Ethical Isuues by Gil

8/13/2019 Ethical Isuues by Gil

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By:

Gilbert T. Manacmul R.N.


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Development of ethical codes and guidelines

1947Nuremberg Codecriteria for research

1. Inform the subjects about the study

2. Qualified to conduct research

3. Based on animal experiments , if possible4. Avoid injury to research subjects

5. Good of society

6. Stop the study if problems occur


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1. Respect for person- the research subjects shouldhave autonomy and self-determination

2. Beneficence- research subjects should be

protected from harm3. Justice- research subjects should receive fair

treatment


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Elements of Informed Consent- concerns subjects participation inresearch in which they have full understanding of the study beforethe study begins. It is the principal means for ensuring that therights of research subjects are protected.

1. researchers identified and credentials presented2. subject selection process is described one of the primary goal of all researchers is to choose an unbiased sample

3. purpose of the study is described The purpose of the study should be clearly presented. The material

should be in the preferred language of the potential subjects and atthe subjects reading level for all printed material. The researcher should be honest in presenting the purpose of the

study.4. study procedures are discussed

All aspect of the study should be fully explained.

Debriefing- is a meeting with research participants that ensurestheir understanding of the reasons and justification for theprocedure used in the study.


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5. potential risk are described Subject must be told of the discomfort either physical or psychological as a

result of participations.

6. potential benefits are described

All research that should be conducted must benefit the society, a research thatis conducted to satisfy the researcher curiosity is unethical.

7. compensation if any is discussed Monetary compensation should be avoided and all compensations if possible

should come from the listed possible benefits of the study.

8. alternative procedure if any are disclosed9. anonymity or confidentiality is assured

Anonymity- occurs when no one, including the researcher, can link thesubjects with the data they provided.

Confidentiality- involves protection of the subjects identity by the researcher.

10. right to refuse or to participate or to withdraw from the study withoutpenalty is assured

All participation in nursing research must be voluntary. No form of coercion should be involved and there must be no penalty involve

for non participation.

11. offer to answer all questions is made12. means of obtaining study result is presented


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Documentation of informed consent

Consent can be obtain in a written form

Oral permission may be obtain in a presence of a third subjectA legally authorized representatives can give consent for subjects

who are incapable of proper decision making.

The nurse researcher as patient advocateresponsibility to protect the privacy and the dignity of thepeople involve in the research and to protect them from harm.

Clinical trials are studies conducted to evaluate new treatments,

new drugs, and new or improve medical equipment.Assent- means that the underage child or adolescent freely choosesto participate in the study.


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1. The study must be approved by the international reviewboard.2. Obtain Informed consent from the subjects.3. There is available information about provisions for

anonymity or confidentiality.

4. Selection process of subjects used must not be biased.5. Subjects must not have been coerced into acting as

subjects.6. Benefit of participation in the study must outweigh the

risk involved.

7. Provide the subject the opportunity to ask questions aboutthe study and told how to contact the researcher if otherquestions arose.

8. Subjects must be told how they could get the results of thestudy.


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S Scientific Objective conductive research for a goodpurpose or object for your pt

C Cooperation and Consent. Do not conductdata/experiment w/o a consent (legally the patient ownsthe chart. However the hospital owns the chart)

I Integrityworked hard on the research

E Equitable acknowledging works or contribution ofothers

N Nobilityprotect the rights of your subjectsT Truthfulnessput only the data you have collected

I Importanceimportance to the nursing professionF Factual facts or data

I Ideal(follow the 11 steps of research)

C Courage


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Right not to be harmed

(physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental research

Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harmCommissiondone outside the standard practice of nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed onthe nose of the pt)Omissionfrom the very start, you did not do something about it.

Moral HarmAssaultmental fear/threat without physical harmBatteryphysically you harm the pt

Restraint is never an independent nursing orderphysical restraint eg. Jacketchemical restraint eg. use of psychotropic drug

Moral harmSlanderoral defamationLibelpublished or placed in the newspaper

Right to self-determination

Right to privacyAnonymityidentity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of theInformant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants his name to be

written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. WConfidentialityinformation acquired must be disclosed. Privacy of theinformation eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants the nurse shouldonly know


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Ethical Isuues by Gil

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