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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB SHEET

ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS

ETM 2046TRIMESTER 1 (2010-2011)

ADC 1 Amplitude Modulation

ADC 2 Digital Carrier Modulation with MATLAB and

SIMULINK

*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the experiment.

Students are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing experiment. Yourperformance, teamwork effort, and learning attitude will count towards the marks.

Page 1 of 18 Revised by N. Nadia (May 2010)

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ADC 1: AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. ObjectivesExperiment Part 1: AM Modulation

To recognize a message signal, a carrier signal and an AM modulatedwaveform.

To measure the modulation index of an AM signal.

To study the frequency spectrum of an AM signal.

Experiment Part 2: AM Demodulation

To demonstrate AM demodulation.

2. Introductiona) Modulation

To communicate over long distances, we can send a radio frequency (RF) signal between

two antennas, one at the transmitting end and the other at the receiving end. Frequenciesused by AM transmissions are typically between 200 kHz and 25 MHz. A typical radio

frequency of say, 1 MHz, is much higher than the audio frequencies present in the human

voice.

We appear to have two incompatible requirements. A radio system uses frequencies like 1

MHz to transmit over long distances, but we wish to send typical voice frequencies of

between 300 Hz and 3.4 kHz which are quite impossible to transmit by radio signals. This

problem can be overcome by using a process called modulation.

A radio system can easily send high frequency signals between a transmitter and a receiverbut this, on its own, conveys no information. Now, if we were to alter the high frequency

signals (in amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them) in

correspondence with the variation of the amplitude of the message signal, we could use it

to send information.

Modulation is a process where a carrier wave is systematically altered (in amplitude or

frequency or phase or any combination of them) in correspondence with the variation of amodulating signal, the message signal. The resulting modulated signal will carry the

message information in its amplitude or frequency or phase or any combination of them.

b) Amplitude Modulation (AM)

In Amplitude Modulation, the carrier signal s t A tc c c( ) cos= is modulated in amplitude

by m(t) to produce : [ ]s t A m t tAM c c

( ) ( ) cos= +1


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c) Depth of modulation

Let us consider the following signals:Carrier : s t A tc c c( ) cos=

Modulating signal: m t m t m( ) cos=

Modulated signal : [ ]s t A m t tAM c m c( ) cos cos= +1

The amount by which the amplitude of the carrier wave increases or decreases depends

on the amplitude of the information signal and is called the modulation index.

Modulation index,BA

BA

AA

AA

A

AA

A

AAm

cc

c

+

=

+

=

=

=

minmax

minmaxminmaxmax

2

Percentage of modulation = m 100%


Figure 1: AM

Carrier (amplitude versus time)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Message signal or modulating waveform (amplitude versus time)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Modulated AM waveform (amplitude versus time)

Ac

Ac

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i) Undermodulation, m < 1

Under this modulation condition, a simple noncoherent demodulation technique such

as envelope detector can be used to recover the original message signal withoutdistortion.

ii) Overmodulation, m > 1

Under this modulation condition, noncoherent demodulation will not be able torecover the original message signal without distortion.

When the message signal is constantly changing, as in a voice or music signal, thefrequency of the modulating envelope and the percentage of modulation are

constantly changing. This constant change makes it practically impossible to

determine the modulation index from the waveform displayed on an oscilloscope.

A solution to the above problem is to set the oscilloscope display to X-Y mode. In

this method, the X input is channel 1 (the message signal) and the Y input is channel

2 (the modulated signal).


Figure 2: AM with m < 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Figure 3: AM with m > 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Ac(max)

Ac

Ac(min)B

A

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The modulation index is given byBA

BAm

+

= .

d) Frequency spectrum

The amplitude spectrum of the following signal m(t)

[ ]m t A m t m t m t c( ) cos cos cos= + +1 1 2 2 3 3 and the corresponding AM signal are shown in Figure 5.

Note that each modulating frequency component produces its own upper and lower sidefrequencies around the carrier frequency. All the upper side frequencies are grouped

together and referred to as the upper sideband (USB) and all the lower side frequencies

form the lower sideband (LSB).

