EU Directives and National Regulations for the Recycling and Disposal of Waste Wood

Rolf-Dieter Peek

Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH)Hamburg, Germany

Environmental Impacts of Preservative-Treated Wood Conference,Tuesday, February 10, 2004 Orlando, FL

EU Regulations on WasteEU Regulations on Waste WoodWood

Council Frame-Directive 75/442/EEC on wasteCouncil Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous wasteCommission Decision 2000/532/EC on a waste catalogue and a list of hazardous wastesCouncil Frame-Directive 2001/77/EC on Renewable EnergiesDirective 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste

Council Directive Council Directive 91/689/EEC91/689/EEC

Definition of ‘hazardous waste’Waste containing any of the hazardous constituents listed in Annex 2 (51 constituents)Waste showing any of hazardous properties listed inAnnex 3 (14 properties), orWaste containing substances classified as hazardous and in total exceeding a threshold level

What are What are ‚‚hazardous hazardous constituentsconstituents’’??

Main hazardous constituents of Waste Wood areC 3 hexavalent chromium compoundsC 6 copper compounds C 8 arsenic compounds C 20 inorganic fluorine compounds C 34 biocides C 42 organochlorinated compounds C 43 aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds

What are What are ‚‚hazardous propertieshazardous properties ’’??

Main hazardous properties of Waste Wood areH 5: harmful, or containing one or more substances

classified as harmful at a total concentration ≥ 25%E.g. Copper

H 6:very toxic, or containing one or more substances classified as very toxic at a total concentration ≥ 0,1%E.g. Arsenic, Chromium (VI)toxic, or containing one or more substances classified as toxic at a total concentration ≥ 3%

H 14: ecotoxic (regulation not specified)

Model Model ‚‚Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste’’

CCAC 3 hexavalent (?) chromium compoundsC 6 copper compounds C 8 arsenic compoundsH 6: very toxic .. at a total concentration ≥ 0,1%

1 m3 CCA-treated Wood Waste ~ 500 kgRetention ca 5 kg

~ 1 %Hazardous Waste

Model Model ‚‚NonNon--hazardous Wastehazardous Waste’’

Metal-organic preservativeC 6 copper compounds C 34 biocidesH 5: harmful .. at a total concentration ≥ 25%

1 m3 treated Wood Waste ~ 500 kgRetention ca 5 kg

~ 1 %Non-Hazardous Waste

Legal AspectsLegal Aspects

GERMANYClosed Substance Cycle and Waste Management ActOrdinance on Incineration Plants and other Combustible SubstancesOrdinance on the Requirements Pertaining to the Recovery and Disposal of Waste WoodAct on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy SourcesOrdinance on Generation of Electricity from BiomassOrdinance on a Harmonised Waste List

Closed Substance Cycle and Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management ActWaste Management Act

The general principles are

To AVOIDTo REDUCE To REUSE or to RECYCLETo ELIMINATE

What is What is ‚‚WasteWaste‘‘??

For the purposes of the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act

"Waste" shall mean all movable property … which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard"Waste for recovery" is waste that is recoveredWaste that is not recovered is "waste for disposal"

Ordinance on the Management Ordinance on the Management of Waste Woodof Waste Wood

The Ordinanceentered into force 1 March 2003shall guarantee a nationwide standard for waste wood managementshall lead to greater equality of competition for the small to medium waste management companiesensures that pollutants are eliminated from the economic cycle

Ordinance on the Management Ordinance on the Management of Waste Woodof Waste Wood

The Ordinanceis considered a pilot project for material-specific ordinances

It is a significant volume flow for waste recovery,It is suitable for both substance recycling and energy recovery,The environmental compatibility of some of the recovery paths for waste wood currently in practice is questionable, andThere is an urgent need for standard nationwide regulation in view of the different regulations of the German Länder

Ordinance on the Management Ordinance on the Management of Waste Woodof Waste Wood

The Ordinanceapplies to both residual wood from industry and wood products that have become wastewaste wood

includes residues from the working and machining of wood and derived timber products (> 50% by mass)wood packaging, palettes, furniture and waste wood from demolitiondoes not include wood chips from saw mills or forest thinning

Ordinance on the Management Ordinance on the Management of Waste Woodof Waste Wood

The Ordinanceidentifies and covers all the common methods of waste wood management

such as preparing waste wood for the production of derived timber productsthe production of active carbon or industrial charcoal and synthesis gasthe energy recovery of waste wood as a substitute fuel

If waste wood cannot be recoveredit must be disposed of using thermal processesland filling is not permitted since 2003

Structural timber 1.300 – 2.100Garden & Garden & landscapinglandscaping 600600SleepersSleepers 2929PolesPoles TelecomTelecom 55

elctricityelctricity 9 9 -- 1212Cabel drumsCabel drums 55

Total 1.900 – 2.800

Estimated annual productionEstimated annual production of of impregnated timberimpregnated timber [1.000 to][1.000 to]

Waster Timber CategoriesWaster Timber Categories (I)(I)

A I:Waste timber in its natural state or only mechanically worked which, during use, was at most insignificantly contaminated with substances harmful to woodA II:Waste timber which has been bonded, coated, painted, lacquered or treated otherwise without halogenorganiccompounds in the coating and without wood preservatives

Waster Timber CategoriesWaster Timber Categories (II)(II)

A III:Waste timber with halogenated organic compounds in the coating, without wood preservativesA IV:Waste timber treated with wood preservatives, s.a. sleepers, poles, hop-poles, vineyard-poles and other waste timber which cannot be classified in one of the classes A I – A IIIIrrespective of the kind of wood preservative and retention !Including antibluestain chemicals and fire retardants !

