Euromonitor_TechnologyCommunicationMedia Romania Oct 2012

7/30/2019 Euromonitor_TechnologyCommunicationMedia Romania Oct 2012

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Technology, Communications andMedia: RomaniaEuromonitor International08 October 2012


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The momentum Romanias telecom scene enjoyed on the back of rapid economic development abated with theadvent of the global economic downturn of 2008-2009, while a highly competitive mobile market peaked in 2009and started to contract. However, with the EUs lowest broadband tariffs, there remains significant potential in themarket, particularly in underserved rural areas. Online adspend has been posting eye-catching gains, whilesmartphones and e-commerce are also tipped for strong growth.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Broadband took a great leap forward in Romania, which saw broadband Internet subscriptions surge 177% over2006-2011. Conscious of the countrys low penetration by EU standards, the Romanian government intends tobolster infrastructure investment with state aid, to bring blanket coverage by 2015;

The number of mobile phone subscriptions increased by 46.3% over 2006-2011, but the saturated market wentinto reverse after hitting a 2009 peak as recession-hit consumers ditched second phones. The review period sawmobile telecommunications revenues as a percentage of total telecom revenues drop from 56.1% in 2006 to41.7% in 2011, as competition put mobile operators bottom lines under pressure;

Romania placed 67th out of 142 countries in the World Economic Forum (WEFs) Networked Readiness Index(NRI) 2012. This was 12 places below its 2007 ranking, as the countrys fledgling market economy took a hugeknock from the global economic downturn;

In 2011 47.0% of Romanian households had cable TV, exceeding the proportion of homes with satellite TV,

which stood at 38.4%. While cable rates declined slightly over 2006-2011, satellite posted strong growth due tothe lack of logistical obstacles and greater affordability;

Online adspend rocketed by more than 500% in real terms over 2006-2011, although this picture was partlyskewed by a low starting base. Nonetheless, the online realm was a rare bright spot on a generally beleagueredadvertising market;

Capital investment in telecommunications slumped by 38.5% in real terms over 2006-2011 to reach RON2.3billion (US$755 million), with downward factors including the local ramifications of the global economicdownturn and the delay in the digital switchover.

Chart 1 Total Telecommunications Revenues in 2011: Regional Overview


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Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics

MARKET OVERVIEW

Crisis puts brake on dynamic marketRomanias ICT market had been posting healthy gains in the run-up to the global economic downturn of 2008-2009,as the country built on the progress it had made through its emergence from post-communist chaos to anointment asan EU member, a status it acquired in 2007. However, the damage wrought by the international turmoil has seenmany telecom indicators falter or go into reverse.While Romania lags behind its fellow EU states in some areas, such as Internet and broadband access, in others,notably mobile phone subscriptions, a market characterised by tight competition, it has reached the saturation levelstypical of more developed Western European nations:

Total consumer expenditure on communications in Romania rose 19.2% in real terms over 2006-2011. This wasa respectable result judging by regional parameters, as several Eastern European economies saw this indicatorslip over the period;

Romania came 67th of 142 nations in the WEFs 2012 NRI. This was behind Poland (49th), Russia (56th) andSlovakia (64th), but ahead of Albania (68th), Bulgaria (70th) and Ukraine (75th);

Romanias position was 12 places below its 2007 NRI placing of 55th, as the crisis-hit country was overtaken bymore dynamic nations.

Table 1 Romania and Other Regional Countries in the Global Networked Readiness Index Ranking:2007 and 2012


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2006 2011

Estonia 20 24Hungary 33 43Croatia 46 45Poland 58 49Russia 70 56Slovakia 41 64Romania 55 67

Albania 107 68

Bulgaria 72 70Ukraine 75 75

Source: Euromonitor International from World Economic ForumNote: Ranking in 2007 includes 122 countries and ranking in 2012 refers to 142 countries

Capital investment in telecommunications dove as recession beset the country:

Capital investment in telecommunications reached RON2.3 billion (US$755 million) in 2011. This was a 38.5%real-term decrease since 2006. Although all but five countries in Eastern Europe also saw this indicator decline,Romania performed particularly poorly at a regional level;

Gains in the period prior to the global economic downturn dramatically reversed with the onset of the crisis,with a 12.5% real-term annual hike in capital investment in telecommunications in 2008 giving way to a 29.1%plunge in 2009, and further double-digit falls in 2010 and 2011;

Total telecommunications revenues also sank during the review period. The indicator posted a 10.4% drop inreal terms over 2006-2011 to reach RON15.7 billion (US$5.1 billion). Romanias performance was not notablein this regard, as many Eastern European countries suffered falls in telecommunications revenues on the back oftougher competition and the global economic downturn.