If the frequency range of the message signal is from 0 to f3, then, the bandwidth of the

message signal, 3)( fBW tm = . The corresponding AM modulated signal will occupy a

frequency range from 3ffc to 3ffc + , and the bandwidth of the corresponding AMmodulated signal is given by

( ) ( ) )(333 22 tmccAM BWfffffBW ==+= .


Figure 5: Amplitude of spectral components of AM signal (1-sided plot)

f0 f2 f3f1

m1A

c

m2A

c

m3A

c

fc+f

2f

c+f

3f

c+f

1

m1A

c/2m

2A

c/2m

3A

c/2

carrier

fc-f

2f

c-f

3f

c-f

1

m1A

c/2

m2A

c/2

m3A

c/2

AMmodulation

uppersideband

lower

sidebandA

c

fc

Figure 4: XY mode oscilloscope display

AB

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3. Glossary

Amplitude modulation (AM) the process of combining a message signalwith a carrier signal that causes the message signal to vary the amplitude of the

carrier signal

AM signal an amplitude modulated signal that contains carrier signal and

two sidebands: the lower sideband and the upper sideband Audio frequency (AF) frequencies that a person can hear, typically ranging

from 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Balanced modulator an amplitude modulator that can be adjusted to controlthe amount of modulation

Bandwidth the frequency range, in hertz, between an upper and a lower

frequency limits

Carrier signal a single, high-frequency signal that can be modulated by a

message signal and transmitted

Demodulation the process of recovering or detecting an intelligent/messagesignal from a modulated carrier signal

Double sideband (DSB) an amplitude modulated signal in which the carrieris suppressed, leaving only the two sidebands: the lower sideband and the upper

sideband

Envelopes the waveform of the amplitude variations of a high frequency

signal

Harmonics signals with frequencies that are integral multiples of thefundamental frequency

Message signal any signal that contains information

Mixer an electronic circuit that combines two frequencies

Modulation the process of combining a message signal with a carrier signal

that causes the message signal to vary a characteristic (such as amplitude, frequency,phase, etc) of the carrier signal

Radio frequency (RF) the transmission frequency of electromagnetic

signals. RF frequencies range from about 300 kHz to 1 GHz range

Sidebands the frequency bands on each side of the carrier frequency that areformed during modulation; the sideband frequencies contain the intelligence of the

message signal

4. Material & Equipment Required

i) ANACOM 1/1, ANACOM 1/2

ii) Power Supply : +12 V at 1 A, -12 V at 1 A (LJ PS2 IC Power 60 or PS4 SystemPower 90)

iii) Set of 4 mm patching leads

iv) Dual Trace Oscilloscopev) Function Generator

vi) Spectrum Analyzer


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5. Precautions

i) All ground terminals at the power supply must be shorted.

ii) The negative terminal of the oscilloscope probe must be connected to the 0 Vreference on the circuit board during all measurements.

iii) Remember to switch off the power supply at the end of each subsection, this is to

reduce interference to other experiment.

6. References

i) LJ Technical System, An Introduction to Analog Communications CurriculumManual AT02.

ii) LJ Technical System, An Introduction to Analog Communications Student

Workbook AT02.

iii) IFR, Spectrum Analyzer 2399A Operation Manual.iv) Taub and Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1986,

Chapter 3.

7. Experiment Procedures7.1 Experiment Part 1: AM Modulation

7.1.1 Message Signal, Carrier Signal and AM Signal

i) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 board to the power supply as shown below:

ii) ANACOM 1/1 board set-up

AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to INT position.

MODE is switched to DSB.

SPEAKER is switched to OFF.

In the AUDIO OSCILLATOR both the AMPLITUDE preset and the

FREQUENCY preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).

In the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1,

the BALANCE preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).


Figure 6: Power supply connection

+12V 12V +5V

+12V -12V0V

GND

Power Supply PU2

ANACOM 1/1

Board

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In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, decrease the GAIN to its minimum value (fully

counter clockwise).iii) Switch on the power supply.

iv) Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to tp1 (test point 1), the message signal

input of the MODULATOR and trigger on channel 1. Set timebase to 50 s/div. This

is an audio signal which is going to be used to amplitude modulate a carrier signal.Record the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage of the audio signal.

v) Set the oscilloscope to DUAL display mode. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2

probe to tp9, the carrier signal input of the MODULATOR and trigger on channel 2.

