EU Policies o 3 main differences between national and European policies: o EU policies typically...
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Transcript of EU Policies o 3 main differences between national and European policies: o EU policies typically...
EU Policies o 3 main differences between national and European policies: o EU policies typically involve the spending of very little money o The distance between those who formulate policy and those who
execute it in practice is far greater in the EU than it is in most of the national systems which make up the union
o The EU is active in a narrower range of policies than are national governments
o Directive: o The most common form of EU legislation. Stipulates the end to
be achieved but allows each member state to choose the form and method of achieving that end
o Regulation: o A regulation is directly binding in its entirety on all member
states
Breakdown of EU spending
Common Agricultural Policy o A French initiative – 1960so Specificities of farming sector o Dependence on climatic conditions o Vulnerability to natural disasters
o Public intervention necessary to guarantee decent living conditions for farmers
o Centrally fixed prices (not market prices) to o Boost production o Support farmers’ incomes
o Post-1945: food shortages, Cold War concerns o Self-sufficiency in foodstuffs: a major policy objective
CAP (2) o CAP : initially successful – objectives easily reached in
1960s o 1970s- 1980s: over-production (supply exceeding
demand) and storing of surpluses (‘butter mountains’, ‘wine lakes’) = a political issue
o CAP: too expensive to operate ?o Farmers’ opposition to CAP reform + reluctance to
changeo Identity and symbolic dimensions (farmers =
independent workers) o Price guarantee vs. direct payments (salaries, social
benefit payments)
CAP (3) o Unequal distribution of CAP benefits across member
stateso Older states = larger recipients (France, Germany, Spain, Italy) =
80% of CAP funding o New states = depend more on agriculture - Re-adjustment since
2007 = 20% of CAP funding
o Shift from over-production to rural development and environmental protection - more reform needed but lack of general agreement = “Greening” of agriculture o Crop diversification, protection of natural resources,
environmental sustainability , etc..
o Ireland = 7th recipient of CAP funding o 2014 – 2020: € 1.5 billion p.a.
Cohesion Policy o Introduced 1973 o to reduce the inequalities between the regions of Europe o To compensate the governments of poor countries for the costs
of economic integration o Ireland = one of first countries to benefito Approx. 40% of EU budget o Every member state benefits - Policy acceptable to all o Most funding spent on neediest regions = where per capita
GDP is less than 75 % of EU average o Economic divergenceo New member states significantly poorero Poorest regions all concentrated in new member states
Structural Funds • Structural Funds: • The Structural Funds and the Cohesion Funds are financial tools
set up to implement the regional policy of the European Union. They aim to reduce regional disparities in terms of income, wealth and opportunities.
o Current financial perspective (2007 – 2013) : Poland is largest recipient of cohesion funds
Environmental Policy o EU aims to “preserve, protect and improve the quality of the
environment” o Environmental concerns: air and water pollution, waste
disposal, noise limits (aircraft and motor vehicles), wildlife habitats (environmentally sensitive), quality standards for drinking and bathing water, etc.
o 2004: “polluter pays” principle = Community Law o Climate change has potential for catastrophic change o EU = world leader in cutting ‘greenhouse’ emissions o Carbon tax introduced (or to be introduced) in a number of EU
countries to punish worst polluters o Scandinavians = more environmentally conscious
Environmental Policy o Sustainable development o Human development should address needs of present
generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
o Emissions trading Scheme – ETS o Market based instrument that offers polluters incentives to
reduce their emissions o Environmental Impact Assessment - EIA o Systematic assessment procedure conducted on proposed
developments in order to predict their impact on the environment
o Ecological Modernization o Environmental protection can be reconciled with, and help to
generate, economic growth and technological innovation
Countries most affected by climate change
Social Regulation o Environmental and social regulation = policies designed to
cushion the impact of the market on societyo Examples of social regulation: o Occupational health and safety legislation o Consumer protection (food scares, concerns over GMOs =
genetically modified organisms) – European Food Safety Authority – US protests and accusation of protectionism: shielding European agriculture from foreign competition
o Gender equality o Equal treatment on men and women (pensions)o Equal pay (income and benefits)o Laws against sexual harassment in the workplace