Chart 2 Capital Investment in Telecommunications and Telecommunications Revenues in Romania:2006-2011

US$ million

Source: Euromonitor International from International Telecommunications Union/national statistics/trade sources

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

State aid to boost broadband access

Romanias broadband penetration rates were some of the lowest in the EU in 2011. To remedy this the governmenthas pledged state aid to boost investment in infrastructure. While the major cities are well served, high rural poverty


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rates have deterred commercial investors from targeting such areas, as the returns do not make it attractive. Inrecognition of the countrys poor performance in broadband, the Ministry of Communications and InformationSociety published a paper on the rollout of broadband networks in underserved areas in 2011. The document sets outthe governments plans to use state aid to boost investment in fixed network access and infrastructure, with theultimate goal of meeting the target of blanket population access by 2015.Dial-up has died off as a method of connecting to the web over 2006-2011:

Romania had 4.7 million telephone lines in use in 2011. This was up 12.0% since 2006, as EU directivesadopted as part of the countrys accession conditions helped bring about greater competition on the telecom

market and allowed alternative operators, in particular cable providers, to move into the fixed-line market;The country had 21.9 telephone lines in use per 100 inhabitants in 2011. This was not a remarkable number forEastern Europe, where many countries posted in the twenties for this indicator. Having stood at 95.4% in 2006,the availability of digital mainlines rose to 100% in 2007 and remained unchanged through to 2011.

Fixed-line infrastructure is often lacking in rural areas, a deficiency the Romanian government has sought to addressfirst with telecentres, in a strategy rolled out between 2004 and 2008, and subsequently by providing telecomoperators with financing to install fixed lines in underserved areas.

Chart 3 Broadband Internet Subscriptions for Romania: 2006-2020

`000

Source: Euromonitor International from International Telecommunications Union/OECD/national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts

The WEF ranked Romania 25th globally for mobile network coverage in 2010, with 99.9% of the public receiving amobile network signal. 3G is the prevailing mobile market technology in Romania. Orange and Vodafone, the twodominant mobile operators, both launched their 3G networks in June 2006, while the third player Zapp, since taken

over by Cosmote, acquired a 3G licence in 2008. The Romanian government is due to put 4G licences up for auctiontowards the end of 2012 and LTE networks are expected to be launched in 2013.In August 2012, the Romanian government decided to postpone the digital switchover to 2015 to give providersmore time to adapt and allow consumers more breathing space before having to upgrade their equipment.

MOBILE CONNECTIVITY

Peak passed on competitive marketThe Romanian telecom market was liberalised in 2003. At the end of 2011, the main three mobile operators bymarket share were Orange on 37.0%, Vodafone on 33.0% and Cosmote on 23.0%, according to trade sources. Themobile market is a competitive one, marked by aggressive promotions.Shrinking revenues of mobile operators were reflected in the sectors contraction:


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Mobile telecommunications revenues as a percentage of total telecom revenues sank from 56.1% in 2006 to41.7% in 2011. This came as the number of mobile phone subscriptions peaked and then began to contract onthe back of market saturation and consumer cost-cutting in response to the global economic downturn and anensuing local recession;

While the 46.3% hike in mobile subscriptions over 2006-2011 looks superficially healthy, the year-on-yearbreakdown paints a gloomier picture. Annual gains of 20.0% and above in 2007 and 2008 were dramaticallycurtailed to just a 2.6% rise in 2009, while the following two years both brought annual declines in the indicator;

In 2011, some 94.3% of Romanian households were in possession of a mobile phone. This put the countryseventh in Eastern Europe for this indicator, where the proportions range from 74.9% (Serbia) to 99.4% (CzechRepublic).