Set the channel coupling to AC. Set the oscilloscope timebase to 0.2 s/div. This is a

high frequency signal that is going to be used to carry the message signal. Adjust the

vertical scale if necessary. Record the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage of thecarrier.

vi) Connect the channel 2 probe to tp3, the modulated AM signal at the output of the

MODULATOR. Set the oscilloscope vertical mode to DUAL, trigger on channel 1

(the message signal), and timebase to 50 s. Adjust the vertical scale if necessary.

Record the two waveforms displayed.vii) Adjust the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset in the AUDIO

OSCILLATOR.Does the envelope of the AM signal (channel 2) change in correspondence to changes

in the amplitude and frequency of the message signal (channel 1)?

7.1.2 Modulation Index and Percentage of Modulation

i) Continue with the previous setting. Ensure that in the AUDIO OSCILLATOR, both

the AMPLITUDE preset and the FREQUENCY preset are set to maximum (fullyclockwise).

ii) Connect oscilloscope channel 1 probe to tp1, the message signal. Set the oscilloscope

to trigger on channel 1.iii) Connect channel 2 probe to tp3, the modulated AM signal.iv) Use the oscilloscope channel 2 to measure the vertical height, A (in V) between the

upper and lower peaks.

v) Measure the vertical height,B (in V) between the upper and lower valleys.

vi) Calculate the modulation index,BA

BAm

+

= , and percentage of modulation.

vii) Set the oscilloscope to XY mode. (For GOS-652 oscilloscope, set VERT mode to X-Y, set TRIGGER source to X-Y, and set timebase to X-Y.)

viii) Measure A and B, and calculate m. Are the results similar that obtained in steps (iv)

to (vi)?

7.1.3 Frequency Spectrum

i) Connect the ANACOM 1/1 board to the power supply.


AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to EXT position.




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the BALANCE PRESET should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).

In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, decrease the gain to its minimum value (fullycounter clockwise).

iii) Switch on the power of the function generator and set it up as follows:

Sine wave 10 kHz

2 V peak-to-peakiv) Connect the output of a function generator (positive terminal) to the EXTERNAL

AUDIO INPUT, tp16 of the ANACOM 1/1 board. The ground terminal of the

function generator must be connected to the 0 V reference of the ANACOM 1/1

board.v) Switch on the power supply of ANACOM 1/1.

vi) Power on and set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum

Analyzer quick guide in the Appendix if necessary):

FREQ, Center: 10 kHz

SPAN, Widthspan: 10 kHz AMPL, Atten.: AUTO

AMPL: Log

AMPL, Scale..: 10 dB/DIV, Prev..

AMPL, Unit..: VOLTS, Prev..

AMPL, Ref. Level: 200 mV

CPL: All Auto

CPL, RBW, MNL, CPL, RBW: 300 Hz

For Agilent N9320B Spectrum Analyzer:

Frequency, Center Freq: 10 kHz

SPAN, Span: 10 kHz Amplitude, Attenuation: Auto

Amplitude, Scale Type: Log

Amplitude, Scale/Div: 10

Amplitude, More, Y Axis: Volts

Amplitude, Ref. Level: 200 mV

BW/Avg, Res BW: 300 Hz

BW/Avg, Video BW: Auto

BW/Avg, VBW/RBW: Auto

Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the message signal at tp1. Record the

amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the message signal. Usethe MKRkey to activate the marker and use Scroll Key to move the marker around.

The frequency and amplitude level corresponding to the marker location are

displayed on the upper right hand corner of the display screen.vii) Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer

quick guide in the Appendix if necessary):

FREQ, Center: 1 MHz

SPAN, Widthspan: 40 kHz


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Other settings are the same as before.

For Agilent N9320B Spectrum Analyzer:

Frequency, Center Freq: 1 MHz

SPAN, Span: 40 kHz

Other settings are the same as before.

Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the carrier signal at tp9. Record theamplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the carrier signal.

viii) Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer


The settings are the same as before.

Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the AM modulated signal at tp3. Record

the amplitude spectrum (frequency in kHz & amplitude in V) of the AM modulatedsignal.

ix) Set the spectrum analyzer as follows (refer to the IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer


The settings are the same as before.

Use the spectrum analyzer probe to monitor the transmitted AM modulated signal atthe output of the RF amplifier at tp13. Record the amplitude spectrum (frequency in

kHz & amplitude in V) of the amplified AM modulated signal. Compare with thespectrum of the signal before amplification. In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, try to

increase the GAIN by turning the knob clockwise. Observe the effect on the

amplitude spectrum.

Questions:

1. Describe the characteristics of a message signal, a carrier signal and an AM modulatedsignal.

2. Explain your understanding on modulation with reference to AM modulation that you

have experienced in this experiment.3. Compare the amplitude spectrums obtained from measurements in 7.1.3 with the

theoretical amplitude spectrums. Comment on the differences.

4. State the main function(s) of the RF amplifier stage.

5. Consider a message signal with frequency content ranging from 0 Hz to 10 kHz.Determine the bandwidth of the message signal and the corresponding AM modulated

signal.


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7.2 Experiment Part 2 : AM Demodulation

7.2.1 Noncoherent AM Demodulationi) In this session, we directly connect the transmitter output to the receiver input instead

of using the pair of antennas. Connect the ANACOM 1/1 and ANACOM 1/2 boards

to the power supply as shown below:


AUDIO INPUT SELECT is switched to INT position.



In the AUDIO OSCILLATOR both the AMPLITUDE preset and theFREQUENCY preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).


the BALANCE preset should be set to maximum (fully clockwise).

In the OUTPUT AMPLIFIER, increase the GAIN to its maximum value (fullyclockwise).

The TX OUTPUT SELECT of ANACOM 1/1 should be set to SKT.

Use jumper wire to connect the TX OUTPUT socket of ANACOM 1/1 to theRX INPUT socket of the receiver.

iii) ANACOM 1/2 board set-up

In the AUDIO AMPLIFIER, switch the SPEAKER to ON and decrease the

VOLUME preset to its minimum value (fully counter-clockwise).

The RX INPUT SELECT of ANACOM 1/2 is switched to SKT.

In the RF AMPLIFIER, switch the TUNED CIRCUIT SELECT to INT(internal) position and increase the RF AMPLIFIER GAIN control to maximum

(fully clockwise). Set the AGC switch to the IN position.

Set the DETECTOR switch to the DIODE position.

Switch the BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR to the OFF position.

iv) Switch on the power supply.v) AUDIO AMPLIFIER VOLUME preset is increased until sound is audible from the

loudspeaker.


Figure 7: Power supply connection

+12V -12V0V

ANACOM 1/1 Board

+12V 12V +5V

GND

Power Supply

+12V 0V

ANACOM 1/2 Board

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vi) Adjust the receiver's Tuning Control until the audio signal from ANACOM 1/1 can

be clearly heard. This should occur between 55 and 65 on the tuning scale. (Fine

tuning for the strongest possible signal may be required.)vii) On your dual trace oscilloscope, set both the inputs to AC.

viii) On the ANACOM 1/2, the received signal is passed through a series of circuits

including the RF amplifier, mixer, IF amplifiers, diode detector and AF amplifier.The demodulated signal can be seen at tp39 by using channel 2.

ix) Use and trigger on channel 1 to monitor the transmitted AM signal at tp3 of

ANACOM 1/1. Use channel 2 to monitor the transmitted AM signal at tp13 ofANACOM 1/1. The AM signal should be undermodulation, else ensure that the

BALANCE PRESET in the BALANCED MODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER

CIRCUIT 1 is tuned to fully clockwise.

x) Use and trigger on channel 1 to monitor the message signal at tp1 of ANACOM 1/1.Use channel 2 to monitor the demodulated signal at tp39 of ANACOM 1/2. Is there

any distortion on the received signal as compared to the transmitted signal? Is there

any delay between the transmitted signal and the received signal?

xi) Repeat the step (x) above by tuning the BALANCE preset in the BALANCEDMODULATOR & BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 1 slowly counter clockwise.

Record your observation for the cases of 100% modulation and overmodulation.

