Ethnobotanical Investigations Among the Ybanag Ethnic ... · Ethnic Minority in the Northern...

2323232323J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan et al.et al.et al.et al.et al. / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36 / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36 / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36 / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36 / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36Acta Manilana 55 (2007) pp. 23-36Printed in the PhilippinesISSN 0065-1370

Ethnobotanical Investigations Among the YbanagEthnic Minority in the Northern Cagayan Valley,Philippines

Jane G. Cabauatan1,2§ and Romualdo M. del Rosario2

1Department of Natural and Applied SciencesCollege of Development Communication and Arts and SciencesIsabela State University CabaganIsabela, Philippines;

2Graduate SchoolUniversity of Santo TomasEspaña Street, Manila 1015, Philippines

AAAAActa cta cta cta cta MMMMManilanaanilanaanilanaanilanaanilana (ISSN 0065-1370) (ISSN 0065-1370) (ISSN 0065-1370) (ISSN 0065-1370) (ISSN 0065-1370) Volume 55 • 2007

§To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract. The key for the search of an appropriate system of long termmanagement and maintenance of ethnobotanical diversity and plant utilizationneeds various and rich un-codified folk systems of knowledge, experiences,attitudes and better perception.

A positive acceptance on continuous utilization of plant resources to supporttheir socio-economic and cultural needs was revealed by a favorable attitudetowards ethnobotany and high perception towards management ofethnobotanical resources by the Ybanag ethnic minority. This justified theiropenness to a more conducive social climate for a re-establishement of a moreefficient and sufficient traditional plant knowledge practices /Indigenousknowledge (IK) and program/ project for better management, conservation andsustainability of plant resources. Their strong traditional knowledge on plantusage revealed a total of 395 species, representing 269 genera in 100 families ofplants. About 975 uses totals with the highest fidelity index ranging from 75 to100 on its major uses, all of which has almost similar uses for various purposes, intheir socio-economic activities and other cultural practices. Among the list ofplant resources, majority were identified for health and medicine. Agriculturethrough farming played a very important role of maintaining, conserving theirresources and preserving their ancestral domain. Among the new findings notmentioned in previous literature were those plant resources that were utilized intheir few remaining and unreported practices. Awareness on conservationmeasures among this group needs extensive implementation.

Thus, the formulation of a simple and workable strategy to strengthenethnobotanical practices and traditional plant knowledge is recommended. Moreresearches on pharmaceutical and nutriceutical efficacy are encouraged.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, management, traditional plant knowledge practices,attitudes, perception

2 42 42 42 42 4 J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan J.G. Cabauatan et al. et al. et al. et al. et al. / Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36/ Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36/ Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36/ Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36/ Acta Manilana 55 (2007) 23-36

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

A continuous recognition of biodiversityspecifically plants serves as a global asset ofexceptional value to the present and futuregenerations. The increasing extinction ofplant species at an alarming rate represent atrend that should be addressed immediately,otherwise many plant species that havesustained rural people for centuries’ maybelost forever. A major concern both a causeand consequence of overexploitation andresultant degradation of the environment [1].The exploration of plants resources need agreat deal with a multi-disciplinaryapproach on relationships between plantsand people [2], a proactive research onconservation of both traditional andmodern ethnobotanical knowledge andpractices and conservation of bio-culturaldiversity [3]. The human existence wouldnot be complete without a look at plant rolesin many cultures, including medicinalpurposes.

The Northern Cagayan Valley is endowedwith vast wildlife resources of plants andvariety of other creatures [22], many groupsof different ethnicity are dependent on it formaintenance and preservation of ethno-cultural practices, the Ybanag ethnicminority is among this groups. But severalgaps in knowledge, management andpolicies in understanding the concept ofconservation addressing for compatiblesocio-economic use of resources,maintenance of traditional practices throughequitable sharing and partnerships,research, education and training as well ascommunication is as well significantlyimportant in the maintenance andsustainability of both traditional plantknowledge practices and plant resources.With this as premise the objectives of thestudy aimed to: find out the relationshipbetween perception on the management ofethnobotanical resources and attitudestowards ethnobotany as well as theirdemographic profile; identification of theexisting traditional plant knowledge orindigenous plant practices and the numberof plant taxa utilized in the categories of wild

food, medicine, income, rituals and beliefs;and birth practices and child rearing; themanagement practices; and the threats,problems and concerns encountered in theimplementation of traditional plantknowledge practices. Findings could serveas strong bases for formulating andrecommending a better strategic plan for along term project for conservation,management, sustainability and equitabilityof use of plant resources. The output is veryinformative in the fields of botany, ecology,nutrition, medicine and anthropology.

