RESEARCH Open Access

Ethnomedicinal plants used by localinhabitants of Jakholi block, Rudraprayagdistrict, western Himalaya, IndiaAnkit Singh1, Mohan C. Nautiyal1, Ripu M. Kunwar2* and Rainer W. Bussmann3

Abstract

Background: Ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Indian Himalayas is very interesting because of the wide range ofmedicinal plants used in traditional medical practice. However, there is a danger of knowledge being lost becausethe knowledge sharing is very limited and passed on orally. The present study is the first ethnomedicinal study inJakholi area of Rudraprayag district of Northwestern India. The aim of present study was to identify traditionalmedicinal plants used by the inhabitants to treat different ailments and document the associated knowledge ofthese medicinal plants.

Methods: An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in 72 of 133 villages and alpine pastures of Jakholi block(800–4000 m asl). Door to door surveys and group discussions, applying semi-structured questionnaires wereconducted with traditional healers and villagers in local language (Garhwali). Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)was computed to analyse collected ethnomedicinal data.

Results: A total of 78 species (Gymnosperms 3 species, Monocotyledons 12 and 63 Dicotyledons) belonging to73 genera in 46 families were identified to treat 14 different ailments categories. Most dominant family is Asteraceae(5 species). In disease treated categories, Diseases of the skin (DE) have the highest proportion (29.55%) followedby Gastro- intestinal disorder (GA) (25.89%). The most life form of plants used was herb (56%) followed by tree (23%)while root was the most frequently used part of the plants and the traditional preparation was mainly applied in theform of paste (37%). The highest ICF value (0.99) was found for hair ailments (HA) followed ophthalmologic complaints(OP) and mental afflictions (MA) (0.98).

Conclusions: The present study provides valuable information about traditional knowledge of medicinal plants ofJakholi Block in the Northwestern Himalaya, India. Local communities still possess large traditional knowledge ofplants and their therapeutic uses and that the link of that traditional knowledge to modern research could be ofimportance for the isolation of new phytotherapeutic compounds leading to the development of novel therapeuticactive agents. Some of the ethnomedicinal plants are facing high threats and are becoming rare, and conservationinitiatives are needed to conserve them for sustainable management in the region.

Keywords: Conservation, Informant consensus factor, Medicinal plants, Sustainable use, Traditional knowledge,Western Himalaya

* Correspondence: ripukunwar@gmail.com2Practical Solutions, Kathmandu, NepalFull list of author information is available at the end of the article

© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0178-3

BackgroundThe Himalaya is a dynamic area, covering over 18% ofthe Indian subcontinent and harbouring about 8000 spe-cies of angiosperms, 1748 of which are used for theirtherapeutic properties [1]. The region has been wellknown for its rich ethnomedicinal flora since ancienttimes [2].Plants are used since long time to cure intense chronic

diseases, and also as a source of food, shelter and cloth-ing. Due to very low expense and good results thesemedicinal practices are transmitted through generationto generation and still practiced in different communi-ties. These valuable medicinal plants contain rich bio-active compounds which serve various pharmacologicalactivity. Ethnic people depend on the plants aroundthem to gain economic values and primary health carebenefits which is based on need, observation, experienceof older ethnic people, and trial and error [3]. About65% of the Indian population depend on traditionalmedicine [4]. The study area is interesting due to widegeographic and climatic condition and medicinal plantsdiversity of Jakholi Block makes this region an especiallyvaluable treasure home of a wide range of wild medicinaland aromatic plants. Ethnic people, shepherd and tra-ditional medicinal practitioner (Vaidyas and Daai) in-habit within a range of 700–3800 m asl and have highknowledge of medicinal plants uses. Local wooden andstone tools are commonly used to prepare medicinalremedies. Most diseases cured by local herbalist arecommon problems such as respiratory diseases, achesand pains, wounds and musculoskeletal ailments. Inhabi-tants often use local medicinal plants without prior ad-vice of local traditional healers because they are usingthese plants since generations. In these connections, thepresent study was carried out to provide an overview ofthe knowledge of medicinal plants of the local and trad-itional healers of Jakholi area and to evaluate the statusof these useful medicinal flora for identification of newdrugs for health needs and suitable source of income forlivelihood of inhabitants. We hypothesize that plant use atJakholi would show similar response to other Himalayanregions, and that the local medicinal flora would havebeen overharvested.The first step of diagnosis by local healers is checking

the pulse rate and heartbeat, then examining the fore-head, eyes, tongue and in some cases also the urine.The body temperature and colour are major key factorsto identify health problems. Medicinal plants play avital role in the local economy and health care, and de-mand is increasing. Many populations of medicinalplants seem to drastically decline due to overexploi-tation and unsustainable harvesting. Most of the im-portant alpine medicinal plants are becoming rare andendangered.

MethodsStudy area and sitesThe Jakholi Block is located between the coordinates 30°37′ 08.88″ to 30° 15′13.47″N and 79° 03′43.79″ to78° 50′07.97″E (Google Earth Pro Us dept. of StateGeographer 2017) in district Rudraprayag westernHimalayas India. Medicinal plants sampling was donefrom alpine meadows of Panwali Kantha (3500 – 4000 m)to lower altitudes (800 m) (Fig. 1). Annual average rain fallis around 1850–2000 mm with temperature ranging from− 5 to 15 °C in winter and 20 to 35 °C in summer (Highland to lower hills).This study was conducted in Jakholi Block of

Rudraprayag district, located in north west Uttarakhand.The total area is about 500 km2 including 133 villages [5],with a total estimated population of 74,759 (34,126 maleand 40,633 female) [6]. Most of the inhabitants live insmall villages, and few families are shepherds and staymostly in alpine areas (Bugyal and Kharka) for 7 –10 months a year. Most of the inhabitants are farmers.Medical facilities are rare in Jakholi block, and most of thehealth problems are cured traditionally by local medicine.For chronic diseases people have to travel more than100 – 200 km from their village to get attention at healthfacilities. Most of the younger generation, especially men,migrate to cities in order to find employment. Womenand elder people live in the villages. Inhabitants are ge-nerally belonging to three major cast group, Jajman,Brahman and Oji (about 65%, 15%, 20% respectively), andHinduism is the major religion of the inhabitants. Mostpeople speak Garhwali, and Hindi is the secondary majorlanguage of the region. Mountain terrace farming is abun-dant in region, (Fig. 2a), with three crops a year: Rabi(October–April/May e.g. Wheat, Barley, Mustard), Kharif(April–October e.g. Rice, Corn), and Jayad (May–Octobere.g. Cucumber, Pumpkin, Beans).

Data collectionA total of 220 individuals were surveyed during thestudy. Among them some key participants which wereexperienced and rich knowledge of the medicinal florawere selected for collection and identification of localmedicinal plants. All interviews were conducted afterobtaining oral and verbal prior informed consents fromall individual participants.The study was conducted during October 2014 to

September 2015 in randomly selected villages of Jakholiand information about local medicinal plants was alsogathered from shepherds (Bakrwal) and ranchers (Maur)in the alpine regions, and their homesteads (commonlycalled Kharka and Maira/Chani viz. Panwali Kantha,Jadi, Koni and Matya, Fig. 2b).Household survey was conducted using individual per-

sonal meetings and group discussions as well as field

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 2 of 29

surveys [7–9]. (Fig. 2c). Questionnaires were prepared inEnglish, but interviews were conducted in local language(Garhwali) (Appendix 1) for more convenience andaccuracy. As the first author is local person of region soeasy understanding and conversations with local people,together more information.List of local medicinal plants with common name were

prepared and photographs were also supplemented formore information about uses and identification. Formore reliable information, diseases base questionnaireswere used. Information about medicinal plants includelocal name, plant parts used, drug preparation, mode of

administration and doses were recorded. For verificationand agreement about the medicinal uses, informationgiven by a respondent was discussed in households asgroup discussion.Twenty-five key participants including 11 traditional

healers, two shepherds, and 12 other local inhabitantswere interviewed and their experience, knowledge ofmedicinal plants, methods of drug preparation, andpracticing with traditional tools (Fig. 2d), etc. were re-corded. Monthly schedules were made for data and plantcollection including two alpine/pasture surveys weremade in July and September. So the participants were

Fig.1 Jakholi Block of district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, India

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 3 of 29

interviewed at their homes or at pastures. Medicinalplants were catalogued, and their voucher specimenswere collected [10]. Dried specimens were poisonedusing 0.1% HgCl2 and ethyl-alcohol, and then mountedon herbarium sheets. Collected samples were identifiedwith the help of a local flora [11, 12] and further verifiedthrough comparison with prior collections from thebotanical survey of India (BSI, Northern circle Herbarium,Dehradun). Plant names were also checked in “Tropicos”http://www.tropicos.org as well as “The Plant List”(http://www.theplantlist.org), and all preserved speci-mens deposited at the Herbarium of HNB GarhwalUniversity, Srinagar (HAPPRC).

Data analysisData were simply evaluated through informant consen-sus factor (ICF) described by Trotter and Logan [13, 14]and ethnomedicinal data were checked and comparedwith previous literature for new use reports. The ICFmeasures the consensus in using plants in a group abouttreating an illness in the study area. The ICF was calcu-lated following:

ICF = Nur - Ntaxa / (Nur-1)

Where Nur refers to the number of use-reports for aparticular ailment category and N taxa refers to thenumber of taxa used for a particular ailment category byall participants. ICF value ranges from 0 to 1. It should

be stressed that high ICF value (close to 1.0) indicates thatrelatively few taxa are used by a large proportion of partic-ipants. On the contrary low ICF value (close to 0) indicatesa randomly use of plants by participants in treating illness.Jaccard index (JI) is calculated by comparison of previ-

ously published studies from Himalaya and analyzed thepercentages of quoted species and their medicinal usesby using the following formula:

JI = c × 100/a + b - c

where “a” is the number of species of the area A, “b” isthe number of species of the area B, and “c” is the num-ber of species common to A and B [15].A comparison with previously published data collected

from different regions was performed by evaluating per-centages of the quoted species and their medicinal usesby applying Sorensen’s similarity index formula [16].

QS = 2c/a + b × 100

where, “a” is number of species in an area A, “b” is num-ber of species in area B and “c” is number of speciescommon to area A and B.

Results and discussionSocio-economyDuring the ethnomedicinal survey, a total of 220 peoplewere interviewed, including shepherds at Panwali Kantha

A B

C D

Fig. 2 Different localities and collection of information a Mountain terrace farming field b Panwali kantha homesteads of shepherd c Groupdiscussion d Traditional formulation with tools

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 4 of 29

(3500 – 4000 m asl), forests and Kharka (their home-steads) during June–September 2015. The sociologicalprofile of the participants is given in Table 1. Most par-ticipants were from 50 to 59 age group. Only 25 par-ticipants were traditional healers (Vaidyas and Daai) andthe key informants for this study. Less than 9 % par-ticipants were < 40 years old, about 30% were illiterate,while many of the young practitioners hold a degree/dip-loma (Table 2). Almost all illiterates were > 50 years older.

Ethnomedicinal plantsA total of 78 medicinal plant species belonging to 72genera of 46 families including 3 gymnosperm speciesand 75 angiosperms (12 monocotyledons and 63 dicoty-ledonous) presented in (Table 3) was reported. The mostrepresented families were Asteraceae (5 species), followedby Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae (4 specieseach) and Berberidaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae (3 spe-cies each) (Fig. 3). Picrorhiza kurroa and Aconitum hete-rophyllum were common ethnomedicinal plants amongall participants because these plants are culturally import-ant as they have long been using for generations and dueto their rich bioactive constituents.

Life forms and plant parts usedIn present study, 56% of the species were herbs, followedby trees (23%), shrubs (12%), and climbers (9%) (Fig. 4),similar to other studies carried out in Himalaya [1, 17, 18],probably due to the presence of a wide range of richbioactive medicinal plants in the Himalaya [19]. Trad-itional healers often use herbs and trees most commonlyas medicine because of their easy availability [20]. Besidesthis, herbs can be manipulated with easiness in herbalpreparation methods and extraction of bioactive com-pounds [21]. Less percentage of climbers might be due toless availability and difficult to harvest from huge growthof supporting material (Tree) in temperate area. Availa-bility is found as a major reason to use the plants inHimalaya followed by cultural reason.In present study different plant parts were used to pre-

pare herbal preparation of drugs (Fig. 5). The common

plants parts were roots (26%) followed by leaves (20%),fruit (8%), bark and rhizome (7%) whole plant, tuber andseeds (each 6%), aerial part and stem or branches (each5%), flower, latex resin or gum, bulb, (each 1%). Rootwere frequently used in folklore of Jakholi for herbalpreparations similar to [1, 22] Root proportion is highprobably due to root consist rich of active ingredients[23]. Leaves were second most useful plant part it mightbe due to easy availability and it is thought that leavescontain more easily extractable phytochemicals, crudedrugs and many other mixtures which may be proven asvaluable regarding phytotherapy [24].