Question:

1. What is the maximum value of percentage of modulation of AM signal that enables thenoncoherent receiver above to recover the original message signal without distortion?

Guidelines for Report Writing

A written report should be prepared based on the above experiment using the following

guidelines:

1. Lab Experiment Overview

Introduction to the experiment

Summary of the lab experiment

Maximum 1 page

2. Results and Observation

Explain the results gathered from the experiment

Answer all questions listed in the experiment

3. Conclusion and Discussion

Conclusive remarks on the experiment

4. Appendices

Any attachment if available

Note: The report should be submitted within 7 days from the experiment date to the


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Telecommunication lab staff (Ms Norizan Mohamed).


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Appendix : A Quick Guide on Using IFR 2399B Spectrum Analyzer

Introduction

A spectrum analyzer is measurement equipment that provides information about frequencycontent of an input signal. In brief, it provides amplitude spectrum (amplitude versus

frequency) of an input signal.

Operating Procedure

In order to operate a spectrum analyzer to obtain useful information, we must specify the

required display formats:i) The observation frequency range to be displayed (X-axis setting), i.e., the start and

the stop frequency. The frequency difference between the start and the stop

frequencies is called the frequency span.

ii) Amplitude display units, reference level, scale, and detector mode (log or linear), i.e.,Y-axis setting.

iii) Signal coupling options: RBW, sweep time, VBW, input attenuation.

1. Power on procedurei) Connect the spectrum analyzer to the AC main power supply.

ii) Power on the spectrum analyzer with switch labeled 22 and continue by depressingtoggle switch at 16.

2. Frequency settingThe observation frequency range can be set in either of the following two modes:

i) Center Span Mode

a) To set the center frequency of measurement range:

depress FREQ 3, select CENTERof the soft function key 2,

key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9,

or Scroll key 8.b) To set the span

depress SPAN 3,

select WIDTHSPAN of the soft function key 2,

key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9

or Scroll key 8.

ii) Start Stop Mode

a) To set the start frequency of measurement range depress FREQ 3,

select START of the soft function key 2,

key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9or Scroll key 8.

b) To set the stop frequency

depress FREQ 3,

select STOP of the soft function key 2,

key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9

or Scroll key 8.

3. Amplitude/ Power measurement


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i) To set the amplitude scale to linear scale or log scale

a) set to log detector

depress AMPL 3, select LOG of the soft function key 2.

b) set to linear detector

depress AMPL 3, select LINEARof the soft function key 2.

ii) To set the amplitude units to dBm/dBmV/dBuV/volts/watts

depress AMPL 3,

select UNITS of the soft function key 2,

select dBm/dBmV/dBuV/volts/watts of the soft function key 2,

select PREV.

iii) To set the reference level (top graticule) depress AMPL 3,

select REF LEVEL of the soft function key 2,

key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 or

Scroll key 8.iv) To set the division of the amplitude scale

a) in log detector mode

depress AMPL 3,

select SCALE of the soft function key 2,

select 10dB/DIV or 5dB/DIV or 2dB/DIV or 1dB/DIV,

select PREV.b) in linear detector mode

no need to set, only full scale is available.v) To set the input attenuation

depress AMPL 3,

select ATTEN [AUTO/MNL] of the soft function key 2, key in the numerical value by using Numeric Key 4, or use Step key 9 orScroll key 8.

Note that the ATTEN mode (AUTO or MNL) is changed by pressing the

ATTEN key. In ATTEN MNL (manual) mode, the step size can be set by numerickeys, step key and scroll key. If ATTEN AUTO mode is selected, the input

attenuator will be coupled by the current reference level automatically.

vi) To set the coupled function to Auto or Manuala) select AUTO mode

depress CPL 5,

select ALL AUTO of the soft function key 2.

b) select MANUAL mode of operation of RBW/sweep time/VBW depress CPL 5,

select RBW[MNL]/SWP TIME[MNL]/VBW[MNL] of the soft function

key 2,

depress CPL 5,

select RBW/SWEEP TIME/VBW of the soft function key 2.