EXPERIMENTEXPERIMENTEXPERIMENTEXPERIMENTEXPERIMENTALALALALAL

The basic approach of this study combinedboth elements of social and botanicalmethodologies in quantitative ethnobotany(Figure 1). The research design involved quasiexperimental design, since no treatment wasestablished; the ethnic group was treated asclassification variable type of investigationwhich was best applied for correlational rela-tionships. Convenient sampling with 100 re-spondents was drawn from age 16 – 56 aboveof both sexes, using simple random sampling.Purposive sampling method was utilized forthe interview part of the study which includedthe herbalist, authorities, old folks andothers who provided well establishedinformation. Respondents were pure Ybanagwho were permanent residents of Cabagan,Isabela (Philippines). Interview, InventorySurvey and direct observation were done pur-posely to list plant resources, quantify plantutilization and assessment of attitude andperception. Simulation and immersion playedimportant aspect in the data gathered for di-rect observation. The primary purpose was tofind out in more detailed directions regardingthe usage of plants in the socio-economic prac-tices of the ethnic group. Standard param-eters in identification and indexing of plantswere utilized. Ethnobotanical specimens weredocumented through picture using a digitalcamera, since the study was a non-destruc-tive research; collection of sample was notdone. Structured questionnaires were pat-terned from the standards of Pacific AsiaBiodiversity Transect questionnaires [13] and

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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Participatory Rural Appraisals [14]. Descrip-tive Statistics was applied using specific sta-tistical tool (Pearson r) for correlationalanalysis, mean and percentage. Likert scaleof interpretation was also utilized for the as-sessment of attitudes and perception of eachrespondent. Informant Consensus and UsesTotals as a standard for ethnobotanicalanalysis were applied. Microsoft (SPSSwin-Version 10.0), Minitab 11 for Windows wasutilized for the statistical analysis of data.UNESCO Working Paper for QuantitativeEthnobotany [15] was also utilized.

RESULRESULRESULRESULRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTS AND DISCUSSIONTS AND DISCUSSIONTS AND DISCUSSIONTS AND DISCUSSION

THE SOCIAL ASPECT OF THE RESEARCH

Attitude towards Ethnobotany. Table 1shows the attitudes towards Ethnobotany ofthe Ybanag ethnic group as indicated by theirweighted means.Findings revealed that thisethnic group had a favorable attitude towardsethnobotany as described as in thequalitative description scale with an averageweighted mean of 4.179. This indicated thatthis group had positive outlook and

acceptance on the continuous utilization ofplants to support their basic needs both intheir socio-economic and cultural activities.Although it is understandable that differ-ences in attitude can be expected with differ-ences in socio-economic status, cultural andexperiential background that an individual’sattitude towards some practices constitutesa predisposition on his part to respond to thepractices in a consistency favorable orunfavorable manner [4]. In general, this groupeven in the midst of continuous access tobetter and new technology, their dependenceon plant resources and respect on theirancestral domains remained in tact.

Perception on management of ethnobotani-cal resources. The perception of this ethnicgroup towards management of ethnobotani-cal resources as indicated by their weightedmeans was shown in Table 2. Their percep-tion as expressed by their positive and nega-tive understanding and perceptiontowards management of ethnobotanicalresources revealed an average weightedmean of 3.994. and interpreted to be high inthe qualitative description scale. Generally,their understanding and idea on the man-


agement of ethnobotanical resources, in asfar as their answers were concerned sug-gested that this group were open to changesand to innovations for better managementpractices, aside from the usual agricultural(farming) practices they do, for as long as theirtraditional cultural practices were kept in tactand respected.

As a whole, a favorable social climate shouldbe introduced for a more efficient andeffective re-establishment and continuoustraditional/IKS on plant usage, andprogram/project for management andutilization involving all constituents.Unveiling the truth about the valuability ofthese plants to man, its diversity of uses; andin as much as preservation and conservation[5] and with the association with traditionalecological knowledge [6] is matter of issuesand concern which could become a priority.