Mode of drug preparation and traditional toolsOut of total 148 preparations, the herbal medicine for-mulations prepared according to the traditional uses asfollows: paste (lepa) (37%), juice/extract (rasa) (29%),powder (churna, 21%), decoction (kwath/kaada) (6%),semi-dried (avleha) (4%), oil (taila/ghee), solid extract(sattva), and cooked with milk (paka) (each 1%) (Figs. 6,7 and 8). The most frequent use of paste and juice mightbe due to easy preparation and effectiveness of herbaldrugs. Water was commonly used as solvent if requiredfor the preparation. Sometimes milk or honey was usedas a matrix or added to increase viscosity of the prepar-ation as reported in earlier study [25]. Paste is made bycrushing plant parts and then mixing it with oil or water.Administration of dosages was taken mostly twice andthrice a day. Besides above, according to few participantsthe dosage depends on the age and physical appearanceof the patient [24].Mostly traditional tools used by local

Table 1 Age and gender information of inhabitants and local practitioners

Gender

Age group Male Female Vaidyas (male) Daai (female) No of persons Percentage

30 – 39 14 6 0 0 20 9.09

40 – 49 23 14 3 1 41 18.63

50 – 59 27 36 2 4 69 31.36

60 – 69 30 29 3 3 65 29.54

70 – 79 9 7 4 2 22 10

80 + − − 3 − 3 1.36

Total 103 92 15 10 220

Table 2 Literacy rate of participants

Education level No. of individuals Percent

Illiterate 64 29.11

1 - 5th 87 39.54

6 - 10th 43 19.54

11 - 12th 19 8.63

≤ 12th 7 3.18

Total 220

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 5 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia

PlantFamily,b

otanicalname

andcollectionnu

mbe

rCom

mon

/Eng

lish

name

LFPartsused

Prep

aration,

Doses,app

licationandailm

entscatego

ries

∑Citatio

nPrevious

uses

repo

rted

Acanthaceae

Barleria

cristataL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1461

Kularkatya

/Ku

ladya/

Philipp

ineviolet

HLeaves,Roo

tLeaf

androot

pasteappliedin

cutsandwou

nds.(60,DE)

601●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7▲

,8●,

9●,10●

,11▲

,12●

,13●

,14●,15▲,16▲

,17●

,18●

,19▲

,20●

,21Δ

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Justicaadha

toda

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1601

Basing

u/Malabar

nut

SLeaves,Stem,

Flow

erLeaf

buds

(5–10)

decoction(kwath)

100mla

timetaken

thriceadayfortreatm

entof

stom

achacheandfever

(12,23

GA,FI)

Stem

used

forcleaning

teeth.(31,DP)

Flow

erpo

wde

r(chu

rna)

used

forcoug

handcold

(15,RE)

Leaf

extract/juiceappliedfortreatm

entof

cutand

wou

nds.(3,D

E)

841▲

,2▲,3●,4●

,5Δ,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11▲12●,13●,

14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19▲,20●

,21Δ

,22●

,23▲

,24Δ

,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31Δ,32●,33●,34●,35●

Acoraceae

Acorus

calamus

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1456

Bauj

/Baj/S

weetflag

HRh

izom

eRh

izom

epo

wde

r(chu

rna)

(2-4

g)+½

teaspo

onMishri

(Sug

arlumps)(2–4

g)ge

ntlymixed

incold

water

(250

ml)

drun

kthriceadayas

itactsas

refrige

rant.(11,G

A)

Rhizom

epo

wde

r(chu

rna)

used

forcleaning

teeth.

(12,DP)

Freshor

driedrhizom

eextractdo

seof

2–3teaspo

ons

takenorallythriceadayinclud

ing1takenearly

morning

before

eatin

g,fortreatm

entof

stom

achache(jonku).

(15,GA)

Rhizom

egarland

used

toincrease

child

immun

ity(17,DU)a

ndalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice.(16

GA)

Rhizom

epasteappliedin

burns,cutsandwou

nds.(4,D

E)

751Δ

,2Δ,3●

,4Δ,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●

,25Δ

,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35Δ

Amaryllidaceae

Allium

cepa

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1404

Pyaz/O

nion

HBu

lbBu

lbjuice(swarasa)

used

fortreatm

entof

burns,and

skin

diseases.(69,D

E)Bu

lbjuice1–2drop

isused

forearache.(29,EC

)

981●

,2●,3Δ

,4Δ,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Anacardiaceae

Man

gifera

indica

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1618

Aam

/Mango

TSeed

sSeed

extract/juice(ra

sa)(Fig.11)

1teaspo

onused

tocure

stom

achache,dysenteryanddiarrhea

(especially

for

child)(12,19,G

A)

311●

,2●,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14Δ,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,

25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Apiaceae

Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban

ASR

HAPPRC

1408

Brahmi/A

siatic

penn

ywort

HAerialp

art

Bram

hileaf

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

headache

.(25,HA)

Dailyuseof

bram

hijuicebe

neficialfor

eyesight,leaf

powde

r(chu

rna)

isalso

used

forsameactio

n.(40,OP)

651Δ

,2Δ,3▲

,4Δ,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●,15●,16●,17Δ,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22Δ

,23Δ

,24Δ

,25Δ,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34Δ,35●

Apo

cynaceae

Calotropisgigantea

(L.)Dryand.

ASR

HAPPRC

1413

Aak/CrownFlow

erS

Leaves,Latex

Leaves

used

fortreatm

entof

jointpain,swelling(usedas

garam

patti).(37,SK)

Latexisuseful

inskin

diseases.(2,DE)

391●

,2●,3●

,4Δ,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11Δ

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20Δ,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25Δ,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35Δ

Aspho

delaceae

Aloe

vera

(L.)Brum

.f.ASR

HAPPRC

1627

Alovera

/Gwarpatha

HLeaves

Leaves

sacisused

fortreatm

entof

skin

diseases

and

burns.(65,DE)

651Δ

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31Δ

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 6 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Asparagaceae

Asparagusadscendens

Roxb.

ASR

HAPPRC

1456

Jhirn

i/Asparagus

SRo

ot,Seeds

Root

bark

(100

g)+Seed

s(5-10g)

aregrou

ndmixed

with

ghee(clarifiedbu

tter)(1

tablespo

on)andthen

shadedried;

prep

ared

powde

r(chu

rna)

istaken1teaspo

onorallythriceadaywith

milk

toremoveweakness.(98,DU)

Root

(50–60

g)cooked

with

cow

milk

(100

ml)(sod

na)

+1–2tablespo

onsugar,(paka)

takenorallythriceaday

toincrease

mem

orypo

wer

andbo

dyweigh

t.Tube

rous

rootsarealso

galactagog

ue(increasing

andactivating

mam

marygland).(26,G

Y)

124

1●,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8▲

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31Δ

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Asteraceae

Eupatorium

adenopho

raSpreng

.Syn-Ag

eratinaadenop

hora

(Spren

g.)R.M.King

&H.Rob

.ASR

HAPPRC

1529

Basya/Crofton

weed

SLeaves,Stem

Leaves

extract/juiceappliedin

cutsandwou

nds

(antisep

tic)andbu

rns.(108,D

E)Stem

piece(7–9

each

10–15cm

)dipp

edin

500mlw

ater

foranigh

tthen

thisextractisdrun

kearly

morning

for

prom

pttreatm

entof

pimples.(12,D

E)Freshleaves

decoction(kwath)

isused

fortreatm

entof

coug

handcold

(5–10mltaken

orallythriceaday).

(18,RE)

138

1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●,15▲,16●

,17▲

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Ageratum

conyzoides

(L.)L

ASR

HAPPRC

1585

Kalabasya/Gun

drya/

Billygo

at-w

eed

HAerialp

arts

Aerialp

lant

partsextractandpasteappliedfortreatm

ent

ofbu

rns,cutsandwou

nds.(36,DE)

361▲

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7▲,8●,9●

,10●

,11▲

,12●

,13●

,14●,15●,16●,17▲,18●

,19●

,20●

,21▲

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●,26●,27Δ,28▲,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34▲

,35▲

Jurinea

macroceph

alaDC.

ASR

HAPPRC

1620

Bishkand

aroo

HRo

otRo

otpasteappliedfortreatm

entof

boils,p

imples,cuts

andwou

nds,andskin

diseases.(53,6,30,7DE)

961●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,

14●,15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,

25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Senecionu

dicaulisBu

ch-Ham

exD.Don

.ASR

HAPPRC

1605

Neelbadi

HWho

leplant

Freshleaves

juice(swarasa)

orextractisused

for

treatm

entof

earprob

lem

(earache

,pussin

earetc.).

(10,EC

)Who

leplantsjuicewith

Mishri(Sugarlumps)(4–6

g)used

asrefrige

rant.(21,G

A)

Leaves

juice(1

teaspo

on)isused

fortreatm

entof

stom

achprob

lems(jonku,mostly

occurringin

children).

(33,GA)

2–3leaves

juicewith

lukewarm

water

isused

for

treatm

entof

fever.(11,FI)

751●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16▲,17●

,18Δ

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30●

,31●

32●,33●,34●,35●

Taraxacum

officinale(L.)

Syn-

Taraxacum

campylodesG.E.H

aglund

Web

erex

F.H.Wigg.

ASR

HAPPRC

1434

Kadatu/Com

mon

Dande

lion

HWho

leplant

Tube

rous

root

paste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

cuts

andwou

nds,he

adache

.(16,17DE,HA)

Root

decoction(kwath)

used

fortreatm

entof

mou

thand

throat

infection.

(2,RE)

Who

leplantpaste(lepa

)used

forskin

diseases

andbo

ils.

(9,D

E)Freshor

driedroot

extract/juiceused

fortreatm

entof

fever.(21,FI)

651●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5Δ,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13▲,14●

,15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19Δ,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,

27Δ,28Δ,29Δ,30▲,31●

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 7 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Berberidaceae

BerberischitriaBu

ch.H

amex

Lind

lASR

HAPPRC

1411

Totar/Totru

SRo

otDecoctio

n(Rasou

t)(Fig.8)isused

fortreatm

entof

eye

fluandconjun

ctivitis.(110,O

P)Ro

ot(5–10g)

rubb

edwith

water

then

½teaspo

ontaken

orallythricea

dayfortreatm

entof

stom

achache.(3,G

A)

Freshroot

extract/juice½

teaspo

onthriceadayfor

treatm

entof

diabetes.(7,DI)

120

1●,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27▲,28▲

,29●

,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Berberislyceum

Royle

ASR

HAPPRC

1594

King

od/Barbe

rry

SRo

ot,Inflore-

scen

ceDecoctio

n(Rasou

t)(Fig.8)of

root

isused

fortreatm

ent

ofconjun

ctivitis(2–3

drop

administeredfor3–5days.

(101,O

P)½-1

teaspo

onrasout

takenorallythriceadayfor

treatm

entof

stom

achache.(3,G

A)

Flow

erextract/juiceisalso

used

fortreatm

entof

eye

infection.

(1,O

P)Ro

otisalso

used

intreatm

entof

diabetes.(7,DI)

112

1▲,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12Δ,13●,14●,

15●,16Δ,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27▲,28●

,29Δ

,30▲

,31▲

,32▲

,33▲

,34●

,35●

Podoph

yllum

hexand

rum

Royle

Syn-

Sino

podoph

yllum

hexand

rum

(Royle)T.S.

Ying

ASR

HAPPRC

1611

Bankakhri/Ind

ian

Podo

phyllum

HRo

otRo

otpaste(lepa

)used

fortreatm

entof

cutsandwou

nds,

boils,skindiseases.(3,31,8,D

E)42

1●,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10▲

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●,15▲,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22Δ

,23Δ

,24●

,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31Δ,32▲,33▲

,34●

,35▲

Betulaceae

BetulautilisD.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1624

Bhoj

/Bh

ojpatra/

Him

alayan

birch

TLeaves,Bark

Leaf

andbark

extract/juiceisused

fortreatm

entof

cut

andwou

nds,bo

ils.(17,D

E)17

1●,2●,3Δ

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23▲,24●

,25Δ

,26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32▲,33▲

,34●

,35Δ

Brassicaceae

Brassicajuncea

(L.)Czern.

