacy of bitterness among Christians,

Jews, and MuslimsWeakened the Byzantine EmpirePrevented Muslim conquest of EuropeChristians didn’t gain ultimate control of

Holy Lands

ConstantinopleFell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the

Byzantine EmpireBecame the capital of the Ottoman Empire

Black DeathThe Bubonic PlagueClick on Video

ImpactDecline in populationScarcity of laborTowns freed from feudal obligationsDecline of church influenceDisruption of Trade

Church ScholarsWere among the very few who could read and

writeWorked in monasteriesTranslated Greek and Arabic works into LatinMade new knowledge in philosophy,

medicine, and science available in EuropeLaid the foundation for the rise of

universities in Europe

The Decline of the Catholic ChurchCommon Problems

Clergy marryingSimonyControl of church offices by nobles and kings

Who is more powerful? Pope or King?Pope Boniface VII vs. King Phillip IVPope said he was “absolutely necessary for the

salvation of every human creature.”Phillip had Boniface arrested; Pope died shortly

after

The Great Schism of the Catholic Church1305 – new pope elected (Clement V)

He moved pope’s HQs to Avignon, France

1378 – Pope Urban VI elected (Italian)

1379 – French elect their own pope (Clement VII)1414 – Council of Constance called to resolve problem

They get rid of bothElect anotherNow THREE popes!

1417 – Another council got rid of all threeEnded controversy

Gothic ArchitectureStyle of BuildingCharacteristics

Stained GlassFlying ButtressPointed ArchesRibbed Vaults