Chart 4 Proportion of Mobile Revenues in Total Telecom Revenues and Household Possession ofMobile Phone in Romania: 2006-2011

% of telecom revenues, % of households

Source: Euromonitor International from International Telecommunications Union, World Bank, trade sources and nationalstatistics

With penetration rates comparable to those found in Western European countries and the number of mobilesubscriptions on the wane, as cost-conscious consumers give up second phones and seek cheaper deals, operators arefacing more hostile market conditions and are making greater use of value-added services as revenue drivers:

Smartphones, though still a market niche in Romania, are becoming ever more popular. In mid-2011, tradesources reported that from a sample of 60,000 mobile Internet users, 55.8% used the iOS platform and 22.5%used Android. Symbian was in third place with 16.9%;

Development of the Romanian smartphone market creates the conditions for more complex services andcontent, helping local companies keep costs down and operate with greater efficiency. It also gives consumersan array of convenient retail and entertainment options;

Mobile banking has a history of over ten years on the Romanian market, though progress has been hampered bylack of consumer trust in online security for sensitive transactions. Towards the end of 2011, trade sourcesreported that the country had 200,000 users of mobile banking;

In August 2011, TVR, Romanias public broadcaster, announced the launch of the countrys first TV channelapp. The country has a lively app scene generally, including both paid and free applications.

Mobile payment has been available in Romania since the early 2000s. Like mobile banking, the development of m-commerce in Romania has been held back by public reticence towards exposing financial details online. Executivessurveyed by KPMG in 2011 predicted that it would take four years for mobile payments to enter the Romanianmainstream.

The rapid rise of smartphone adoption is expected to underpin the growth of m-commerce. In August 2012, GarantiBank announced that it was launching the first direct mobile payments through QR codes in Romania. While m-


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commerce remains limited, online operators will lack opportunities to extend their customer bases, while consumerswill be required to shop in the traditional wayvisiting physical premisesrather than enjoying the convenience ofmodern payment methods. However, a limited m-commerce scene offers some respite to traditional retailers, whoare unable to compete with the low overheads and general cost efficiencies of nimbler online players.

HOME CONNECTIVITY

Big broadband gainsThe government intends to boost Romanias poor broadband access:

Romanias dial-up died off during the review period, dropping from over 200,000 connections in 2006 to zeroby 2010;

The number of households in possession of a broadband Internet enabled computer rose significantly, goingfrom just 5.0% in 2006 to 27.3% in 2011, though still a very low proportion for an EU member. This figure putRomania 55th out of 86 countries, behind neighbouring Bulgaria and Montenegro but ahead of Belarus andMacedonia.

Chart 5 Household Possession of Broadband Enabled Computer and Fixed-line Telephone inRomania: 2006-2020

% of households

Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources and national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts

Cable remains the most popular method of viewing subscription television, with 47.0% of households having cable

TV in 2011. The figure, however, is down from the 51.7% of homes that had the service in 2006. This is attributableto the strong expansion of satellite TV, for which household possession expanded from 11.3% in 2006 to 38.4% in2011. Logistical difficulties preclude households in some areas from accessing cable, another factor in the rise ofsatellite, which has been able to fill the gaps.The Romanian home communications scene faces the challenge of a near saturated market, combined with the localramifications of the global economic downturn, which has led to recession, job losses and salary cuts, with localconsumers cutting back on discretionary spending.

PUBLIC CONNECTIVITY

Smartphones make a splash

There were 43.2 Internet users per 100 inhabitants in 2011, up markedly on 2006 when the number was 24.7. With50.3% of homes in possession of an Internet enabled computer in 2011, over half of Romanian citizens can getonline from home. The growing popularity of smartphones is giving many users the option of connecting in public


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areas. Public connectivity outlets include Internet cafs, hotels, restaurants and public hotspots. Public access alsotakes some unconventional formsin 2011 Internet was made available in Bucharests underground metro system,while in 2012 Vodafone provided free Wi-Fi on five ski slopes.Romanias first WiMAX licence was granted to the state-owned SNR in 2008. Wi-Fi is increasingly found in homesand public spaces. In August 2012, Romania had 448 Wi-Fi hotspots, according to jiwire.com.The Internet market in Romania has more room to grow, and a robust 38.7% increase in the number of Internet usersis projected over 2012-2020. Broadband subscription rates are forecast to rise by a more modest 11.5% over thesame period, suggesting that the growing popularity of mobile Internet will be a significant factor in boosting access.