ASR

HAPPRC

1626

Sarson

/Indian

mustard

HSeed

sSeed

soilu

sedas

hairtonicandin

earprob

lems.Also

used

tocure

skin

diseases

(12,42,15,HP,EC

,DE)

691●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34Δ,35●

Megacarpaea

polyan

draBenth.ex

Madde

nASR

HAPPRC

1616

Barm

olu/Barm

ouH

Who

leplant

Root

(4-6

gfre

shor

dried)

rubb

edor

crushe

dandmixed

with

500mlw

ater

andstayed

outsidein

nigh

tcovered

with

clothanddrun

kearly

morning

fortreatm

entof

fever.(7,FA)

Other

prep

arationforfever(Jar)andrefrige

rant:roo

trubb

edin

chon

thriand½-1

spoo

nmixed

with

1glass

whe

y/bu

tter-m

ilk(cha

nch)

and1spoo

nsugarlumps

(Mishri(Sugarlumps))takentw

iceaday.

Who

leplantisrefrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect)(56,GA).

Root

powde

risalso

bene

ficialfor

abdo

minalprob

lems

(17,GA)

Root

powde

ralso

used

asantid

oteof

snakebite

and

scorpion

sting(ro

otpasteor

powde

rprep

ared

with

ghee

(clarifiedbu

tter)andappliedthriceaday)

(9,PB)

891●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,

25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Caprifoliaceae

Nardostachysjataman

si(D.D

on)DC.

ASR

HAPPRC

1428

Maasi/Spikenard

HRh

izom

eRh

izom

epo

wde

r½

teaspo

ontakenorallythriceaday

with

water

tocure

men

tald

isorde

randinsomnia.

(29,35,M

A)

641●

,2●,3▲

,4▲,5●,6●

,7Δ,8●

,9Δ,10Δ,11●,12Δ,13●,

14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,

25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33●,34●,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 8 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Valeriana

jataman

siJone

sASR

HAPPRC

1526

Sumaya/Indian

Valerian

HRh

izom

eRh

izom

epo

wde

r½

teaspo

onand5-10

gMishri(Sugar

lumps)takenorallytw

iceadaywith

lukewarm

water

for

treatm

entof

insomnia(7,M

A),abdo

minalpain,d

igestive

prob

lems(2,G

A),coug

handcold.(2,RA

)Rh

izom

epasteappliedin

cutsandwou

nds,bo

ils,skin

diseases

andhe

adache

(4,15,3,2,DE,HA)

351●

,2▲,3●,4Δ

,5●,6▲

,7●,8●

,9▲,10●

,11●

,12●

,13Δ

,14●,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22Δ

,23●

,24●

,25●,26▲,27Δ

,28▲

,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32Δ

,33▲

,34●

,35●

Caryoph

yllaceae

Drymaria

cordata(L.)Willd.

exSchu

lt.ASR

HAPPRC

1406

Daidya/Trop

ical

Chickweed

HAerialp

art

Pasteof

aerialp

artisused

tocure

herpes

(Makra/Daa

d).

(6,D

E)Leaves

juiceisused

fortreatm

entof

feverandhe

adache

.(13,FI,H

A)

191●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11Δ

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33Δ,34Δ,35●

Com

bretaceae

Term

inalia

bellirica(Gaertn.)Ro

xb.

ASR

HAPPRC

1582

Bahe

da/Beleric

TFruit

Fruitpe

elpo

wde

risuseful

incoug

handrespiratory

diseases.(22,10,RE)

321▲

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11▲,12●

,13●

,14▲,15●

,16●

,17●

,18Δ

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Term

inalia

chebulaRetz.

ASR

HAPPRC

1598

Haida/M

yrob

alan

TFruit

Fruitdipp

edin

cow

urinefor1week,andthen

driedin

partialshade

andstored

injam

bottle.½

-1teaspo

ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm

entof

coug

h.(42,RE)

Fruitpe

elrubb

edwith

mustard

oilisappliedfor

treatm

entof

skin

diseases.(7,DE)

491▲

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6Δ

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11▲,12●

,13●

,14●,15●,16●,1718Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24Δ,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33●

,34Δ

,35●

Cucurbitaceae

Cucumissativus

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1414

Kakhdi/Cucum

ber

Cl

Seed

sSeed

s(5–10)

rubb

edwith

water

and2teaspo

onof

the

prep

ared

juice(swarasa)

isgivento

child

twiceadayfor

treatm

entof

fever(ta

ap).Massage

sthroug

hjuice/

swarasaon

who

lebo

dyas

refrige

rant

infever(ta

ap).

(65,FI)

651●

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Tricho

santhestricuspida

taLour.

ASR

HAPPRC

1599

Yaladu

Cl

Fruit,Seed

sExtract/juice(swarasa)

ofskin

/pe

elof

yaladu

fruit½-1

teaspo

ontakenorallythriceadayas

refrige

rant.(31,G

A)

Seed

powde

r(chu

rna)

(½-1teaspo

on)takenorallythricea

dayfortreatm

entof

internalinjury.(11,D

U)

421●

,2●,3●

,4Δ,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Dioscoriaceae

Dioscorea

bulbifera

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1552

Gen

thi/A

irYam

Cl

Tube

rTube

rpo

wde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

ontakenorallythricea

dayforcurin

gfever.(17,FI)

Tube

rpaste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

boils.(16,D

E)

331Δ

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19Δ,20●,21Δ,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Ericaceae

Lyon

iaovalifolia

(Wall.)Drude

ASR

HAPPRC

1520

Anyar

TLeaves,Bark

Leaves

(4–5)andbark

(5–10g)

crushe

dwith

10–20ml

water,p

reparedin

asemi-d

ried(avleha)

prep

aration

(anyarkutu)appliedto

cure

boils,skindiseases

(antiallergic).(33,10,D

E)

431●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11Δ,12●,13▲,

14●,15▲,16▲

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22▲

,23▲

,24●

,25●,26Δ,27Δ,28▲,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 9 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Fagaceae

Quercus

leucotricho

phoraA.

Camus

Syn-

Quercus

oblong

ataD.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1393

Baanj/H

imalayan

oak

TGum

,Roo

t,Leaves,Bark

Gum

/resin

rubb

edin

chon

thrithen

0.5–1ggivenorally

thriceadaywith

lukewarm

water

fortreatm

entof

espe

ciallychild

fever,stom

achache

,laxativeand

refrige

rant.(15,13,36,59FI,G

A)

Gum

/resin

isalso

used

instriroga

(femalege

nital

disorder,leukorrhe

a,).(2,G

Y)Bark

extract/juice(½-1

teaspo

on)takenorallythricea

daywith

lukewarm

water

fortreatm

entof

stom

achache

andabdo

minalprob

lem.(2,GA)

127

1●,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11▲,12Δ

,13●

,14●,15●,16▲,17●

,18Δ

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22▲

,23●

,24●

,25Δ,26▲,27▲

,28▲

,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Juglandaceae

Engelhardtia

spicataLechen

exBlum

eASR

HAPPRC

2798

Bish

mahua

TWho

leplant

Branches

stem

androot

areused

astoothb

rush

(cleansing

teeth)

andhe

lpfultoremovepyorrhea.(37,D

P)Leaves,b

arkandroot

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

boils,

cutsandwou

nds.(50,DE)

871●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6Δ,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Juglan

sregiaL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1581

Akhor/w

alnu

tT

Who

leplant

Leaves,stem

orbranches,roo

t,used

forcleaning

teeth

andfortreatm

entof

pyorrhoe

aandforshiningteeth.

(89,DP)

Fruitpe

elpasteisused

fortreatm

entof

tinea

pedis

(kaa

den)

andbo

ils,cutsandwou

ndsandskin

diseases.

(28,DE)

Bark

andleaves

pasteisappliedforskin

diseases,cuts

andwou

nds.(9,D

E)

126

1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14●,15▲,16Δ

,17●

,18▲

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23▲

,24●

,25Δ,26Δ,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32Δ

,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Lamiaceae

AjugaparvifloraBenth.

ASR

HAPPRC

1573

Neelkanthi/S

mall-

Flow

ered

Buglew

eed

HAerialp

art

Leaves

crushe

dandmixed

with

water,the

nthemixture

filteredthroug

hcloth.

Thisprep

arationof

extract/juice

(swarasa)

indo

seof

½-1

teaspo

ontakenorallythricea

daywith

250mlw

ater

isused

fortreatm

entof

abdo

minal

prob

lems,andalso

actas

refrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect)

(29,GA).

Leaves

pasteprep

ared

with

mustard

oilapp

liedfor

treatm

entof

skin

diseases,b

oils,and

pimples

(6,D

E).

Freshaerialp

artextract/juice(saw

arasa)

1–2drop

thrice

adayfortreatm

entof

earache/earinfection(pussin

ear)

(9,EC).

441●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27●2

8●,29●

,330▲,31▲

,32Δ

,33●

,34●

,35Δ

Mentha×piperitaL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1591

Pudina/Pep

perm

int

HAerialp

art

Leaves

powde

r(1

teaspo

on)takenthriceadaywith

lukewarm

water

actsas

appe

tizer

(increasing

dige

stion

andhu

nger)(21,GA).

Freshaerialp

lant

part(2–4

g)+water

+½-1

kaag

jifru

itjuice(Citrus

aurantifolia

(Christm

.)Sw

ingle)

takenon

cea

dayactsas

refrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect),carm

inative

(releases

intestinalgasesor

flatulence)

(12,GA).

Aerialp

artpasteappliedfortreatm

entof

burns(3,D

E).

361●

,2●,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,

27▲,28●

,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Lauraceae

Cinn

amom

umtamala(Buch.-Ham

.)T.Nees&Eberm.

ASR

HAPPRC

1505

Khikod

a/Kh

ikhaidu/

Indian

BayLeaf

TBark,Leaves

Bark

powde

risused

tocure

heartdiseases

(22,DU).

½-1

teaspo

onbark

powde

rtakenorallythriceadayfor

treatm

entof

stom

achache.(25,GA)

471●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6Δ

,7●,8●

,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14Δ,

15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25▲,

26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31Δ,32▲,33●

,34●

,35Δ

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 10 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Melanthiaceae

Paris

polyph

ylla

Sm.

ASR

HAPPRC

1612

Dud

hiya

/Sankhjadi/

Satw

a/Myanaru/

Him

alayan

Paris

HLeaves,

Rhizom

eRh

izom

epaste(lepa

)appliedin

treatm

entof

cutsand

wou

nds,leaf

also

used

asvege

tableandits

actas

tonic.

(36,1,DE,DU)

371●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,

27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33▲,34●

,35●

Men

ispe

rmaceae

Stepha

niaelegan

sHook.f.&Thom

son

ASR

HAPPRC

1407

Pahari

Cl

Aerialp

art

Leaf

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

headache

.(4,HA)

Aerialp

art(1–2

ftbe

aring6–8leaves)+Mishri(Sugar

lumps)(10–15

g)arecrushe

danddipp

edin

water

(500

ml)foranigh

t,then

takenas

drinkin

early

morning

,asitactsas

refrige

rant.(15,G

A)

Leaf

(4–5)extract½-1

teaspo

ontakenorallythriceaday

fortreatm

entof

fever.(4,FI)

231●

,2●,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●1

8●,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Tino

sporacordifolia

(Willd.)Miers

Syn-

Tino

sporasin

ensis

(Lou

r.)Merr.

ASR

HAPPRC

1608

Giley/Heart-leaved

moo

nseed

Cl

Who

leplant

Aerialp

artextract/juiceisused

asrefrige

rant.(91,G

A)

(10mljuice

in250mlw

ater

+Mishri(Sugarlumps),10

g)Who

leplantextract/juiceuseful

infeveranddiabetes.

(1,FI)

Leaves

pasteappliedin

cutsandwou

nds.(1,D

E)Stem

isused

tocure

diabetes

(5–10cm

stem

piece

chew

eddaily).(35,DI)

128

1▲,2▲,3●,4●

,5Δ,6●

,7●,8Δ

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,

14Δ,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,

25●,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Musaceae

Musabalbisian

aColla

ASR

HAPPRC

1614

Kaila/Banana

TBark,Fruit

Bark

extract(juice)

/rasa

isused

asrefrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).(13,GA)

Immaturefru

itisalso

used

fortreatm

entof

dysentery

anddiarrhea.

(11,GA)

241●

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8Δ,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Myricaceae

MyricaesculentaBu

ch.-H

am.exD.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1476

Kaafal/Box

myrtle

TBark,Roo

tBark

powde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

onistakenwith

lukewarm

water

thrice

adayfortreatm

entof

stom

achache.(9,G

A)

Bark

extract/juiceused

tocure

cutsandwou

nds.