Relationship between attitudes towardsethnobotany and Perception towardsmanagement of ethnobotanical resources aswell as their Demographic profile. Attitudesare based on perceptive experiences anddevelopment depends on memoryunderstanding and reasoning [7]. In this

study, a highly significant relationshipbetween perceptions towards themanagement of ethnobotanical resourceswith attitude towards the practice ofEthnobotany was revealed. This indicatedthat perception was greatly affected by theirattitudes (Table 3). It follows therefore, thatstrong encouragement on the continuouspractice on plant usage and propermanagement must be perceived first andunderstood before an individual develops acertain attitude towards it. That individualperception is selective indicating theirexperiences and making a strong motivationof attitude towards a certain object. Thus, thefindings revealed the stronginter-relatedness of these variables withintheir ethnicity.

Meanwhile, Table 4 revealed a significantrelationship on the level of education andoccupation profile with their perception onmanagement of ethnobotanical resources andattitude towards ethnobotany, this indicatedthat their literacy level has a strong influenceon their perception towards bettermanagement practices of plant resources,which in the same manner revealed apositive attitude on the continuous practice

Table 1. Attitudes toward ethnobotany

Legend: F – Favorable Attitudes; (+) positive outlook (-) negative outlook, WM- Weighted Mean, M-MeanScore


of ethnobotany. It can be revealed further, thatpersons with higher educational attainmentand better occupation have greatercapability and richer knowledge to adapt andimplement better management practices. Onthe contrary, the age indicated negligibleresult which means that it was not adeterminant for them to change their attitudetowards ethnobotany and irrespective of agelevel, their understanding and perception onthe management of ethnobtanical resourceswere not in any manner influenced.

THE BOTANICAL ASPECT OF THERESEARCH

Presented on this part were some of the fewremaining unreported and strongly imple-mented traditional plant knowledge practicesor indigenous plant knowledge associatedwith the group.

ECONOMIC CATEGORIES OF PLANTUSAGE

Wild plants as source of food. Theproximity of this ethnic group to the wildmade their indigenous strategies of plantuse an alternative dependence forsubsistence. This ethnic group still consumedsome exotic or wild plants/fruits that wereavailable in the area, examples were shownin Table 5. Only about 22% of these wildplants were used as food substitute. As areport, people consumed wild edible plantsas food due to economical and geographicalreasons [16], and [17] many wild plants hadbeen used as food and [18] determinednutrient values of some widely used wildplants. The introduction of new crops as partof their food utilization was very muchappreciated as an immediate and other sourceof subsistence.

Table 2. Perception on management of ethnobotanical resources

Legend: H- High Perception towards management of ethnobotanical resources (+) positive understanding (-) negative undertanding WM- Weighted Mean


Plants as source of medicine. Even in theavailability of the over the counter drugs, theeffectiveness of herbal plants as remedies forcommon ailments, was still observableamong this group. Of the 277 medicinal plantsidentified to cure about 54 identified ailments,70.12% were continuously utilized asimmediate source of medicine. Table 5presents some plants commonly utilized forsome common ailments available formedicinal purposes. Like in many societiesplants were believed to embody spirit,rendering it medicinally potent, and UNEPWorld Conservation Monitoring Centre, justin the U.S. alone 56% of the top 150 prescribeddrugs, are linked with discoveries made inthe wild [8]. And supported by the fact thatpoverty and herbal medicine are inter-relatedas well as the use of plant resources for basicneeds [1] to which this native knowledge ofplant use warrants careful and criticalattention on the part of modern scientificmethods.

Plants as source of income and subsistence.This group produced better value crops assource of their income, mostly were from thefamilies of Legumes- Fabaceae, grasses-Poaceae, Solanaceae, Moraceae,Cucurbitaceae, Orchidaceae, Euphorbiaceae,

Araceae, Arecaceae, Rutaceae,Dipterocarpaceae, fruit trees- Anonaceae,Anacardiaceae, Meliaceae, Sapotaceae andother fruit bearing plants andornamentals,examples were shown in Table5. Aside from cultivation of other vegetablesas cash crops, they harvested naturallygrowing plants from the wild for theirimmediate consumption.

The introduction of new plant resources assource of income was indispensable; thisparticularly had added transformation in thelife of this people in this area. It was the needfor economic gain and competition thatprompted this group to shift to better perform-ing varieties of crops.

SOCIAL CATEGORIES OF PLANTUSAGE

Plants used in their beliefs, ceremonies andrituals. Like any other ethnic groups, theYbanags, had variety of coded rituals andbeliefs. Table 5 presents some examples ofplant resources commonly used as tool forbeliefs, ceremonies and rituals. This beliefs,cermonies and rituals were still very strongto this time which made them partly unique

Table 3. Relationship between Perception on the management of ethnobotanical resources andAttitudes towards the practice of Ethnobotany

* significant at the 0.05 level

*significant of .05 level of significance

Table 4. Relationship of demographic profile with perception on the management of Ethnobotanicalresources and attitudes towards the practice of Ethnobotany.