Chart 6 Internet Users and Internet Users per 100 Inhabitants in Romania: 2006-2020

000 / per 100 inhabitants

Source: Euromonitor International from national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts

WEB 2.0 APPLICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA

Companies and consumers embrace social media

Table 2 Ten Most Visited Internet Sites by Reach in Romania: August 2012

Internet site Description Ranking (out of 100)

Facebook.com Social networking site 1Google.ro Romanian-version search engine 2Youtube.com Video-sharing site 3Google.com Search engine 4Yahoo.com Internet portal 5Wikipedia.org Free encyclopedia 6Neobux.com Paid-to-click service 7

Wordpress.com Blog services 8Gandul.info Online newspaper 9Realitatea.net News channel 10

Source: AlexaNote: Reach refers to the number of unique visitors per month as a percentage of total users. Values correspond to the

average of the three months ending at the end of August 2012.

Web 2.0 applications have an enthusiastic audience in Romania, with big global names dominating the scene.

BloggingBlogging is a popular activity in Romania, as evidenced by the presence of WordPress among the countrys topwebsites. Interest in this means of expression has been stoked by dissatisfaction with the mainstream media, whichtends to be concentrated in the hands of a few powerful business people and held in low regard by readers and

viewers. Trade sources reported that in early 2011 Romania had about 20,000 users of the micro-blogging site


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Twitter, with 58.0% of users coming from Bucharest and 73.0% in the 21-30 demographic. IT, media and marketingprofessionals are highly represented among local Twitter users.

Social networkingFacebooks place at the pinnacle of the countrys top websites, according to Alexa`s August 2012 data, exemplifiesthe popularity of social networking among Romanian consumers. According to Socialbakers, in September 2012 thesite had 5.0 million users in Romania, placing the country 34th worldwide in terms of Facebook users. The site ismost popular among the 18-24 demographic.

Table 3 Global Ranking for the Use of Virtual Social Networks in Romania and Other RegionalCountries: 2010-2011

Rank Score

Estonia 17 6.1Lithuania 30 5.8Czech Republic 36 5.8Slovakia 53 5.5Slovenia 67 5.2Romania 76 5.1Croatia 80 5.1Hungary 81 5.1Ukraine 116 4.4

Poland 119 4.4

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010-2011Note: Latest data available; score based on 1 = not at all, 7 = widely; ranking out of 142 nations

Digital mediaThe rise in the popularity of smartphones has given digital media a wider audience in Romania. YouTube was thethird most popular website in the country in August 2012, according to Alexa. Trilulilu.ro is a local site based onYouTube, which allows users to share videos, music and photos, though it is far less popular than its model. Onlinepiracy is extensive in Romania, and the International Intellectual Property Alliance recommended keeping thecountry on its watch list for 2012. Piracy is on the rise to the extent that legitimate content providers and distributorsare threatened.

SellsumersRomanias associations with eBay have tended to be regrettable, with the country becoming notorious for scamstargeting the auction site. However, authorities have clamped down on this in recent years. The country has a versionof the Polish online auction site Allegro, named Mercador.ro.

Software and storage facilitiesIn 2011, trade sources put Romanias cloud computing market value, including infrastructure, platforms andsoftware, at around 20.0 million. Low support from suppliers of cloud computing solutions in the region has beenblamed for slowing the development of cloud solutions. However, the use of cloud computing is relatively high inRomania by Eastern European and Balkan terms, with users looking to cloud solutions for personal information anddata storage.

CONSUMERS OF TCM SERVICES

Educated and wealthy drive market expansionReal household consumer expenditure on telecommunications services grew over 2006-2011, although the indicatorpeaked in 2008 before falling back as the recession took its toll:

The average household consumer expenditure on telecommunications services in Romania was RON698(US$229) in 2011. This was very low in regional terms, with only Ukraine and Georgia posting lower in EasternEurope. Household expenditure on telecommunications services rose by 21.4% over 2006-2011, in real terms,on the back of robust growth in the Internet and mobile markets driven by economic and technologicaladvancements;

The short-term picture for telecom services is a gloomy one for Romania, with the country the only EasternEuropean state forecast to post a real-term decline in average household consumer expenditure on


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telecommunications services over 2012-2015. However, the longer-term outlook is expected to improve, with amodest 5.8% real-term rise projected over 2012-2020.