(17,DE)

Root

paste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

headache

.(6,H

A)

321●

,2Δ,3▲

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9▲

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●,15▲,16●

,17●

,18▲

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23Δ

,24●

,25●,26●,27Δ,28Δ,●2

9●,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Myrtaceae

Psidium

guajavaL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1610

Amrood

/Guava

TLeaves

Leaves

(2–3)rubb

edwith

water,m

ixed

in250mlw

ater,

andprep

ared

extractistakenorallytw

iceadayto

cure

stom

achache.(21,GA)

Leaves’sem

i-driedpaste(avleha)

2–3teaspo

ontaken

thriceadaywith

250mlw

ater

fortreatm

entof

dysentery

anddiarrhea.(22,G

A)

431●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34▲

,35●

Syzygium

cumini(L.)Skeels

ASR

HAPPRC

1597

Jaam

un/JavaPlum

TBark,Roo

tJaam

unbark

crushe

dwith

water,filtered

throug

hcloth

and10

ml(2tablespo

on)takenwith

250mlw

ater

thrice

adayfortreatm

entof

dysenteryanddiarrhea.(14,G

A)

Root

andbark

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

headache

.(11,HA)

251●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6Δ,7●

,8Δ,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,

26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35▲

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 11 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Orchidaceae

Dactylorhizaha

tagirea(D.D

on)Soo

ASR

HAPPRC

1621

Hathajadi/Him

alayan

Marsh

Orchid

HTube

r,Leaves

Tube

rpaste(lepa

)appliedon

cutandwou

ndsas

antisep

tic.(14,D

E)Leaves

rubb

edand½

teaspo

onsemi-d

riedprep

aration

(avleha)

takenorallywith

1glasswater

fortreatm

entof

abdo

minalhe

ator

asrefrige

rant.(20,G

A)

Tube

rpo

wde

r½-1

teaspo

ontakenwith

milk

orwater

toactas

tonic.(39,DU)

731●

,2●,3▲

,4●,5●

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10▲

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14▲,15●

,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22Δ

,23▲

,24●

,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32▲

,33▲

,34●

,35Δ

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis

corniculataL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1490

Bhilm

od/creep

ing

woo

dsorrel

HAerialp

art

Aerialp

artscrushe

dwith

lukewarm

water,filtered

throug

hclothand1–2drop

sof

thefre

shjuice(swarasa)

areused

tocure

earache.(14,EC

)Arealpartpaste(lepa

)isused

fortreatm

entof

pimples,

skin

diseases,cutsandwou

nds,bu

rns(11,DE).

Aerialp

artsjuice(swarasa)

isused

tocure

cataract

(ankh

meph

ool).(9,O

P)Aerialp

artsor

stem

pieces

used

tocure

boils.(12,D

E)

461Δ

,2Δ,3▲

,4●,5Δ

,6▲,7●,8●

,9Δ,10●,11▲,12●

,13●

,14●,15●,16●,17▲,18●

,19●

,20●

,21▲

,22●

,23▲

,24▲

,25●,26Δ,27▲,28▲

,29●

,30▲

,31Δ

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Paeo

niaceae

Paeoniaem

odiR

oyle

ASR

HAPPRC

1613

Dhand

roo/Gandh

ya/

Him

alayan

Peon

yH

Leaves

1teaspo

onleaves

decoctiongiventhriceadayfor

treatm

entof

child

stom

achache(jonku)

(12,GA)and

verm

ifuge

(expellingor

destroying

intestinalworms).

(17,GA)

Itisalso

used

tocure

fever.(20,FI)

491●

,2▲,3Δ,4●

,5●,6▲

,7●,8●

,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,25Δ,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthu

sem

blicaL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1400

Aanwla/In

dian

gooseb

erry

TFruit

Crushed

3–4fru

itsandsoaked

inwater

(250

ml)for1

nigh

tthen

filteredthroug

hclothandtheprep

ared

extract

/juice(ra

sa)takenorallyon

ceaday,actin

gas

refrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).(51,GA)

511Δ

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6Δ,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11Δ

,12●

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24▲,25Δ

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Pinaceae

Cedrus

deodara(Roxb.

exD.D

on)G.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1574

Devdaar/Him

alayan

cedar

TBark,Resin

Bark

powde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

onwith

lukewarm

water

takenorallythriceadayfortreatm

entof

abdo

minal

prob

lem.(11,G

A)

Leaf

andresinpasteappliedin

boils,cutsandwou

nds.

(7,D

E)Resinappliedfortreatm

entof

crackedfeet.(6,DE)

241●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32Δ,33Δ,34●,35Δ

Pinu

sroxburgh

iiSarg.

ASR

HAPPRC

1580

Che

ed/Ku

lain/lo

ngleaf

Indian

pine

TRo

ot,Resin

2–3year

oldplantroot

(2–4

g)extract/juicewith

ado

seof

1–2teaspo

ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm

entof

tube

rculosis.(1,RE)

Resinisused

forcrackedfeet,cutsandwou

nds,andbo

nefracture.(41,27,D

E,SK)

691Δ

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,1213●,14●,

15▲,16Δ

,17●

,18Δ

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23▲

,24●

,25●

,26Δ,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33●

,34●

,35Δ

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 12 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Plantaginaceae

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Royleex

Benth.

SynNeopicrorhiza

scroph

ulariiflora

(Pen

nell)D.Y.Hon

gASR

HAPPRC

1432

Kadw

ay/Picrorrhiza

HRo

ot,Leaves

Root

orstolon

paste(lepa

)appliedin

cutsandwou

nds,

boils,b

urns

andbu

rningsensation,

headache

(leaves

pastealso

used

forsameactio

n).(7,15,13DE,HA)

Freshor

driedroot

extract/juice(swarasa)

1teaspo

ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm

entof

fever(81FI),

andalso

used

asrefrige

rant.(42,G

A)

Root

dipp

edin

cow

urine(2–4

h)andused

fortreatm

ent

ofpimples.(6,DE)

½-1

tablespo

onroot

powde

rtakenon

ceadayearly

morning

before

eatin

gto

removeintestinalworms.

(11,GA)

Root

extract/juice(swarasa)

isalso

bene

ficialfor

milk

feed

ingmothe

r.(3,G

Y)Ro

otextract/juice1teaspo

ontakenorallywith

lukewarm

water

fortreatm

entof

stom

achache.(42,GA)

220

1●,2●,3▲

,4●,5Δ

,6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10▲

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14▲,15▲

,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

21●,22▲,23▲

,24●

,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32▲

,33●

,34●

,35●

Plan

tago

depressa

Willd.

ASR

HAPPRC

1468

Syam

atu

HWho

leplant

Leaves

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

herpes,and

burns.

(2,D

E)Ro

otpaste(lepa

)andextract/juice(swarasa)

appliedfor

treatm

entof

boils,and

skin

diseases.(22,5,D

E)Semi-solid

prep

aration(avleha)

ofseed

s(seeds

crushe

dwith

ghee

(clarifiedbu

tter))½-1

teaspo

onistakenorally

thriceadaywith

lukewarm

water

forcurin

gindige

stion,

constip

ation.

(6,2,G

A)

371●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23●

,24●

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Poaceae

Cyno

dondactylon

(L.)Pers.

ASR

HAPPRC

1625

Dub

lu/Doo

b/Berm

uda

Grass

HWho

leplant

Root

rubb

edanddipp

edin

water

for4–5hthen

½-1

glassdrun

kthriceadayforrefrige

rant

quality.(17,G

A)

Aerialp

artpaste(lepa

)appliedin

treatm

entof

headache

,cutsandwou

nds,andskin

disease.(26,DE)

431●

,2Δ,3Δ

,4Δ,5Δ

,6●,7Δ

,8●,9●

,10●

,11Δ

,12Δ

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20▲,21●

,22●

,23▲

,24Δ

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29▲,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35Δ

Echino

chloafru

mentaceaLink

ASR

HAPPRC

1589

Jhango

ra/In

dian

barnyard

millet

HSeed

s,Stem

Bhaa

t(coo

kedlikerice)

madeby

jhan

gora

seed

sisused

tocure

jaun

dice.Som

etim

esitisgivenwith

whe

yor

butter

milk

forsimilareffect.(79,G

A)

791●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12▲,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Hordeum

vulgareL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1405

Jau/Jo/Barley

HSeed

sSeed

saredipp

edin

water

for6–8handthen

thewater

isused

asrefrige

rant.(17,G

A)Friedseed

s’flour

used

for

removeto

weakness(sattoo).(9,DU)

Sattva

(solid

extracte.g.

ash,

macerated

inwater

and

stayed

overnigh

tthen

strained

throug

hclothandsolid

matterallowed

tosettle)prep

ared

throug

hseed

sthen

itisused

fortreatm

entof

stom

achache,indige

stion.

(3,G

A)

291●

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Polygo

naceae

Polygonu

mcapitatum

Buch.-H

am.exD.Don

Syn-

Persicariacapitata

(Buch.-Ham

.exD.D

on)

H.G

ross

ASR

HAPPRC

1568

Lohchadi/pinkhead

smartw

eed

HAerialp

art

Leaves

rubb

edwith

mustard

oiland

theprep

ared

pasteis

appliedin

thetreatm

entof

herpes.(1,DE)

Aerialp

artpaste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

boils

and

burns.(21,DE)

221●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 13 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Rheum

emodiW

all.ex

Meisn.

Syn.

Rheum

australe

D.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1549

Archu

/Rhu

barb

HRo

ot,Leaves

Freshor

driedroot

extract/juice10

mlw

ith250mlw

ater

takentw

iceadayas

refrige

rant.(41,G

A)

Root

powde

r½-1

teaspo

ontakenwith

water

fortreatm

ent

ofinternalbo

dyinjury.(31,D

U)

Freshroot

andleaves

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

headache

,muscles

andbo

neache

,burns,cutsand

wou

nds.(44,HA,SK,DE)

116

1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9▲,10▲

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14▲,15●

,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22▲

,23Δ

,24●

,25Δ,26●,27●,28●,29▲,30●

,31●

,32▲

,33Δ

,34●

,35▲

Rumex

hastatus

D.D

onASR

HAPPRC

1522

Amed

u/Arrow

leaf

Dock

HWho

leplant

Shadedriedroot

powde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

ontaken

orallythriceadayfortreatm

entof

stom

achache.(21,GA)

Aerialp

artsextract/juiceused

fortreatm

entof

burns,cuts

andwou

nds.(18,DE)

391●

,2Δ,3Δ

,4●,5●

6▲,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11▲,12●

,13●

,14●,15●,16▲,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25Δ,26▲,27▲

,28Δ

,29●

,30●

,31●

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35Δ

Rumex

nepalensisSpreng

.ASR

HAPPRC

1603

Khuldya/Nep

alDock

HRo

ot,Leaves

Leaf

androot

pasteappliedin

burns,cutsandwou

nds,

skin

diseases

andbo

ils.(5,9,6,12,D

E)Ro

otpo

wde

r½-1

teaspo

onistakenorallythriceadayfor

treatm

entof

body

pain.(2,DU)

Root

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

toothache.(1,D

P)Sattva

(solid

extracte.g.

root

powde

r(5–10g),m

acerated

inwater

(250

ml),stayed

overnigh

t,andthen

strained

throug

hclothandsolid

matterallowed

settle)filtered

water

(250

ml)drun

kon

ceadayas

refrige

rant

andsolid

matter/po

wde

r½-1

teaspo

ontakenwith

water

for

treatm

entof

stom

achacheandfever.(5,3,G

A,FI)

431●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6▲,7●,8●

,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Ranu

nculaceae

Acon

itum

balfouriiStapf

Syn-

Acon

itum

lethaleGriff.

ASR

HAPPRC

1424

Bikh

HTube

rTube

rpastewith

ghee

(clarifiedbu

tter)a

ppliedfor

treatm

entof

snakebite

andscorpion

sting,

boils,g

out,

jointpain

andbo

dypain

(soo

l).Fresh

ordriedtube

rextract/juicealso

used

forsameactio

n.(62,7,3,PB

,DE,SK)

721●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6Δ,7●,8●

,9Δ,10Δ,11●,12Δ,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23▲

,24●

,25Δ

,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33●,34●,35▲

Acon

itum

heteroph

yllum

Wall.ex

Royle

ASR

HAPPRC

1426

Atees/In

dian

Atees

HTube

rTube

rpasteappliedfortreatm

entof

cutandwou

nds,

boils,h

eadache.(25,DE,HA)

Freshor

driedtube

rextract/juicedo

sage

of1teaspo

ontakenorallywith

lukewarm

water

thriceadayfor

treatm

entof

fever,stom

achache

,and

killing

intestinal

worms.(78,7,FI,G

A)

Tube

rrubb

edwith

milk

andho

ney,prep

ared

semi-d

ried

(avleha),usedto

cure

child

fever,stom

achacheetc.

