Ethnicity and Race. 2 Which of the following is true about race in many parts of the world today?...

Ethnicity and Race

Ethnicity and Race

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• Which of the following is true about race in many parts of the world today?– (a) It is learned.– (b) It is simply a figment of the

imagination.– (c) It is strictly a matter of descent.

Learning Objectives

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• Basic Concepts– Learn the cultural bases of race and ethnicity and how

racial and ethnic differences create sharp divisions– Learn the leading psychological theories and sociological

interpretations of prejudice and discrimination

• Historical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity– Familiarize yourself with the history and social

dimensions of ethnic relations in America– Recognize the importance of the historical roots of ethnic

conflict, particularly in the expansion of Western colonialism, and understand the different models for a multiethnic society

Learning Objectives

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• Research on Race and Ethnicity Today– Learn the forms of inequality experienced by racial and

ethnic groups in the United States– See that the history of prejudice and discrimination

against ethnic minorities has created hardship for many but that some have succeeded despite societal barriers

• Unanswered Questions– Understand global migration patterns and their effects

Basic Concepts

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• Racial literacy– Skills taught to children of multiracial

families to help them cope with racial hierarchies and to integrate multiple ethnic identities

Basic Concepts

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• Ethnicity– Cultural values and norms that

distinguish the members of a given group from others

• Race– Differences in human physical

characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals

Basic Concepts

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• Racialization– The process by which understanding

of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people

– Can be institutionalized into exploitive political or economic systems

Basic Concepts

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• Racialization• Because they reflect a society’s

diversity, norms, and values, racial classification systems vary over time and between cultures

Basic Concepts

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• Minority group– A group of people in a minority in a

given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society

Basic Concepts

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• Racism– Attributing superiority or inferiority

to a population that shares certain physically inherited characteristics

• Institutional racism– Patterns of discrimination based on

ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions– ExThe negative or limited portrayals of racial and ethnic

minorities in Hollywood films or television.)

Example of institutional racism • The negative or limited portrayals of racial and

ethnic minorities in Hollywood films or television.

• Ferguson issue or other similar cases

Basic Concepts

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• Prejudice– Holding preconceived ideas about an

individual or group (either positive or negative); these ideas are resistant to change even in the face of new information

• Discrimination– Behavior or practices that deny to

members of a particular group resources or rewards that others can obtain

– One is about ideas, another action

Basic Concepts

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• Stereotyping– Thinking in terms of fixed and

inflexible categories

• Displacement– Transferring ideas or emotions from

their true source to another object

Basic Concepts

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• Scapegoats– Individuals or groups blamed for

wrongs that were not of their doing– Scapegoating is often directed against

powerless

Basic Concepts

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• Antiracism– Forms of thought and/or practice

that seek to confront, eradicate, and/or ameliorate racism

Historical Perspectives onRace and Ethnicity

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people from Europe and Africa….

Historical Perspectives on

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• The Rise of Racism– Exploitive relations with conquered

peoples– European beliefs that white

symbolized purity and black/others symbolized evil

– Belief that race was inherited and associated with superiority or inferiority


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• The Rise of Racism • In South America• Apartheid

• In America• Ku Klux Klan and otherand white supremacist groups

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtALHe3Y9Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtALHe3Y9Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtALHe3Y9Q


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• African Americans in the United States– 4 million slaves in the American

South in 1780– Continued exploitation and

segregation after the Civil War–Moved from rural to urban areas and

south to north in the1900s


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• African Americans in the United States– civil rights movement- Most

important. • NAACP (1909)• Received attention after WWII.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• segregation of public places illegal

• Montgomery, AL Bus Boycott (1955 to 1956)• Lunch counter sit-ins (1960 and beyond)


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• African Americans in the United States– civil rights movement• March on Washington (1963)• Civil Rights Act (1964)


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• Latinos in the United States– Different histories and national

origins


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• Latinos in the United States–Mexican Americans (32.9 million)– Puerto Ricans (4.6 million)– Cubans (1.8 million)– several other smaller groups (9.6

million)


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• Asian Americans– 18.2 million people of Chinese,

Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Pakistani, Korean, and Vietnamese origin


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Forms of Positive Integration

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• Models of ethnic integration– Assimilation• The acceptance of a minority group by a

majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

–Melting pot• The idea that ethnic differences can be

combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources

Research on Race and Ethnicity Today

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• Models of ethnic integration– Pluralism• A model of ethnic relations in which

ethnic cultures retain their independent and separate identities yet participate in the rights and powers of citizenship

–Multiculturalism• A recent outgrowth of pluralism in which

ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

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• Immigration– The movement of people into one

country from another for the purpose of settlement

• Emigration– The movement of people out of one

country in order to settle in another( From the perspective of the country of

origin)


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• Classic model of migration– Encourages immigration and offers

citizenship but restricts annual intake

– United States, Canada, and Australia

• Colonial model of migration– Encourages migration from former

colonies– France and United Kingdom


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• Guest workers model– Encourages temporary immigration

to fulfill labor demands– Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium

• Illegal model– Immigrants enter secretly or under a

non-immigration pretense


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• Forces behind migration– Push factors–such as war, famine, political oppression,

– Pull factors– The political freedom, work opportunities, and higher standard of

living

–Macro-level factors–Micro-level factors

– family and friendship networks


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• Emergent migration patterns– Acceleration—greater numbers– Diversification—greater variety of

types of immigrants– Globalization—more countries are

sending and receiving migrants– Feminization—greater number of

female immigrants


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• Diaspora– The dispersal of an ethnic population

from an original homeland into foreign areas, often in a forced manner or under traumatic circumstances (Jews, Africans, Armenians) but sometimes voluntarily (Chinese, Indian, Caribbean, British)

since 1973

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• Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy?– Recent immigration• 2002–2006: yearly average of 1,021,884

legal immigrants and another 500,000 illegal immigrants entered the country

Unanswered Questions

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• Do New Immigrants Help or Hinder the Nation’s Economy?– Employment– Taxes– Education

Without them the gross domestic product of the United States would be $1 trillion less.


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• Has Real Progress Been Made since the Civil Rights Movements of the 1960s?– Educational attainment– Employment and income– Health– Residential segregation– Political power


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• How Can Ethnic Conflict Be Reduced?– Genocide– Ethnic cleansing– Political power

Genocide • The extermination of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany during

World War II• over 1 million Armenians by Turkey between 1915 and 1923, • murder of 2 million Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge in the

1970s are three recent examples.

• Today in the Darfur region of Sudan, hundreds of thousands of people are being murdered because of their ethnic or tribal heritage

• Croatia expelled thousands of Serbs.

Concept Quiz

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Cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and that set people apart are referred to as ______.(a) race(b) ethnicity(c) cultural relativism(d) pluralism

Concept Quiz

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Newspaper cartoons in the 1800s that compared the head of an African man and an Irish man to that of an ape and implied or said outright that Africans and the Irish were lazy, dangerous, and not quite human are examples of ______.(a) prejudice(b) scapegoating(c) racialization(d) displacement

Concept Quiz

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Which of the following pairs are closest to being opposites?

(a) melting pot; pluralism(b) assimilation; emigration(c) multiculturalism; pluralism(d) prejudice; discrimination

Concept Quiz

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The system of state-controlled racial segregation in South Africa was called ______.

(a) institutional racism(b) apartheid(c) Jim Crow(d) colonial rule

Concept Quiz

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According to the text, affirmative action programs are an example of ______.

(a) antiracism(b) racism(c) scapegoating(d) discrimination

Concept Quiz

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What happened in 1954 to set the civil rights movement in motion?

(a) The Black Panther Party was formed.(b) Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.(c) The Supreme Court decided in Brown v. Board of Education that “separate” was inherently unequal.(d) The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed.

Discussion Question: Thinking Sociologically

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Compare the assimilation experiences of Asians and Latinos. What are the criteria for assimilation? Which group has assimilated most readily? Explain the sociological reasons for the difference in assimilation between the two groups.

Ethnicity and Race. 2 Which of the following is true about race in many parts of the world today?...

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