Figure 8: Spectrum analyzer


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No Panel Marking Explanation of Function


1 2 3 4 5 6

16 15 14 13 12 11

7

8

9

10

17 18 19 20 21

28 27 26 25 24 23 22

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1 (LCD) This is liquid crystal display. It displays the trace waveforms,

the parameter settings, the value of marker, and the soft menu

keys, etc.2 F1 ~ F7 These are the soft keys for selecting the soft key menus linked

to the panel key operation.

3 FUNCTIONFREQ This is the frequency parameter data input section.

SPAN This is the span parameter data input section.

AMPL This is the amplitude parameter data input section.MEAS This sets the measurement functions.

4 MARKER

MKR This key sets marker.

OFF This keys function is to switch off the marker.MKR > This key is the marker shift function.

PEAK This key is related to the peak search function.

5 CONTROL

TRIG This sets the trigger functions.CPL This sets the RBW, VBW, sweep time.

DISP This key sets the display functions.TRACE This section is for selection of the trace waveform, detection

mode and video average mode.

6 SYSTEMSAVE This key is used for saving the waveforms status and limit

lines.

FILE This key is used for recalling the waveforms, status and limit

lines.LIMIT This key sets the limit line functions.

SYSTEM This key sets the configuration of the system.

PRESET This sets the measurement parameters to default values.Calibration menus are also included under this key.

AUX This key sets the auxiliary functions, such as FM/AM

demodulation, audio control and squelch control.TG This key is used for tracking generator function.

PRINT This key is used for printing.

7 (FDD) This is the slot to set floppy disk.

8 (SCROLL KNOB) This key is used for scrolling the parameters.9 (STEP KEY) These keys are used for shift up/down the parameters.

10 RF INPUT This is the RF input connector.

11 PROBE This is for RF probe power (2399A only).12 RF OUTPUT This is the tracking generator output connector.

(If option is not attached, this is not provided.)

13 DATA ENTRY These keys set the numeric data, units and special functions.

, Increment and decrement input data.


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0 9, +/-, Numeric data setting keys.

BS, ENTER

14 PHONE This is the output connector for earphone.15 KEYBOARD This key is used for keyboard, but reserved for other functions

(only for system calibration and maintenance).

16 STBY/ON This is the power switch. It can be used when the back panelpower switch is on. The power on condition is fetched from the

STBY condition when the key is pressed momentarily. The

equipment is returned to the STBY condition from the poweron condition when the key is pressed again for about 1 second.

17 IF OUT This is the IF output connector. This signal is bandwidth-

controlled by the RBW setting.

18 VIDEO This is an output connector.19 EXT TRIG This is an input connector for the external trigger.

20 RS-232C This is the RS-232C connector. Connect it to system controller.

21 EXT VGA This is VGA output for external monitor.

22 (OFF/ON) This is the fused AC power switch.(inlet) This is the fused AC power inlet to which the supply power

cord is connected.(Fuse Holder) It contains two lag fuses.

23 PRINTER This is for use with printer.

24 SWP GATE This is an output connector for sweep gate signal.25 REF I/O 10.0MHz This is the input/output connector for an external reference

crystal oscillator. When the external reference signal is input to

this connector, the user turns this port on from the front panel.

An indication is supplied at the bottom of the screen.26 GPIB This is for use with the GPIB interface. It is the connector to an

external system controller. (If option is not attached, this is not

provided.)27 (FAN) This is the cooling fan ventilating internally generated heat.

28 (FG) This is the frame ground terminal.


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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION

ETM2046 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

COMMUNICATIONS

TRIMESTER 1 SESSION 2010/2011


Student Name: ..

Student ID:

Degree Major: EE / LE / CE / TE / ME / OPE / MCE / NANO / BMM

Declaration of originality:

I declare that all sentences, results and data mentioned in this report are from my ownwork. All work derived from other authors have been listed in the references. I understand

that failure to do this is considered plagiarism and will be penalized.

Note that collaboration and discussions in conducting the experiments are allowed but

copying and any act of cheating in the report, results and data are strictly prohibited

Student signature:

Experiment title: ADC 1 Amplitude Modulation

Experiment Date:

Table/PC No.:

Date Submitted: ................

Lab Instructor Name: Verified:.

(Please get your lab instructor signature after they have verified your result)

ETM2046 ADC1 2010-11

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