(37,3FI,G

A)

Driedor

fresh

tube

rextractor

juicedo

seof

½-1

spoo

ntakenorallythriceadaywith

lukewarm

water

takenbe

fore

mealtocure

dysenteryanddiarrhea.(3,GA)

153

1●,2▲,3▲,4●5

●6▲,7●,8●

,9▲,10▲

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14▲,15▲

,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

21●,22▲,23▲

,24●

,25●,26●,27●,28●,29▲,30▲

,31▲

,32▲

,33●

,34●

,35●

Delph

inium

denu

datum

Wall.ex

Hoo

k.f.&Thom

son

ASR

HAPPRC

1417

Nirb

ishi

HRo

otRo

otpaste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

boils,p

imples,

cutsandwou

nds.(22,3,3,DE)

Root

pastewith

ghee

(clarifiedbu

tter)appliedfor

treatm

entof

scorpion

andsnakebite.(18,PB)

461●

,2●,3Δ

,4●,5●

6▲,7Δ,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12▲,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23Δ

,24●

,25Δ

,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30▲

,31●

,32Δ

,33●

,34●

,35●

Thalictrum

foliolosum

DC.

ASR

HAPPRC

1562

Mam

iri/Peelijad/Leafy

Meado

w-Rue

HWho

leplant

Leaf

androot

extract/sw

arasa(freshjuice)

orpaste

appliedfortreatm

entof

boils,skindiseases,cutsand

wou

nds.Italso

healsbu

rns.(42,4,8,DE)

541●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23Δ

,24●

,25●

,26Δ,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 14 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Rosaceae

Duchesnea

indica

(Jacks.)Focke

ASR

HAPPRC

1575

Bhuikafal/Ind

ian

Strawbe

rry

HFruit

Fruitpaste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

white

patche

s,andskin

diseases.(12,D

E)4–5fru

itsrubb

edandmixwith

water

(250

ml)takenon

ceaday,as

itactsas

refrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).(14,GA)

261●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,

27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

PotentillafulgensWall.

exSims

SynPotentillalineataTrevir.

ASR

HAPPRC

1553

Bajradanti/Silver

weed

HWho

leplant

Rootsandleaves

used

forcleaning

teethandalso

used

fortreatm

entof

toothache.(79,DP)

Leaves

arechew

edto

cure

throat

infection(kho

d).(15,RE)

941●

,2▲,3▲,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9▲,10●

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14●,15●,16Δ,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●

,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33●

,34●

,35▲

Prun

uspersica(L.)Batsch

ASR

HAPPRC

1437

Aaru/Peach

TBark,Leaves,

Seed

sSeed

swith

pericarprubb

edin

chon

thri,prep

ared

pasteis

appliedin

boils

andskin

diseases.(12,D

E)Fine

seed

(1)po

wde

rge

ntlymixin

20mlw

ater,filter

itthroug

hcloththen

1tablespo

ongivenforchild

asrefrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).(30,GA)

421●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Rubusellipticus

Sm.

ASR

HAPPRC

1444

Hisaur/Golde

nHim

alayan

raspbe

rry

SRo

ot,Leaves,

Fruit

Youn

gshoo

tsarechew

edfortreatm

entof

throat

infection(kho

d).

(17,RE)

Root

andleaves

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

skin

diseases,and

boils.(9,DE)

Stem

isused

astoothb

rush

forcleaning

teeth.

(26,DP)

521●

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5●

6●,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,

26Δ,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Rubiaceae

Rubiaman

jithRo

xb.exFlem

ingA

SRHAPP

RC1473

Lyachkuru/Indian

madde

rCl

Who

leplant

Aerialp

lant

pasteappliedfortreatm

entof

skin

diseases,

burns,bo

ilsandhe

adache

.(7,6,3,DE,HA)

Who

leplantpo

wde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

onwith

lukewarm

water

istakenthriceadayfortreatm

entof

abdo

minalprob

lems.(3,G

A)

191●

,2●,3●

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15Δ,16Δ,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22▲,23▲

,24●

,25●

,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Rutaceae

Citrus

aurantiifolia

(Christm

.)Sw

ingle

ASR

HAPPRC

1579

Kaagji/Lime

SFruit

1Fruitjuiceprep

ared

with

250–500mlw

ater

+½-1

teaspo

onsalt+5–10

gMishri(Sugarlumps)(sug

arlumps)

takenorallyfortreatm

entof

dysenteryanddiarrhea,acts

asarefrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect)(42,GA),anditisalso

used

tocure

feverandhe

adache

.(29,FI,HA)

Fruitjuiceappliedfortreatm

entof

pimples,cutsand

wou

nds.(9,D

E)

801●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Saxifragaceae

Bergenia

ciliata

(Haw

.)Sternb

.ASR

HAPPRC

1578

Pashanbh

ed/Syalmadi/

Kaam

al/FrillyBergen

iaH

Root,Leaves

Fresh(5

g)or

dried(2

g)root

grou

ndwith

ghee

(clarified

butter)(1

teaspo

on)mixed

with

250mlw

ater,taken

once

adayforabdo

minalsanitatio

n.(3,G

A)

Root

andleaf

pasteisused

fortreatm

entof

burns,bo

ils,

cutsandwou

nds.(7,D

E)Ro

otjuice(swarasa)

1teaspo

onin

250mlw

ater

used

asrefrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).Ro

otgrou

ndwith

water,m

ade

into

semid

riedprep

aration,

then

½teaspo

onisgiven

with

milk

tochild

thriceadayto

cure

syalbey(whe

nchild

goto

cool

side

rapidlyor

kind

offever).

Root

decoction

also

used

forcure

ston

e(8,FI,GA)

Root

isalso

useful

inleucorrhoe

a.(4,G

Y)Ro

otpo

wde

r(½-1

teaspo

on)takenthricewith

lukewarm

water

forcure

stom

achacheandston

e(pathri).(45,GA)

671●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6Δ

,7●,8●

,9Δ,10▲,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14●,15▲,16▲

,17●

,18▲

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22Δ

,23▲

,24●

,25Δ,26●,27▲,28▲

,29●

,30▲

,31▲

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 15 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Smilacaceae

Smilaxaspera

L.ASR

HAPPRC

1448

Kukrdaad/Com

mon

smilax

Cl

Fruit

Fruit(7–9)+1tablespo

onGhe

e(clarifiedbu

tter)paste

(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

snakebite

andscorpion

stingfor5days.(2,PB

)

21●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,

27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Solanaceae

Solanu

mkhasianu

mC.B.C

larke

Syn-

Solanu

maculeatissim

umJacq.

ASR

HAPPRC

1583

Bhug

undroo

/Ko

nldb

ey/

Dutch

eggp

lant

SFruit,Ro

otFruitgarland

isused

tocure

jaun

dice.(61,G

A)

Root

decoction(½-1

teaspo

on)takenthriceadayfor5–7

days

tocure

jaun

dice

(kon

lbey).(1,G

A)

Root

pasteappliedto

cure

boils

andbu

rns.(14,DE)

761●

,2▲,3●,4●

,5●,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,

15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,

27▲,28●

,29●

,30●

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Solanu

mnigrum

L.Syn-

Solanu

mam

erican

umMill

ASR

HAPPRC

1459

Kiwaini

/Kyaw

en/Black

nigh

tshade

HFruit,Leaves

Maturefru

it(4–5)juice(swarasa)

mixed

with

250ml

water

takenorallytw

iceadayto

cure

fever,indige

stion,

andactsas

refrige

rant

(coo

lingeffect).(11,9,16,FI,GA)

Fruitpaste(lepa

)appliedon

forehe

adfortreatm

entof

headache

.(1,HA)

Leaves

juice(swarasa)

appliedin

cutsandwou

nds,bo

ils.

(2,D

E)

391▲

,2▲,3●,4●

,5Δ,6●

,7●,8●

,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,

14●,15●,16●,17Δ,18▲,19▲

,20▲

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24▲

,25●,26●,27▲,28Δ

,29●

,30▲

,31▲

,32●

,33Δ

,34●

,35●

Taxaceae

Taxuswallichian

aZu

cc.

ASR

HAPPRC

1607

Thun

er/Him

alayan

yew

TLeaves

Leaves

extract/juiceappliedfortreatm

entof

boils,cuts

andwou

nds.(27,15,D

E)42

1●,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6Δ,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14●

,15Δ,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,

27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33Δ,34●,35●

Urticaceae

Girardinia

diversifolia

(Link)Friis

ASR

HAPPRC

1618

Dho

lan/Him

alayan

nettle

HWho

leplant

Root

decoctionisused

fortreatm

entof

boils,swelling

andjointpain.(10,9,4,D

E,SK)

Freshroot

isalso

used

fortreatm

entof

boils.(6,DE)

291●

,2Δ,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10Δ

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33▲

,34●

,35●

PouzolziahirtaBlum

eex

Hassk.

ASR

HAPPRC

1628

Kanchw

alya

HRo

otRo

otpasteused

toremovedand

ruffandpreven

thairfall.

(92,HP)

921●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,

26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Violaceae

ViolacanescensWall.

ASR

HAPPRC

1537

Bansai/Banasa/Him

alayan

White

Violet

HAerialp

art

Aerialp

lant

pasteused

forcutsandwou

nds,(9,D

E),

flowerspo

wde

r(chu

rna)

½-1

teaspo

ontakenorallythrice

adaywith

lukewarm

water

tocure

coug

h.(11,RE)

201●

,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9▲

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15▲,16●

,17●

,18●

,19●

,20●

,21●

,22●

,23●

,24●

,25●

,26▲,27Δ

,28▲

,29●

,30▲

,31Δ

,32●

,33●

,34●

,35●

Zing

iberiaceae

Curcum

along

aL.

ASR

HAPPRC

1619

Haldu

/Turmeric

HRh

izom

eRh

izom

epasteappliedin

cutsandwou

ndsactsas

antisep

tic.(87,D

E)To

cure

deep

bone

wou

ndsandinternalbo

dyinjury

rhizom

epo

wde

r½

teaspo

on(1

g)mixed

with

1glass

milk

isdrun

k1glassaday.(19,DU)

106

1●,2●,3●

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12▲

,13●

,14●

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20▲,21●

,22●

,23●

,24▲

,25●

,26●,27▲,28●

,29●

,30Δ

,31●

,32●

,33●

,34Δ

,35●

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 16 of 29

Table

3Ethn

omed

icinalplantsused

bylocalinh

abitantsof

JakholiB

lock,Rud

raprayag

district,Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia(Con

tinued)

Hedychium

spicatum

Sm.

ASR

HAPPRC

1416

Syod

u/Banh

aldu

/Spiked

Ginge

rLily

HRh

izom

e,leaves

Rhizom

es(40-50

g)bo

iledin

100mlw

ater

then

thepaste

isappliedfortreatm

entof

jointpain,b

urns,b

oils,and

skin

diseases.(4,SK,D

E)Freshrhizom

eextract/juicecanbe

used

fortreatm

ent

ofcutsandwou

ndsandbo

ils.(22,D

E)Leaves

paste(lepa

)appliedfortreatm

entof

headache

.(6,H

A)

321●

,2Δ,3Δ

,4●,5●

,6●,7●

,8●,9Δ

,10●

,11●

,12●

,13●

,14●

,15●,16Δ,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,25Δ,26Δ,

27Δ,28Δ,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●

Zing

iber

officinaleRo

scoe

ASR

HAPPRC

1609

Aadu/Ginge

rH

Rhizom

eRh

izom

epo

wde

r(½-1)teaspo

ontakenorallythriceaday

with

lukewarm

water

fortreatm

entof

coug

handcold.

(66,RE)

Rhizom

epaste(lepa

)also

used

forcurin

gbu

rnsandbo

ils.

(6,2,D

E)

741Δ

,2●,3▲

,4●,5Δ

,6●,7●

,8●,9●

,10●

,11●

,12Δ

,13●

,14Δ

,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25Δ,

26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●

,32●

,33●

,34▲

,35●

LFlifeform

s,Hhe

rb,S,shrub

;Ttree

,Clclim

ber

GAga

stro-in

testinal

disorders,RE

respira

tory

complaints,FIfeveran

dache

s,DEDiseasesof

theskin,G

Ywom

en’she

alth,SKskeletom

usculardisorders,DId

iabe

tes,OPop

htha

lmolog

iccomplaints,PB

poison

ous

bite,D

Pde

ntal

prob

lems,HPHairprob

lems,EC

earcomplaints,HAhe

adache

,MAmen

tala

fflictio

ns,D

Udifferen

tuses

(▲)Similaruse,

(Δ)Dissimilaruse,

and(●)Not

repo

rted

1[35]2[31]3[30]4[41]5[43]

6[1],7

[48]8[46]9[22]

10[26],1

1[49]

12[32],1

3[50]

14[51]15

[52],1

6[53]17

[54],1

8[39]19

[55]

20[56]21

[57]

22[38]23

[45],2

4[33]25

[58]

26[29]

27[11],2

8[27]

29[59],3

0[44],

31[28],3

2[36],3

3[37],3

4[17],3

5[18]

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 17 of 29

inhabitants for drug preparation are: Chhonthri (made ofstone in the shape of plate 10 – 12 mm thick and with adiameter of 15 – 20 cm and a weigh of about 0.5 – 1.0 kg(Fig. 2d), Kharad (also made of stone 20 cm × 45 cm,3 – 5 kg weight), Silbatta/Silotu (made of stone 30 × 60cm, 15 – 25 kg weight) (Fig. 2d), Imaamdasta (made ofstone or readymade china ceramic, 3 – 5 kg weigh).

