Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills) [ Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant) [...
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Transcript of Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills) [ Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant) [...
Ethical Philosophies Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)
Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant)
Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws) Principles willed into Universal laws Treat people as ends (not means)
Virtues (Aristotle)
Ethics of Character
Philosophical Ethics Teleological
Results oriented Actions have no intrinsic ethical
character (acquire moral status from their consequences) or
Deontological Act oriented Actions are inherently right or wrong
(e.g., lying, cheating, stealing)
Philosophically Based Ethics (another perspective)
Utilitarianism (Bentham & Mills)
Ethics of consequences Deontology (Kant)
Ethics of Duty (Ethical laws) Principles willed into Universal laws Treat people as ends (not means)
Virtues (Aristotle)
Ethics of Character
Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
Bentham (not originally called Utilitarianism) Moral science (vs. ascetic religious)
Quantifying pleasure Pleasure good, pain bad Hedonistic calculus (7 aspects)
1. Intensity (Intrinsic strength of the pleasurable or painful feelings produced.)
2. Duration (how long they last)3. Certainty / Uncertainty (likelihood of
sensations being produced by given action.4. Propinquity / Remoteness (how soon they will
be felt)5. Fecundity (whether actions lead to pleasure)6. Purity (whether actions lead to pain)7. Extent (number of people affected)
Open, public, objective, fair Mill’s types of pleasure (quality vs.
quantity)
Business Systems Economic systems (underlying ideologies)
“normative” beliefs Motivation? Basic purpose(s)? Function of society
Market Free-Market
John Locke’s (rights) All are free and equal Rights of freedom, property, and protection
Negative / positive rights? Rights versus justice? Individualistic assumption?
Adam Smith’s (utilitarian) Market competition serves society better than
government Unrealistic assumptions of perfect
competition
Business Systems Keynesian
Free-markets alone are not enough Not the most efficient
Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest
Penalties for incompetence and ignorance Naturalistic fallacy
Free-Trade Benefits of specialization and trade
Comparative (rather than absolute) advantage
Production costs are not constant Means of production is portable.
Business Systems Command
Marx’s economic substructure / social superstructure
Exploitation of workers “surplus” Separation (alienation) of workers from
product Subordination of government to ruling class’
interests State control is victimized by individuals
Mixed Economy Retains Market and Private Property
system Relies on governmental policies
Cell X
Cell 1
Cell2Cell 3
EthicalResponsibility
LegalResponsibility
Economic Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell X
EthicalResponsibility
LegalResponsibility
Economic Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell “X”
Profitable, Legal and Ethical
Proceed with enthusiasm!
Cell 1EthicalResponsibility
LegalResponsibility
Economic Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell 1
Legal and Ethical
Not Profitable:
Seek Profitable alternatives
Cell2
EthicalResponsibility
LegalResponsibility
Economic Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell 2
Profitable and Legal
Proceed cautiously
Cell 3
EthicalResponsibility
LegalResponsibility
Economic Responsibility
Business Ethics
Cell 3
Profitable and ethical
Likely, also legal;
Proceed cautiously
Bremer’s “big picture” perspective
Question1 2 3 4
Level What is? What ought to be? Getting from 1 - 2? Motivation?
Personal
Organizational
Industry or Professional
Societal
Three Models of Managerial Ethics
Moral Management
ImmoralManagement
AmoralManagement
IntentionalUnintentional
Ethical Standards?
1. Integrity• Possessing and adhering to high principles
2. Honesty• Fair, just, truthful and morally upright
3. Fidelity• Loyalty, allegiance, accuracy
4. Charity• Voluntarily helping those in need
5. Tolerance• Ability to endure hardship, accepting different views
6. Responsibility• Accountable, willing to take a stand
7. Self-Discipline• Ability to motivate or restrain oneself