Table 5. Examples of Plants utilized for social and economic purposes

from other ethnic groups in the region.Although scientific communities do notbelieved on this aspect, the explanation ofsuch that was beyond the control of moderntechnology was still unknown andunexplainable, it remained intimatelyinterwoven with their life and still runninglike a golden cord. Though contact haswrought change, the fundamental valuesremained the same, ancestors were revered,traditions were maintained which wereimportant elements in the social andceremonial life of a certain community [17].These beliefs made this group strong andbecome protective of their rights as ethnicgroup which molded with a unique form ofidentity.

Plants as part of their birth practices andchild rearing. Women were the basis ofvillage life, by giving birth and caring forchildren, they were responsible for thecaring of their families and cared for andnurtured their children [21]. Like any othergroup, utilization of plant resources duringbirth practices and child rearing played veryimportant roles in this ethnic group. Birthpractices involved the utilization of varietyof plant resources, from pre-natal to post natalcare and even child rearing. These practiceswere proven by this group to have helpedmany mothers and children to survive andleave better even in the midst of economicdifficulty. Table 5 presents some examples ofplant resources utilized by this group in thiscategory.


Meanwhile, Table 7 presents twenty-threefamilies with the most number of taxautilized by the group, which were commonin the area and still on the stage of leastconcern in terms of conservation status basedon IUCN Standards [19]. While table 8,presents the number of taxa with the highestfidelity index of plant ranging from 75-100 ofmajor use, indicating the extensiveness of useon these resources for traditional practicesand beliefs. Cultivation of the nativevarieties and uses of wild plant resourceswere still observable in this group, even withthe introduction of the new products ofmodern technology e.g. Bt corn, hybrid rice,other disease - insect resistant plants and thelike.

Among the traditional plant knowledgepractices continuously implemented by thisgroup (Table 5) were those practices relatedto their beliefs, rituals and ceremonies,medicinal, birth practices and child rearingand income.Although some involvedindigenous plant knowledge on wild foodplants which served as substitute to theirusual subsistence, majority of the membersof this groups were now dependent onintroduced crops as source of income andsubsistence. Thus, the desire to re-introduceindigenous and maintain traditional plantknowledge practices on plant usage is astrong vehicle to solve severalenvironmental problems social, economicand physical aspects of nature.

MAINTENANCE AND CONSERVATIONOF PLANT RESOURCES

The importance of a continuous management,conservation and preservation of the flora inthe area had helped this group to maintaintheir traditional practices and continuoususage of plants in their socio-economicactivities. Agriculture through differentfarming practices played a vital role in theconservation and maintenance of plantresources, associated with it was backyardpropagation, purely for family consumption.Integrated farming system, intercropping andmultiple cropping were also practiced, for useand as source of income. Other means of

Most of this unreported traditionalknowledge were still strongly practiced anddone in most sacred ways, especially onareas where poor families were located. Thestrong ancestral beliefs and inheritedtraditional practices molded and carried fromone generation to another became the majoridentity of this group. Figure 2 presents someexamples of plant materials utilized in thefive socio-economic activities of the group.

PLANT RESOURCES AND IMPLE-MENTED TRADITIONAL PLANTKNOWLEDGE PRACTICES

There were 395 species, representing 269 gen-era from 100 families of plants, utilized tosupport the few remaining traditional plantknowledge practices in their five socio-eco-nomic activities, with around 975 uses totaled(Table 6). Among the five categories of use,medicine had the highest number of plantspecies of around 277 species (70.12% of use),which is open for a long term testing for itsefficacy and addressed to modern-day re-searchers who appreciated fully the vast me-dicinal knowledge of the indigenous people[20]. Followed by 49.62 percent of use,assource of income, 34.68 percent of use, astool for birth practices and child rearing, 30.88percent of use as tool for beliefs, rituals andceremonies and 22 percent of use as sourceof food, in that order. Their primitive knowl-edge of utilization is conversant with theproperties of their food, medicine, subsistence,beliefs/rituals, birth practices and child rear-ing and other activities. Many of these prac-tices are literally mastered as a result of in-herited knowledge which was supported bySchultes [17] stating that little or no utility;these classified plants were useful in manypractical ways socially, culturally andenvironmentally. The continuous practices oftraditional or IK with plants major role wereexceptionally unique which in a way helpedin the maintenance and preservation of theexisting natural flora. Technically, thisprovided economic justifications for themaintenance of the ecosystem rather thanimmediate conversion to other forms of landuse [10].