Informant consensus factor (ICF)The consensus of participants on medicinal plants re-ported for treating different ailments was quantitativelyanalyzed. To develop this consensus, all treated diseasesare grouped into 15categories. ICF value ranged from0.91 – 0.99, inferring the high consensus value amongparticipants, however the 100% consensus was notreported. The highest ICF value (0.99) was for hair prob-lems (HP), followed by Ophtalmologic complaints (OP)Mental afflictions (MA) 0.98 (Table 4). Our result repu-diated the earlier findings and found the highest ICF forHP and OP. It may be due to low availability of marketbased nutraceuticals and OP was attributed by the poor

sanitation, frequent injuries made by scrubs, wind, in-sects and poisonous flowers/pollens. Low consumptionof water, high intensity light, hard work might be one ofthe important factors causing MA. High ICF values fromadjoining areas were recorded for haematological dis-order (1.00) [26], Liver disorder (0.56) [27], Malaria,Measles, Giddiness (each 1.00) [28].

Ailments and useful speciesA total of 4967 therapeutic URs were documented for15 different ailments categories and the most (1468reports) were related to diseases of skin (DE) (29.55%).This account was accorded to the findings of Saha et al.[29] confirming that dermatology is the most repre-sented therapeutic category in India, followed by Gastro-intestinal disorder (GA) (25.89%) (Table 4). Women’shealth (GY) cited less UR (0.70%).A total of 1286 URs from 39 medicinal plants were re-

ported to treat gastrointestinal ailments (GA) (killing in-testinal worms, dysentery and diarrhoea, refrigerant,stomach ache, abdominal sanitation, indigestion,

Fig. 3 Number of medicinal plants in different families

Fig. 4 Proportion of different life forms used as medicinal plants in Jakholi

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 18 of 29

Fig. 5 Proportion of different plant parts used for ethnomedicinal purpose in Jakholi

Fig. 6 Paste (Lepa) and Extract (Rasa) preparation by local inhabitants of Jakholi

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 19 of 29

carminative, and constipation) with ICF value 0.97.Tinospora cordifolia was highly cited for refrigerant inthis ailments category with 91 URs it is commonlyknown as Giley. Echinochloa frumentacea was fre-quently cited for jaundice with 79 URs. Megacarpaeapolyandra used as refrigerant with 56 URs, howeverSemwal et al. [30] and Singh and Rawat [22] reported itfor fever, asthma, stomach ache and dysentery. Bergeniaciliata commonly known as Pashanbhed / Syalmadi /Kaamalhighly was cited for curing gallstone with 53 URs,similar account was made by Uniyal and Shiva [31].Total 219 URs and 10 taxa were cited for respiratory

complaints (RE) categories and ICF value is 0.95. Coughand cold, tuberculosis and throat infection use reportswere common in RE due to cold, fluctuation intemperature, and high smoking. Zingiber officinale com-monly known Aadu, was highly cited for cough and coldwith 66 UR as reported by Semwal et al. [30] for coughand cold with honey. Alien and invasive plant

Eupatorium adenophora was used for cough and coldwith18 URs. A total of 437 URs and 15 taxa were men-tioned for fever and aches complaints (FI) categorieswith ICF value (0.96). Picrorhiza kurroa and Aconitumheterophyllum highly cited for fever and headaches with81 and 78 URs, substantiate the findings from Garhwalby Uniyal and Shiva [31], Semwal et al. [30], Malik et al.[1], Singh and Rawat [22]., Highest number of URs(1468) from 53 species for skin diseases (DE) with ICFvalue (0.96) was noted for treatment of cuts andwounds, boils, burnt, pimples, white patches and herpes.Cut and wounds and boils are commonly occurred inhilly areas due to narrow trails and intensive thornyshrubs, tiresome work with sharp tools and implements,etc. Eupatorium adenophora was highly cited for cutand wounds with 108 URs followed by Curcuma longawith 87 URs, consistent with the findings of Phondani etal. [32], Tewari et al. [33] and Gaur [11]. Women’shealth problems like galactogogue and leucorrhoea were

Fig. 7 Decoction (Rasout) preparation by local inhabitants of Jakholi

Fig. 8 Proportion of different formulations of medicinal plants in Jakholi

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 20 of 29

treated by Asparagus adscendens, Picrorhiza kurroa,Bergenia ciliata and Quercus leucotrichophora. This re-sult is consistent with the findings of Azad and Bhat[34]. Rheum emodii was highly cited for bone ache with44 URs as noted by Semwal et al. [30]. Tinospora cordi-folia was highly cited for diabetes with URs 35 followedby Berberis chitria and Berberis lyceum with 7 URs fortreatment of diabetes. However, Chandra et al. reportedBerberis lyceum for ophthalmic complaints [35], Uniyaland Shiva for antiseptic, blood purifier, conjunctivitis[31]. Ophthalmologic complaints (OP) was the secondhighest ICF value recorder. Berberis chitria commonlyknown Totar/Totru root decoction commonly calledRasout 1–2 drops was used to treat eye infection with110 URs followed by 101 URs of Berberis lyceum for eyecomplaints, similar observations were made in Hima-layan areas [1, 28, 36, 37]. Centella asiatica was alsobeneficial for eye sight with 40 URs. The use of plants orpoisonous bite (PB) was moderately consented and only91 URs from 4 taxa were cited for poisonous bite (PB)complaints with ICF value 0.96. Aconitum balfourii wasused for Snake bite and Scorpion sting with 62 URs asRana et al. [38] recorded. Juglans regia was cited forcleaning teeth and for treatment of pyorrhoea with 89URs similar to Uniyal and Shiva [31], Semwal et al. [30],Malik et al. [1] Highest consensus was reported for treat-ment of hair problems. A total of 104 URs from only 2species Pouzolzia hirta and Brassica juncea were citedfor hair problems. Pouzolzia hirta commonly known asKanchwalya tuberous root paste is used as shampoo andhighly cited for to remove dandruff and prevent hair fall.

Brassica juncea was also cited for ear problems with 42URs similar to Semwal et al. [30] and Kumari et al. [39].Rheum emodii root and leaf paste was cited for head-ache, consistent with the observation of Rehman et al.[40]. Species Nardostachys jatamansi and Valerianajatamansi were cited for mental disorder and insomnia,as evidenced by Semwal et al. [30], Sharma et al. [41]and Shah et al. [29]. In sense of plants used, the highestnumber was observed for DE categories (67.94%)followed by Gastro- intestinal ailments (GA) (50%). It hasbeen affirmed that the local people are interested to useherbal therapies predominantly for the management of der-matological and gastro-intestinal ailments. The reportedplants having high citations against above mentioned dis-eases should be further evaluated and analyze throughpharmaceutical and biological properties [24, 42].

Threatened speciesOf the plants recorded for ethnomedicinal, 29 plant spe-cies are prioritized for conservation (Table 5). Thesethreatened species are available in restricted pocket ofGarhwal Himalaya, and locally threatened due to prema-ture and over-exploitations (Fig. 9). Eleven local highlythreatened species were cited by local inhabitants ofJakholi and overexploitation as principle cause of threatcited by local inhabitants for all local threatened species.Alpine species are highly threatened, which may be in-fluence by other cause viz. long vegetative phase and lesspropagation, decreasing natural water resources and glo-bal warming. (Table 6/ Fig. 10).

Table 4 Informant consensus factor for ailment categories

Ailment categories(group of illness)

Number of usereports (Nur)

% of usereports

Number oftaxa (Nt)

% oftaxa

Informant consensusfactor (ICF)

Women’s health (GY) 35 0.70 4 5.12 0.91

Head ache (HA) 199 4.00 14 17.94 0.93

Respiratory complaints (RE) 219 4.40 10 12.82 0.95

Diabetes (DI) 49 0.98 3 3.84 0.95

Diseases of the skin (DE) 1468 29.55 53 67.94 0.96

Skeletomuscular disorders (SK) 128 2.57 6 7.69 0.96

Ear complaints (EC) 104 2.09 5 6.41 0.96

Poisonous bite (PB) 91 1.83 4 5.12 0.96

Gastrointestinal disorders (GA) 1286 25.89 39 50 0.97

Fever and Aches (FI) 437 8.79 15 19.23 0.96

Dental problems (DP) 275 5.53 7 8.97 0.97

Mental afflictions (MA) 71 1.42 2 2.56 0.98

Ophthalmologic complaints (OP) 252 5.07 4 5.12 0.98

Hair problems (HP) 104 2.09 2 2.56 0.99

Different uses (DU) 249 5.01 10 12.82 0.95

TOTAL 4967

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 21 of 29

Table

5Threaten

edspeciesof

Indian

Him

alayan

region

used

inethn

omed

icinepractices

instud

yarea

S.No

Botanicaln

ame

IUCN(1993)

[60]

CAMP(Con

servationAssessm

entand

Managem

entPlan)(1998)

[61]

RDB(Nayar

andShastry,

1987,1988,1990)[62]

Gaur(1999)

[11]

Dharet

al.

(2002)

[63]

NautiyalandNautiyal

(2004)

[64]

IUCN

(2017)

1Acon

itum

balfouriiStapf

CR

VUCR

2Acon

itum

heteroph

yllum

Wall.ex

Royle

VUCR

ENEN

EN

3Acorus

calamus

L.VU

LC

4Berberislyceum

Royle

EN

5BerberischitriaBu

ch.H

amex

Lind

lEN

6Bergeniaciliata

(Haw

.)Sternb

.VU

UV

7BetulautilisD.D

onEN

8Cedrus

deodara(Roxb.

exD.D

on)G.D

onLC

9Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban

LC

10Cinn

amom

umtamala(Buch.-Ham

.)T.Nees&Eberm.

LRVU

11Dactylorhizaha

tagirea(D.D

on)Soo

CR

ENR

12Delph

inium

denu

datum

Wall.ex

Hoo

k.f.&Thom

son

CR

13EngelhardtiaspicataLechen

exBlum

eLC

14Girardiniadiversifolia

(Link)Friis

15Hedychium

spicatum

Sm.

VU

16Juglan

sregiaL.

NT

17Jurinea

macroceph

alaDC.

LRVU

R

18Man

gifera

indica

L.DD

19Megacarpaea

polyan

draBenth.ex

Madde

nVU

20Nardostachysjataman

si(D.D

on)DC.

CR

CR

CR

21Paeoniaem

odiRoyle

VUVU

22Paris

polyph

yllaSm

.VU

23P icrorhiza

kurroa

Royleex

Benth.

VUEN

ENEN

24Pinu

sroxburgh

iiSarg.

LC

25Rheum

emodiW

all.ex

Meisn.

VUVU

26Podoph

yllum

hexand

rum

Royle

ENCR

ENEN

EN

27Taxuswallichian

aZu

cc.

CR

CR

28Thalictrum

foliolosum

DC.

VU

29Valeriana

jataman

siJone

sCR

EN

CRcritically

enda

ngered

,VUvu

lnerab

le,ENen

dang

ered

,LRlower

riskne

arthreaten

ed,LCleastconcern,

DDda

tade

ficient,N

Tne

arthreaten

ed,R

rare

IUCN:The

Internationa

lUnion

forCon

servationof

Naturean

dNatural

Resources

http://www.iucnredlist.o

rg28

May

2017

Databa

se

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 22 of 29

Reliability and comparisonCultural practices of particular region directly affectedby floral and faunal wealth and variance among them in-dicate importance of particular region. For similarity,dissimilarity and new use reports uses of plants docu-mented in our study were compared to 35 publishedethno-botanical studies from Indian Himalaya as well asneighbouring countries (Table 7). In the present study,the similarity of uses as compared to other studiesranged from 0 to 30% while dissimilar uses varied widelyfrom 42.5 [43] to 1.58% [44]. JI range between 2.86 –56.66 and Sorensen’s index 5.56–72.34 were obtain. Thehighest degree of similarity was found with studiesconducted by Kala [45] with JI 55.66 and SI 72.34 andUniyal and Siva [31] with JI 49.35, SI 66.08. The lowestindices of similarity are found with studies of Samant etal. [36] and Ghildiyal et al. [46] (JI 2.86 and 3, SI 5.56and 5.83). Comparison of medicinal flora and useswithin district and block only two reports were foundwhich have more than 30 JI and 50% SI similarity (49.35

JI, 66.08 SI Uniyal and Siva [31] and 39.68JI, 56.81 SISemwal et al.) [30]. It appears that the distance betweenstudy area and neighbouring region is responsible forany change in JI [24]. The highest similarity index wasnot surprisingly observed with the nearest areas, whichhad high similarity indices with respect to plant use andmodes of applications.This occurrence may be due to the sharing of a

similar flora and the cross-cultural exchange of medi-cinal plant knowledge in past and present. It also in-dicates similar ethno-genesis of people in comparativeareas [47]. Besides, low similarity indices may belikely due to minimal cultural exchange between themountains region as they are disconnected throughmountain ranges and other cultural variations [24].However, region to region similar medicinal flora areused in various way. Low similarity with the other re-port may be due to different topography and climaticcondition and medicinal flora or it could be a sign ofloss of cultural practices.