The prospects for equipment are quite the reverse. Real household consumer spending on telecommunicationequipment is forecast to soar by 128% over 2012-2020, the highest growth rate in Eastern Europe, as smartphonefever spreads and more Romanians come to consider a high-capacity handset the default mobile phone option. Thesepromising figures suggest a fertile market for both handset manufacturers and the array of online players who cantake advantage of this spending surge, from Internet retailers to content providers.Household possession of durables is likely to see only fractional increases:

Household possession of a cable TV system is expected to creep upwards in Romania, reaching 48.2% in 2020,with alternative online viewing methods keeping a lid on growth. Satellite TV is set to post a similarperformance, with possession rates inching up to 40.3% in 2020;

Income is pivotal in access to satellite television services. While 100% of the wealthiest fifth of Romanianhomes (deciles 9 and 10) had satellite TV in 2011, among the poorest tenth of households (decile 1) the figurewas just 3.8%. For cable TV the effect is less pronounced: in 2011, 69.3% of decile 10 households (richesttenth) had this service, against 29.4% of their decile 1 counterparts;

By 2020, Internet enabled computers are expected to be found in 63.6% of Romanian households, with thefigure for broadband enabled computers at 60.6% . Home connection is the preserve of the countrys affluent:82.9% of decile 10 households had an Internet enabled computer in 2011, versus 10.6% of decile 1 homes;

Mobile phone penetration rates are predicted to inch ever higher: household possession is set to reach 96.8% by

2020. The wealthier are more likely to have access to a mobile phone, with 99.5% of decile 10 householdsowning such a device in 2011, compared to 80.7% of decile 1 homes. However, the fact that over four-fifths ofthe poorest homes in Romania have a mobile phone is indicative of the general affordability of this technology.

Chart 7 Household Possession of Digital Equipment by Decile in Romania: 2011

% of households

Source: Euromonitor International from national statisticsNote: Deciles are calculated by ranking all of the households in a country by disposable income level, from the lowest-

earning to the highest earning. The ranking is then split into 10 equal sized groups of households. Decile 1 refers tothe lowest earning 10%, through to Decile 10, which refers to the highest earning 10% of households. The figure inbrackets refers to the average disposable income of households in each decile.

Romania is not an exception to international patterns of TCM consumption. Higher income, further education, beinga young adult and living in an urban area all correlate with greater use of ICT. Education is a particularly pertinentfactor. Romanians relatively low disposable incomes mean that price is a key consideration when communicationspurchases are being pondered. This has been exacerbated by the damage the local economy has sustained in thewake of the global economic crisis.

BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY


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Mistrust slows e-payment expansionCompanies active in Romania have been quick to exploit social networks to get their messages across. Marketingcampaigns often have a social networking component, and companies use Facebook, Twitter, YouTube andLinkedIn to raise brand awareness, gain insight from customers and boost loyalty with promotions such as onlinecompetitions. Technological companies such as mobile operators are prominent among corporate users of socialnetworks, but the practice has also been adopted by more traditional players like banks. Bucharest is the hub of muchof Romanias social networking for business purposes.In 2011, online adspend in Romania stood at RON127 million (US$41.7 million), up from RON 15.7 million(US$5.6 million) in 2006. This converted to an eye-catching 503% real-term period growth, albeit from a very lowstarting point. No other advertising category came close to doubling, and three categories posted real-term spendingcontractions, which is indicative of the dynamism of the online advertising marketplace.

Chart 8 Extent of Business Internet Use in Romania and Regional Countries: 2010-2011

1 = not at all; 7 = extensively

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010-2011Note: Latest data available; ranking out of 142 nations

Research released by GfK in 2011 found that just 4.0% of Romanians with a bank account had used Internetbanking, one of the lowest rates in Central and Eastern Europe. Lack of familiarity with the concept and securityfears have been cited as factors keeping take-up rates of e-banking low. The financial crisis has persuaded banks topush their online services in a bid to take advantage of the cost-efficiencies of the online realm.Online commerce is in an incipient state in Romania:

Internet retailing nearly doubled over the review period, climbing 93.4% in real terms over 2006-2011 to reachRON1.1 billion (US$366 million) in value. However, most Romanian retailers operate on the payment-on-delivery principle, which their customers feel comfortable with, rather than exclusively via online payments;

The most dynamic performance came in the apparel category, where spending soared by 235% in real termsover 2006-2011. After other Internet retailing (on 32.2%), the most significant Internet retailing category in

2011 was consumer electronics and video games hardware, making up 29.0% of total Internet retailing valuethat year;

The Internet retail market in Romania is predicted to swell by a real-term 57.7% over 2012-2016. Thisrepresents decent growth in regional terms, putting Romania among the top-ten Eastern European countries forthis indicator, and behind just three fellow EU member states.

