Ethnobotany. Lecture 30 - MSUherba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_310/2010_2011/lec_30.pdf ·...
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Transcript of Ethnobotany. Lecture 30 - MSUherba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_310/2010_2011/lec_30.pdf ·...
Ethnobotany. Lecture 30
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
April 8th, 2011
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 1 / 56
Outline
1 Plant remedies for respiratory system
2 Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 2 / 56
Outline
1 Plant remedies for respiratory system
2 Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 2 / 56
Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ipecac, Cephaelis (Psychotria) spp., Rubiaceae,Central America
Ipecacuanhae radixIoquinoline alkaloids as emetineHas both mucolytic and emetic effects (frequently used asanti-toxic)
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 3 / 56
Plant remedies for respiratory system
Cough
Normally a symptom of other diseasesSuppression of brain nervous centers will reduce the cough
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 6 / 56
Plant remedies for respiratory system
Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae,Asia
Contain alkaloids codeine and morphineCodeine is toxic in large doses because of respiratory depressioneffectMorphine causes strong addiction and painful withdrawalsyndromeOpioids mimic endogenous opioids: endorphins, enkephalins,dynorphins neurotransmitters
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 7 / 56
Plant remedies for respiratory system
Codeine and morphine
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 8 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Stimulants and narcotics
Most of them substitute natural synaptic neurotransmittersWithdrawal syndrome is due to flexibility of our biosynthesis
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 9 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
From Nutt et al. (2007) in ”Lancet”
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 10 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Cannabaceae, South Asia
Annual or perennial herbLeaves contain unique family of terpeno-phenolic compoundscalled cannabinoids (some psychoactive like THC,tetrahydrocannabinol; some are not like CBD, cannabidiols)THC is known to activate protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors land 2 (CB1, CB2)Cannabinoids mimic endocannabinoids which acts asretro-neurotransmitters which go backward in synapse andterminate release of “normal” neurotransmitters
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 11 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cannabis
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 12 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
CBD, cannabidiol
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 13 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coca, Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylaceae, SouthAmerica
Andean evergreen shrubContains cocaine, anesthetic and strong stimulant narcoticCocaine blocks the dopamine transporter protein
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 14 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coca
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 15 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocaine
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 16 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae,Mexico
Cactus plant containing mescaline, LSD/psilocybin grouphallucinogen narcoticAgonist of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 17 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Lophophora
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 18 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Mescaline
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 19 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola, Cola spp., Malvaceae, West Africa
Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 20 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 21 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 23 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia
Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 24 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 25 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea facts
Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 26 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa
Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 27 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 28 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee facts
Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 29 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America
Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 30 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 31 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa facts
Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 32 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Theobromine
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 33 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica
Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 34 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Mate
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 35 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 36 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana, Paulinia spp., Sapindaceae, South America
Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 37 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 38 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Khat, Catha edulis, Celastraceae, East Africa
Evergreen shrub ecologically similar to coffeeLeaves contain cathine (pseudonorephedrine), agonist ofnoardrenaline receptors, which mild psychoactive effects
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 39 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Khat
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 40 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cathine
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 41 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Areca nut, Areca catechu, Palmae, Southeast Asia
Nuts are chewed with betle pepper (Piper betle, Piperaceae)leaves and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)Chemical reaction will free arecoline alkaloid (similar to nicotine),agonist of acetylcholine receptors
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 42 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Areca nut vendor (Hainan, China)
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 43 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Arecoline
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 44 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, Solanaceae, CentralAmerica
Perennial herb with large glanduliferous leavesContain alkaloid nicotine binding to acetylcholine receptors and(among other effects) increases the level of brain dopamineNicotine is a also a well-known natural insecticide
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 45 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Nicotine
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 46 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Kava, Piper methysticum, Piperaceae, Pacific
Small shrub, roots are used to prepare sedative drinkActive components are kavactones, stimulate inhibitoryγ-aminobutyric GABA receptors
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 47 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Kava
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 48 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Kavactone
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 49 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Hibiscus tea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaceae,Mediterranean
Flower calyces (sepals) are dried and boiledContain flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanin deplhinidin) and organicacids with multiple medicinal effects, e.g., lowering blood pressure
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 50 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Hibiscus tea plant
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 51 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Delphinidin anthocyanide
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 52 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, Leguminosae, SouthAfrica
Small shrub of Cape provinceLeaves contain high level of antioxidants such as aspalathin andnothofagin, fermented similarly to tea or yerba mate
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 53 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Rooibos
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 54 / 56
Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Summary
Most of stimulant narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 55 / 56
Appendix For Further Reading
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource]. 2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
M. Heinrich and others.Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selectedchapters). [Electronic resource].Churchhill Livingstone, 2004.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvuChapter 16.
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.30 April 8th, 2011 56 / 56