A B C

D E F

G H I

Fig. 9 Threatened species in study area a Aconitum balfaourii b Aconitum heterophyllum c Bergenia ciliata d Dactylorhiza hatagirea e Nardostachysjatamansi f Paris polyphylla g Picrorhiza kurroa h Rheum emodi i Taxus wallichiana

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 23 of 29

Novelty and future prospectsThe present study was compared with the previous stud-ies related to analysis of ethnomedicinal plants and theiruses in Himalaya. This comparative analysis in theethnomedicinal point of view found the following newreports as Calotropis gigantea for joint pain, swelling (37UR) and skin diseases (2 UR); Citrus aurantiifolia fordysentery, diarrhea and as refrigerant with 42 UR; Cucu-mis sativus for fever with 65 UR; Dioscorea bulbifera forfever (17 UR) and boils (16 UR); Drymaria cordata forherpes (6 UR) fever and headache (13 UR); Duchesneaindica for Skin diseases (12 UR) and as refrigerant (14

UR); Engelhardtia spicata for cleansing teeth (37) andtreatments of boils, cut and wounds (50 UR); Hedychiumspicatum for skin diseases and boils, cut and wounds,joint pain (26 UR); Hordeum vulgare for weakness (9UR) as refrigerant (17 UR); Mangifera indica used forstomachache (12 UR), dysentery and diarrhea (19 UR)(especially for child); Prunus persica used for boils, skindiseases (12 UR) and as refrigerant (30 UR); Polygonumcapitatum for boils, burnt (21) herpes (1); Pouzolziahirta to remove dandruff and prevent hair fall (92 UR);Rubus ellipticus for throat infection (17 UR), boils and skindiseases (9 UR) and cleaning teeth (26 UR); Stephania

Table 6 Consensus and observation for local threatened medicinal plants and their causes by local inhabitants of Jakholi

Botanical name Availability /Citation∑Citation

Restrictedpockets∑Citation

long vegetative phase/less propagation∑Citation

Global worming /decreasingnatural water resources∑Citation

Unfair trade/Overexploitation∑Citation

No idea∑Citation

Aconitum balfourii Stapf R/98 113 42 14 109 15

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle VR/183 106 78 26 193 4

Acorus calamus L. S/93 10 5 32 168 12

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo R/109 165 69 19 143 7

Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. exMadden

R/103 142 49 25 91 12

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. VR/176 125 65 32 125 11

Paris polyphylla Sm. S/91 45 33 23 102 9

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. VR/174 198 64 21 201 9

Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. D. Don R/125 164 15 29 95 6

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle R/81 112 21 13 61 14

Taxus wallichiana Zucc. R/76 67 46 11 129 5

S scattered, R rare, VR very rare (N = 220)

Fig. 10 Consensus and observation for local threatened medicinal plants and their causes by local inhabitants of Jakholi

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 24 of 29

Table

7Com

parison

ofpresen

tstud

ywith

previous

stud

yfro

madjoiningarea

ofHim

alayaregion

Stud

yarea

Stud

yYear

Num

berof

plantsrepo

rted

Plantswith

similaruse

Plantswith

dissim

ilaruse

TotalC

ommon

speciesin

both

areas

%of

common

plantsspecies

Specieslisted

onlyin

aligne

dareas

Speciesen

listed

onlyin

stud

yarea

%of

species

enlistedon

lyin

thisstud

y

%of

plants

with

similar

uses

%of

plants

with

dissim

ilar

uses

Jaccard

inde

x(JI)

Sorensen

’ssimilarity

inde

x(QS)

Reference

Rudraprayagdistrict,

Uttarakhand

2013

159

78

159.43

144

6380.77

4.40

5.03

7.81

14.49

Chand

raet

al.[35]

Garhw

alHim

alaya,

Uttaranchal

2005

113

2414

3833.63

7540

51.28

21.24

12.39

49.35

66.08

Uniyaland

Siva

[31]

Ukhim

athBlock,

RudraprayagUttarakhand

2010

6018

725

41.67

3553

67.95

30.00

11.67

39.68

56.81

Semwal

etal.[30]

Sub-Him

alayan

region

,Uttarakhand

2013

241

78

33.33

1670

89.74

4.17

29.17

10.25

18.6

Sharma

etal.[41]

Sub-Him

alayan

region

,Uttarakhand

2012

400

1717

42.50

2361

78.21

0.00

42.50

25.37

40.47

Sharma

etal.[43]

Western

Him

alaya

2015

9714

822

22.68

7556

71.79

14.43

8.25

20.18

33.58

Malik

etal.[1]

Uttarakhand

2015

562

35

8.93

5173

93.59

3.57

5.36

4.2

8.06

Kala[48]

Garhw

alregion

2014

671

34

5.97

6374

94.87

1.49

4.48

35.83

Ghildiyal

etal.[46]

KedarnathWildlife

Sanctuaryin

Western

Him

alaya,India

2011

126

1217

2923.02

9749

62.82

9.52

13.49

24.78

39.72

Sing

hand

Rawat

[22]

KedarnathWildlife

Sanctuary,IndiaHim

alaya

2013

216

39

42.86

1269

88.46

28.57

14.29

12.5

22.22

Bhat

etal.

[26]

Garhw

alHim

alaya,India

2011

618

513

21.31

4865

83.33

13.11

8.20

1323

Kumar

etal.[49]

Niti

valleycentral

Him

alaya,India

2010

869

1120

23.26

6658

74.36

10.47

12.79

19.23

32.25

Phon

dani

etal.[32]

Garhw

alHim

alaya

2010

232

13

13.04

2075

96.15

8.70

4.35

3.26

6.31

Dangw

alet

al.[50]

Uttaranchal,Ind

ia2005

745

1015

20.27

5963

80.77

6.76

13.51

14.01

24.59

Kalaet

al.

[51]

KedarnathWildlife

Sanctuary,Garhw

alHim

alayaIndia

2013

152

116

1711.18

135

6178.21

7.24

3.95

9.49

17.34

Bhat

etal.

[52]

PauriG

arhw

alUttarakhand

2010

616

612

19.67

4966

84.62

9.84

9.84

11.65

20.86

Palaet

al.

[53]

Nanitalo

fKu

maun

region

Uttarakhand

2014

283

811

39.29

1767

85.90

10.71

28.57

15.06

26.19

Kapkoti

etal.[54]

Alm

oradistrict

Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia2011

188

1024

3418.09

154

4456.41

5.32

12.77

20.73

34.34

Kumari

etal.[39]

KumaunHim

alaya,India

2013

483

1013

27.08

3565

83.33

6.25

20.83

14.94

26Bh

attet

al.

[55]

Bhabar

region

ofUttarakhand

2015

243

47

29.17

1771

91.03

12.50

16.67

8.64

15.9

Pand

eand

Joshi[56]

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 25 of 29

Table

7Com

parison

ofpresen

tstud

ywith

previous

stud

yfro

madjoiningarea

ofHim

alayaregion

(Con

tinued)

SubHim

alayan

tract

Uttarakhand

,Ind

ia2010

542

68

14.81

4670

89.74

3.70

11.11

7.4

13.79

Gauret

al.

[57]

Nanda

DeviB

iosphe

rereserve,Uttarakhand

,India

2013

909

1625

27.78

6553

67.95

10.00

17.78

26.88

42.37

Rana

etal.

[38]

Tons

watershed

Uttarakhand

Him

alaya

2015

8417

1734

40.48

5044

56.41

20.24

20.24

56.66

72.34

Kala[45]

Garur

Blockof

district

Bage

shwar,U

ttarakhand

,India

2014

394

48

20.51

3170

89.74

10.26

10.26

8.6

15.84

Tewari

etal.[33]

Uttarakhand

2014

111

115

1614.41

9562

79.49

0.90

13.51

11.34

20.38

Prakash

[58]

NanitalU

ttarakhand

2014

113

410

1412.39

9964

82.05

3.54

8.85

9.39

17.17

Shah

etal.

[29]

DistrictGarhw

alNorth

WestHim

alaya

1999

2035

1945

643.14

1971

1417.95

0.93

2.21

3.33

6.44

Gaur[11]

KumaonHim

alayaIndia

2014

898

1422

24.72

6756

71.79

8.99

15.73

21.78

35.77

Sing

het

al.[27]

Cen

tralHim

alayaIndia

2002

503

25

10.00

4573

93.59

6.00

4.00

4.42

8.47

Neg

ietal.

[18]

JammuKashmirand

Ladakh

India

2014

948

2515

404.22

908

3848.72

2.64

1.58

4.41

8.45

Gairola

etal.[44]

KashmirHim

alaya

2011

305

712

40.00

1866

84.62

16.67

23.33

16.66

28.57

Maliket

al.

[59].

Him

achalP

rade

shNorth

westHim

alaya,India

2016

7311

819

26.03

5459

75.64

15.07

10.96

20.21

33.62

Thakur

etal.[28].

Him

achalP

rade

shNorth

westHim

alaya,India

2007

643

712

192.95

624

5975.64

1.09

1.87

2.86

5.56

Samant

etal.[36]

Nep

alHim

alaya

2006

843

58

9.52

7670

89.74

3.57

5.95

5.79

10.95

Kunw

aret

al.[37]

ArunachalPradesh

EasternHim

alayan

zone

2011

746

1016

21.62

5862

79.49

8.11

13.51

15.38

26.66

Tang

jang

etal.[17]

Average

172.14

7.69

10.23

17.91

21.68

154.23

60.09

77.03

9.14

12.54

15.49

25.11

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 26 of 29

elegans for headache (4 UR), acts as refrigerant (4 UR),fever (4 UR); Smilax aspera for snake-bite and scorpion-sting (2 UR),Taxus wallichiana for boils (27 UR), cuts andwounds (15 UR) and Trichosanthes tricuspidata for fever(65 UR) (Table 3) were newly reported ethnomedicinaluses.Some of plant species such as Aconitum heterophyl-

lum, Eupatorium adenophora, Echinochloa frumentacea,Engelhardtia spicata, Megacarpaea polyandra, Picror-hiza kurroa, Polygonum capitatum, Plantago depressa,Potentilla fulgens, Quercus leucotrichophora, Senecionudicaulis were frequently used in Jakholi but their de-tailed bioactive constituents and pharmacological activityare yet unknown, revealing a good candidature forpharmacological and therapeutic values and extractionof novel bioactive constituents (Fig. 11).

ConclusionsPresent paper is the first attempt of survey in JakholiBlock, Uttarakhand, India. Asteraceae, Polygonaceae,Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae were the most used fam-ilies and root were the most commonly used plant parts

in the area. Aconitum heterophyllum, Megacarpaea poly-andra, Picrorhiza kurroa and Rheum emodii are wellknown medicinal plant species, contributing importantrole in the local health care system of Jakholi area.Documentation of local medicinal knowledge is alsoessential due to outmigration of the younger. Study ofethnomedicinal knowledge helps identify the importantspecies of the region for pharmacological importanceand ecological sustainability and it also aids conservationof traditional knowledge. Cataloguing useful plant spe-cies supports registration of indigenous knowledge, aid-ing national impetus of obeying implementation ofconvention of biological diversity and Nagoya protocol.Traditional knowledge is based on experience passed onfrom generation to generation and limited only to el-derly (Bujurg) people and traditional healers. We cameto the following considerations to be taken while doingethnomedicinal studies in the Himalaya: (a) local peopleare quite conservative in sharing traditional knowledgeabout the Medicinal plants; (b) the young generation isnot interested and knowledgeable about the ethnomedic-inal plants and their uses; and (c) outmigration is a

Fig. 11 Preparation of seed extract by local inhabitants of Jakholi

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 27 of 29

menace to the conservation of traditional ethnomedicinalknowledge. The present study showed that the medicinalplants are still very important for livelihood of local inhab-itants of Jakholi and the Himalaya. Some medicinal plantsare at the brisk of threatened due to their ecology, biologyand human induced exploitations. To sum, documenta-tion of useful plants and the knowledge of their utilizationis immediate before being lost.

AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to the local inhabitants, Shepherd, and localtraditional healers (Vaidyas and Daai) of Jakholi Block for sharing theirincredible knowledge with us. The first author is thankful to the Director,High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H.N.B. Garhwal University,Uttarakhand, India for facilities.

FundingNot applicable.

Availability of data and materialsThe raw data contain the names of all participants, and cannot be shared inthis form.

Author’s contributionsAS carried out a field survey and collected ethnomedicinal data, vouchersamples and identified the plant material, analysed data and drafted thepaper. MCN, RMK and RB revised the manuscript and give critical inputs. Allauthors have read the final manuscript and agreed to its submission.

Ethics approval and consent to participateBefore conducting interviews, prior informed consent was obtained from allparticipants. No further ethics approval was required.

Consent for publicationThis manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data and furtherconsent for publication is not required.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Author details1High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H.N.B. Garhwal University,Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India. 2PracticalSolutions, Kathmandu, Nepal. 3William L. Brown Center, Missouri BotanicalGarden, Missouri, USA.

Received: 16 February 2017 Accepted: 10 August 2017

References1. Malik ZA, Bhat JA, Ballabha R, Bussmann RW, Bhatt BA. Ethnomedicinal

plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of westernHimalaya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;172:133–44.

2. Ballabha B, Chaurasia OP. Medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh used inthe treatment of stomach disorders. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2009;8:185–90.

3. Kunwar RM, Baral K, Paudel P, Acharya RP, Thapa-Magar KB, Cameron M,Bussmann RW. Land use and socioeconomic change, medicinal plantselection and biodiversity resilience in far western Nepal. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167812.

4. Timmermans K. Intellectual property right and traditional medicine: policydilemmas at the interface. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(4):745–56.

5. Indian Village Directory. Jakholi Villages list https://villageinfo.in/uttarakhand/rudraprayag/jakholi.html.05/06/2017.

6. Census of India. UTTARAKHAND SERIES-06 PART XII-B district census handbookRudraprayag village and town wise primary census abstract (PCA) http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0503_PART_B_DCHB_RUDRAPRAYAG.pdf 5/06/2017.

7. Hamilton A. Medicinal plants and conservation: issues and approaches.Medicinal Plant Conservation. 2003;9:1–51.

8. Martinez HP. Commercialisation of wild medicinal plants from southwestpueblo Mexico. Econ Bot. 1995;49:197–206.

9. Cunningham AB. Applied Ethnobotany: people, wild plant use andconservation. London: Earthscan; 2001.

10. Jain SK, Rao R. Today and tomorrow. In: A handbook of field and herbarium.New Delhi: Printers and Publishers; 1977.

11. Gaur RD. Flora of the district Garhwal northwest Himalayas (withEthnobotanical notes). Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia; 1999.

12. Naithani BD. The Flora of Chamoli. Volumes 1–2. Botanical Survey of India,Howrah. 1984-1985.

13. Trotter RT, Logan MH. Informant consensus: a new approach for identifyingpotentially effective medicinal plants. In: Ektin NL, editor. Plants inindigenous medicine and diet, Biobehavioural approaches. Ed. Nina L. Etkin.Bedford Hills, New York: Redgrave publishers; 1986.

14. Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico:healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1859–71.

15. Gonza R, Casares M, Sanchez P, Ramiro M, Molero J, Pieroni A, Giusti E,Censorii E, de Pasquale C, Della A, Paraskeva D, Hadijchambis A, Houmani Z,El-Demerdash M, El-Zayat M, Hmamouchi M, Eljorhig S. Medicinal plants inthe Mediterranean area: synthesis of the results of the project RUBIA.J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;116:341–57.

16. Sorensen TA. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plantsociology based on similarity of species content and its application toanalyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. 4. Kongelige DanskeVidenskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen, 1948. pp. 1–34.

17. Tangjanga S, Namsa N, Arana C, Litin A. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinalplants in the eastern Himalayan zone of Arunachal Pradesh, India.J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;134:18–25.

18. Negi C, Nautiyal S, Dasila L, Rao K, Maikhuri R. Ethnomedicinal plant uses in a smalltribal Community in a Part of central Himalaya. India J Hum Ecol. 2002;14(1):23–31.

19. Gazzaneo S, Lucena. Albuquerque U.P. Knowledge and use of medicinalplants by local specialists in a region of Atlantic Forest in the state ofPernambuco. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005;1:1–9.

20. Parthiban R, Vijayakumar S, Prabhu S, Yabesh J. Quantitative traditionalknowledge of medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases fromKudavasal taluk of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu India. Braz J Pharmacognosy.2016;26:109–21.

21. Shrestha PM, Dhillion SS. Medicinal plant diversity and use in the highlandsof Dolakha district, Nepal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;86(1):81–96.

22. Singh G, Rawat GS. Ethnomedicinal survey of Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary inwestern Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied LifeSciences. 2011;1(1):35–46.

23. Ghorbani A. Studies on pharmaceutical ethno botany in the region ofTurk-men Sahra north of Iran (part 1): general results. J Ethnopharmacol.2005;102:58–68.

24. Kayani S, Ahmad M, Sultana S, Shinwari ZK, Zafar M, Yaseen G, Hussain M,Bibi T. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of alpineand sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;164:186–202.

25. Islam MK, Saha S, Mahmud I, Mohamad K, Awang K, Uddin SJ, Rahman MM,Shilpi JA. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by tribal andnative people of Madhupur forest area. Bangladesh J Ethnopharmacol.2014;151:921–30.

26. Bhat JA, Kumar M, Negi AK, Todaria NP. Informants’ consensus onethnomedicinal plants in Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary of Indian Himalayas.J Med Plant Res. 2013;7(4):148–54.

27. Singh H, Husain T, Agnihotri P, Pande P, Khatoon S. An ethnobotanicalstudy of medicinal plants used in sacred groves of Kumaon Himalaya,Uttarakhand, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;154:98–108.

28. Thakur M, Asrani RA, Thakur S, Sharma P, Patil R, Lal B, Parkash O.Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans andanimals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in north-western Himalaya, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;191:280–300.

29. Shah S, Ram J, Pala NA, Tripathi P, Kumar M. Medicinal plant wealth of oakdominated forests in Nainital catchment area of Uttarakhand. Academia JMed Plant. 2014;2(1):006–13.

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 28 of 29

30. Semwal DP, Pardha Saradhi P, Kala CP, Sajwan BS. Medicinal plants used bylocal Vaidyas in Ukhimath block, Uttarakhand. Indian J Tradit Knowl.2010;9(3):480–5.

31. Uniyal B, Shiva V, et al. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2005;4(3):259–66.32. Phondani PC, Maikhuri RK, Rawat LS, Farooquee NA, Kala CP, Vishvakarma

SCR, Rao KS, Saxena KG. Ethnobotanical uses of plants among the Bhotiyatribal communities of Niti Valley in central Himalaya, India. Ethnobo ResAppl. 2010;8:233–44.

33. Tewari S, Paliwal A, Joshi B. Medicinal use of some common plants amongpeople of Garur block of district Bageshwar, Uttarakhand. India Octa J Biosci.2014;2(1):32–5.

34. Azad SA, Bhat AR. Ethno medicinal plants recorded from Rajouri-Poonchdistricts of J&K state. Indian J Life Sci. 2013;2:77–9.

35. Chandra K, Nautiyal B, Nautiyal M. Herbal-based traditional medicinalknowledge of local inhabitants in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand. IndiaEthnobot Res Appl. 2013;11:299–313.

36. Samant S, Pant S, Singh M, Lal M, Singh A, Sharma A, Bhandari S. Medicinalplants in Himachal Pradesh, north western Himalaya, India. Int J BiodiversSci Manag. 2007;3:234–51.

37. Kunwar RM, Nepal BK, Kshhetri HB, Rai SK, Bussmann RW. Ethnomedicine inHimalaya: a case study from Dolpa, Humla, Jumla and mustang districts ofNepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-27.

38. Rana CS, Tiwari JK, Danwal LR, Gairola S. Faith herbal healer knowledgedocument of Nanda Devi biosphere reserve Uttarakhand. India IJTK.2013;12(2):308–14.

39. Kumari P, Joshi GC, Tewari LM. Diversity and status of ethnomedicinal plantsof Almora district in Uttarakhand, India. International journal of biodiversityand conservation. 2011;3(7):298–326.

40. Rehman H, Begum W, Anjum F, Tabasum H. Rheum Emodi (rhubarb): afascinating herb journal of Pharmacognosy and. Phytochemistry.2014;3(2):89–94.

41. Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM, Siddiqi TO. Ethnomedicinalplants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2013;150:353–70.

42. Schmeda H, Rodriguez J, Astudillo L. Gastro-protective activity of thediterpene solidagenone and its derivatives on experimentally inducedgastric lesions in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(1):111–5.

43. Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM. The treatment of jaundice withmedicinal plants in indigenous communities of the sub-Himalayan regionof Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;143:262–91.

44. Gairola S, Sharma J, Bedi YS. A cross-cultural analysis of Jammu, Kashmir andLadakh (India) medicinal plant use. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155:925–86.

45. Kala CP. Medicinal and aromatic plants of tons watershed in UttarakhandHimalaya. Applied ecology and environmental sciences. 2015;3(1):16–21.

46. Ghildiyal JC, Juyal P, Sadana G. Indigenous uses of plants in different womenailments in Garhwal region. Indian J Pharm Biol Res. 2014;2(1):39–44.

47. Šavikin K, Zdunić G, Menković N, Živković J, Ćujić N, Tereščenko M, BigovićD. Ethnobotanical study on traditional use of medicinal plants in south-western Serbia, Zlatibor district. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;146:803–10.

48. Kala CP. Herbal treatment of snakebites in Uttarakhand state of India. IndianJ Nat Prod Resour. 2015;6(1):56–61.

49. Kumar M, Bussmann R, Mukesh J, Kumar P. Ethnomedicinal uses of plantsclose to rural habitation in Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Med Plant Res.2011;5(11):2252–60.

50. Dangwal LR, Sharma A, Rana CS. Ethnomedicinal plants of the GarhwalHimalaya used to cure various diseases: a case study. New York Sci J. 2010;3(12):28–31.

51. Kala CP, Farooquee NA, Majila BS. Indigenous knowledge and medicinalplants used by Vaidyas in Uttaranchal, India. Explorer Research Article.2005;4(3):195–206.

52. Bhat JA, Kumar M, Bussmann R. Ecological status and traditional knowledgeof medicinal plants in Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya,India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9(1):1–18.

53. Pala NA, Negi AK, Todaria NP. Traditional uses of medicinal plants of PauriGarhwal, Uttarakhand. Nature and Science. 2010;8(6):57–61.

54. Kapkoti B, Lodhiyal N, Lodhiyal LS. Ethnomedicinal plants and their uses byban panchayat people in Nainital of Kumaun region, Uttarakhand. BiolifeJournal of biology and life science. 2014;2(2):526–32.

55. Bhatt D, Kumar R, Joshi G, Tewari L. Indigenous uses of medicinal plantsby the Vanraji tribes of Kumaun Himalaya, India. J Med Plant Res.2013;7(37):2747–54.

56. Pande N, Joshi A. Paediatric Ethnobotany of the Boxa tribe of Tarai andBhabar region of Uttarakhand, India. International journal of scientificresearch. 2015;4(4):24–6.

57. Gaur R, Sharma J, Painuli R. Plants used in traditional health care of livestockby Gujjar community of sub-Himalayan tracts, Uttarakhand, India. Indian JNat Prod Resour. 2010;1(2):243–8.

58. Prakash R. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Uttarakhand Himalayanregion. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences. 2014;2(5):345–53.

59. Malik AH, Khuroo AA, Dar GH, Khan ZS. Ethnomedicinal uses of some plantsin Kashmir Himalaya. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2011;10(2):362–6.

60. IUCN, Draft IUCN Red. List Categories. Gland: IUCN. 1993.61. CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Plan). Workshop Report.

Forest Department, UP. 1998.62. Nayar MP, Shastry AR. Red Data Book of Indian Plants, vol. I– III, Botanical

Survey of India, Calcutta. 1987,1988,1990.63. Dhar U, Manjkhola S, Joshi M, Bhatt A, Bisht AK, Joshi M. Current status and

future strategy for development of medicinal plants sector in Uttaranchal.India Current science. 2002;956(83):956–64.

64. Nautiyal MC, Nautiyal BP. Agrotechniques for high altitude medicinal &aromatic plants. Bishen Singh Mahendra pal Singh. 2004.

• We accept pre-submission inquiries

• Our selector tool helps you to find the most relevant journal

• We provide round the clock customer support

• Convenient online submission

• Thorough peer review

• Inclusion in PubMed and all major indexing services

• Maximum visibility for your research

Submit your manuscript atwww.biomedcentral.com/submit

Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central and we will help you at every step:

Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 29 of 29