SNAPSHOT IN 2020

Table 4 Table 4: Key TCM Indicators in Romania: 2020


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Indicator 2020

Household possession of broadband-enabled computer 60.6% of householdsHousehold possession of cable TV 48.2% of householdsHousehold possession of mobile telephone 96.8% of householdsHousehold possession of fixed-line telephone 36.1% of householdsHousehold possession of satellite TV system 40.3% of householdsNumber of mobile phone subscribers 24.5 millionMobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants 116Number of Internet users 13.8 million

Internet users per 100 inhabitants 65.5

Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/International Telecommunications UnionNote: Figures are forecasts.

DEFINITIONS

AppsApps, or applications, are small, specialised software programmes that are typically downloaded onto mobiledevices.

3GThird generation mobile systems which provide high-speed data transmission and support multimedia applicationssuch as full-motion video, video-conferencing and Internet access, alongside conventional voice services.

3.5G3.5G refers to evolutionary upgrades to 3G services that provide significantly enhanced performance.

4GFourth generation mobile systems, also known as beyond 3G. 4G technologies provide data transmission at muchhigher rates than previous generations as well as high-quality multimedia applications on an anytime, anywherebasis.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)A technology used for sending data quickly over a conventional copper telephone line.

BandwidthThe measure of the maximum capacity of a data link in the network.

BroadbandHigh-speed access to a public Internet (a TCP/IP connection). High-speed access is defined as being equal to, orgreater than 256 kbit/s, as the sum of the capacity in both directions. This can include for example cable modem,DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building and other fixed (wired) broadband subscribers.

Cloud computingData storage that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices tohandle applications.

HDTVHigh-definition television is a digital television broadcasting system with a significantly higher resolution thantraditional formats.

Internet-enabled mobile phoneA mobile phone which allows its user to access the Internet via in-built access technology.Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)A network which allows the digital transmission of voice and data over traditional copper lines.IPTVA technology that delivers digital television via fixed broadband access.


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LTE (Long Term Evolution)LTE is a 4G technology that will enable mobile phones to provide significantly faster data rates with a potential for100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream.

M-commerceM-commerce (also referred to as mobile retailing) is the use of wireless handheld devices such as mobile telephones,smart phones or other devices to connect to the Internet and purchase goods online.

Mobile broadbandVarious types of wireless high-speed Internet access through a portable modem, telephone or other device.

NarrowbandA service which provides Internet data speeds up to 128 kilobits per second otherwise known as dial-up. This is mostcommonly used for making phone calls over a copper wire.

Networked Readiness Index (NRI)The Networked Readiness Index (NRI), by the World Economic Forum, measures the propensity for countries toexploit the opportunities offered by information and communications technology. It is published annually. The NRIseeks to better comprehend the impact of ICT on the competitiveness of nations. The NRI is a composite of threecomponents: the environment for ICT offered by a given country or community, the readiness of the communityskey stakeholders (individuals, businesses, and governments) to use ICT, and finally the usage of ICT amongst these

stakeholders.

VoIP (Voice over the Internet Protocol)A set of hardware and software that allows the transmission of voice conversations over a data network.

Web 2.0A second generation of web-based communities and hosted servicessuch as social-networking sites and wikiswhich facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.

Wi-FiShort range wireless technologies that allow an over-the-air connection between a wireless device and a base station(also known as a hot spot), or between two wireless devices. WiFi has a range of around 30 metres indoors, and

around a kilometre outside.

WiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless technology, which is similar to WiFi, but with alonger range of many kilometres. WiMAX is a wireless alternative for an access technology toprovide high speed access links instead of copper-based technologies.

SellsumersPrivate consumer-to-consumer salespeople providing goods and/or services online via private transactions orretail/auctioning websites.

Crowdsourcing

A process that involves outsourcing tasks to a distributed group of people. These tasks could be online or offline,paid or for free, and they are outsourced to an undefined public.

Euromonitor_TechnologyCommunicationMedia Romania Oct 2012

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