What areWhat are ‚‚Wood Wood PreservativesPreservatives‘‘??

For the purposes of the Ordinance on the Management of Waste WoodW/P are substances used in woodworking and machining having a biocidal effect against hylophagous insects and fungi as well as fungi which discolour the wood, as well as substances for reducing the flammability of wood

ClassificationClassification conceptconcept

Inspection by origin, colour, smell etc.Inspection by origin, colour, smell etc.

Waste from building/demolition timber: spot tests, Waste from building/demolition timber: spot tests, chemical analyseschemical analyses

DisturbingDisturbing sustancessustances must be removedmust be removed

If waste timber cannot be identifiedIf waste timber cannot be identified:: highesthighest waste waste woodwoodcategorycategory

Types of wood waste, Types of wood waste, impurities and quantitiesimpurities and quantities

TypesTypes (possible)(possible)impurityimpurity

RetentionRetention Ca. quantityCa. quantity(*1000 to/a)(*1000 to/a)

SleepersSleepers CreosoteCreosote 45 45 –– 175 kg/m175 kg/m33 ca. 60 ca. 60 –– 8585

PolesPoles CKB, CKF, CKACKB, CKF, CKAcreosote,creosote,HgClHgCl22

66--12 kg/m12 kg/m33

ca. 90 kg/mca. 90 kg/m33

0,60,6--1,0 kg/m1,0 kg/m33

ca. 15 ca. 15 –– 2525

LandscapingLandscaping CKB, CKFCKB, CKFCuCu--HDOHDO--saltssaltscreosotecreosotetar oil derivates/ tar oil derivates/ formulationsformulations

66--8 kg/m8 kg/m33

33--4 kg/m4 kg/m33

ca. 80 kg/mca. 80 kg/m33

250250--400 g/m400 g/m22

ca. 220ca. 220

Wood from Wood from construction and construction and demolition workdemolition work

all WPs, no creosote, all WPs, no creosote, chloronaphthalin, chloronaphthalin, HgClHgCl22, coatings etc., coatings etc.

No specification No specification possiblepossible

ca. 500 ca. 500 –– 2.0002.000

ReRe--use / Recyclinguse / RecyclingLimit values for wood chips Limit values for wood chips (derived timber products)(derived timber products)

Parameter Concentrationmg/kg dry mass

Parameter Concentrationmg/kg dry mass

ArsenicArsenic 22 MercuryMercury 0,40,4

LeadLead 3030 ChlorineChlorine 600600

CadmiumCadmium 22 FluorineFluorine 100100

Chromium 30 PCPPCP 33

Copper 20 PCB PCB 55

ReRe--use / Recyclinguse / Recycling

Permissible categoriesRecovery method A I A II A III A IVSpecial requirements

Processing of waste wood to wood chips > derived timber products

Yes Yes (Yes)

A III: only permissible if varnishes and coatings have been removed

Synthetic gas Yes Yes Yes Yes

Manufacture of active carbon/industrial charcoal

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Recycling only in installations licensed for this purpose

Energy RecoveryEnergy Recovery

EUEUDirective 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of WasteDirective 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste

Germany:Germany:Ordinance on Incineration Plants and other Combustible Ordinance on Incineration Plants and other Combustible Substances Substances –– 17th BImSchV (Seventeenth Ordinance on 17th BImSchV (Seventeenth Ordinance on the Implementation of the federal Emission Control Act the Implementation of the federal Emission Control Act ––19901990/2003/2003

Aim:Aim:To define conditions for combustion in waste incineration To define conditions for combustion in waste incineration and coand co--incineration plantsincineration plantslimit air emissionslimit air emissions

Emission limit valuescement kilns (TA Luft), waste incinerators (17. BImSchV)

Emission TA Luft 17 BImSchVTotal dust 50 10Total C --- 10CO --- 50HCl 30 10HF 5 1SO2 400 50NOx 1300 200Cd+TI 0,2 0,05Hg 0,2 0,05Dioxins and Furans --- 0,1 TEQ

Energy recoveryfrom waste wood

Category A I Wood wasteFurnaces of a nominal thermal output of ≤ 50 kW

Category A I + A II Wood wasteFurnaces of a nominal thermal output of ≥ 50 kW ≤ 1 MW

Category A I +A II + A III Wood wasteFurnaces of a nominal thermal output of ≥ 1 MW

Category A IV Wood wasteCombustion plants following regulation of 17. BImSchV

Waste management in EuropeWaste management in Europe

Annual waste wood (to) production in your country?Thereof: treated wasteThereof: treated with CCA

What is your country doing with waste wood?What is the legal situation for waste wood in your country?

Production of wood wastesProduction of wood wastes

Country Untreated [to] treated [to] CCA treated [to]B 1,200.000 N/D 200.000CH N/D N/D N/DD 8,000.000 1.900 – 2.800 -FIN 530.000 10.000 9.000GR 90.000 - 100.000 10.000 1.000IRL N/D N/D N/DNL N/D 400.000 120.000NO 1,200.000 100.000 15.000RO 2,320.000 42.300 -UK 7,300.000 80.000 40.000

Kind of reuse in EuropeKind of reuse in Europe

Kind of reuse exists does not exist under preparation

Recycling / reuse e.g. particle board

4 4 1

Landfill 6 3 1

Energy production 4 3 3

Special dumps 6 3 -