*Fig. 2-B note: Aside from these plant resources, there are many other plants not included but utilized by this group.

Figure 2. Examples of common plant resources utilized by the ethnic group.

A. Wild food

Calamus maxima L Telosma odoratissima Cav. Amorphophallus ampanulatus(Arecaceae); desert (Asclepsiadaceae) for viand (Roxb) Bl. ex Decne (Araceae);B. Medicinal

Coleus aromanticus Benth. Cocos nucifera L. Chrysanthemum indicum L.(Lamiaceae) for cough (Arecaceae) source of oil (Asteraceae) for headache/C. Income/Subsistence

Fuel from Macaranga spp. Imperata cylindrica L. Market seller (vegetables as(Euphorbiaceae) (Poaceae) source of income source of income)D. Beliefs

Cactus of different species Samanea saman Jacq. Steud. Nicotiana tabacum L.(Cactaceae) use to drive witches (Fabaceae)place of spirits (Solanaceae) material for offering

E. Birth Practices and Child Rearing

Leucaena glauca L. Quisqualis indica L. Acorus calamus l.(Fabaceae)antihelminthic (Combretaceae)-antihelminthic (Araceae) for birth practice


Table 6. Summary of taxa utilized by the Ybanag ethnic group in their socio-economic activities.

practices to empower their knowledge [11],and organic gardening can be integrated intheir farming system [12] with TraditionalEcological Knowledge (TEK), invokingcultural value for long-term sustainabilityand poverty eradication [6] which issignificantly presenting a dynamicfunctioning express in cycles ofmultidisciplinary approach to conservationin ecosystems. While many were not awareof the programs regarding conservation ofplants, the introduction of program/projectsinvolving them, with the promise to retainand respect their traditional practices andbeliefs is appreciated. Thus, a strategy shouldbe proposed to give privilege on education,trainings and the like, with strong influenceof scientific community, GO, NGO tostrengthen indigenous capacity forconservation. A strategy ensuring theequitability of benefits that adds up from theuse of traditional plant knowledge leadingto strong positive forces for human andenvironmental development [1].

subsistence comes from the naturalenvironment, which indicated their stronginter-dependence with nature.

Although such management practices werepreferred, several problems and concernswere raised by this group as to thefollowing:due to the escalating standards ofliving, poverty became their main problem;no permanent source of livelihood due tounemployment; non- involvement totrainings, workshops and programs relativeto livelihood; the fear of loosing theirtraditional cultural practices due to economicand cultural change; non-involvement toconservation implementation; lesser accessto education; and few engaged in thecultivation of herbal plant since over thecounter drugs were accessible; conversion ofthe land areas to commercial establishment -a possible area for cultivation; no land of theirown; and lastly, no programs to advocatecontinuous practice of traditional plantknowledge practices. With this situations ofsocio-economic change, development relieson the generation of strategies on indigenous


Table 7. Summary of plant resources with the most number of genera and species. (23 Families)utilized by Ybanag

Table 8. Summary of plant resources with the highest Fidelity Index (most used) in the Ybanagethnic group.

by other people, the ethical issues onequality of benefit; and simultaneousintroduction and prescription of safe andbeneficial remedies to human needs, in a waypreservation and promotion ofenvironmental sustainability and stability ofindigenous native cultures is achieved.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wish to thank the following:UST–GS, ISU, CVPED, CHED, NCIP(Regional Office), LGU-MPDO of Cabagan,DENR, Conservation International (RegionalOffice), Barangay Captain of Catabayungan,Cabagan, Isabela and the Ybanag Ethnic Mi-nority

REFERENCES

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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

It is therefore concluded that even in thecontinuous changes in the society due toacculturation and wide spread use ofsynthetic materials, there were stillremaining traditional practices involvingutilization of plant resources in few membersof our society, to include this group. The needto introduce conservation measures andbetter management practices while there isstill time, is recommended, to save the lastfew remaining plant resources utilized fortraditional plant knowledge practices. Thus,the data provided bases in formulating asimple but effective strategy to sustainethnobotanical resources and strongpromotion of traditional plant knowledge, fora stronger sense of cultural identity, betterstandards of living and respect to nature.Further studies are suggested to validate theclaims specifically on the nutriceuticalcapability of wild foods and pharmaceuticalefficacy of medicinal plants. Thein troduction of multiple use strategies for use


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