Ethernet - Budapest University of Technology and...
Transcript of Ethernet - Budapest University of Technology and...
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Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
Ethernet
Access Technologies 2
Moldován István
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Forwarding
Physical Topology
Active (Spanning Tree) Topology
VLAN Forwarding Topology
MAC Forwarding Topology
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BME-TMIT
3
Ethernet Switches
● Layer 2 forwarding – MAC address based
● Learns MAC addresses
● Store-and-forward operation ● No collision
● High speed backplane
● Many interfaces ● Different interface speeds
● Different media
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BME-TMIT
4
Switches
● Standard refers them as bridges
● They divide the broadcast domains
● Types
● Unmanaged
– SOHO use, low level aggregation
– No support for STP nor VLAN
● Managed
– VLAN and STP support
– management interface
● Enterprise switches – L2/L3
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BME-TMIT
5
P-to-P mode
● On links between bridges CSMA-CD not needed
● Separate RX/TX paths at phy
● No collision
● Full duplex
● Higher achievable BW
● Can be used
● Between bridges
● Between bridge-PC
● HUB and shared media can not use it
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BME-TMIT
6
Ethernet local network design
● Hierachically
HUB
SWITCH, Bridge
Multiservice switch
Router
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BME-TMIT
Page 7
Metro Ethernet
Metro Backbone
National IP
Network
GE
Aggregation
Switch
2 x GE
GE
GE
VOD
Server
TV Headend
3rd Party
ISP
VOD
Server VOD
Server
POP
B-RAS
Router
Internet
E.PON EFM G.PON
100BaseFX
B.PON
GE GE
GE
GE
Location Server
SIP Proxy
Server
Triple Play
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet VPN services
● E-Line (MEF) [ITU: Ethernet Virtual Private Line EVPL, IETF: Virtual Private Wire Service, VPWS] ● Leased line
● Point-to-point
● E-LAN (MEF) [ITU: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN EVPLAN, IETF: Virtual Private LAN Service, VPLS] ● Virtual LAN service
● Multipoint-to-multipoint
● UNI-connection point ● Virtual connection - EVC
Source: MEF
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BME-TMIT
What is a “LAN-like Ethernet service”? Definition of L2 VPN
● L2 VPN: connection of multiple sites in a single bridged domain over a SP network
● Customer perspective:
● all sites appear to be connected to a single Ethernet-Switch/Segment
● no L2 protocol conversion between LAN/WAN
● no knowledge required on WAN technologies (e.g. FR)
● complete control and freedom of routing (IP, IPX, AppleT, DecN, etc.)
● simple to add new sites: no reconfiguration at existing ones
● SP perspective:
● logical separation of the existing network resources in order to provide L2 connectivity
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BME-TMIT
.1 .2
.5 .4 .3
P2P versus MP Connectivity
● P2P
● customer edge (CE) end point or node are able to communicate to a single other CE nodes.
● P2MP (a.k.a. hub-and-spoke)
● end customer designates one CE node to be the hub that multiplexes multiple point-to-point services over a single User-Network Interface (UNI) to reach multiple "spoke" CE nodes. This means that each spoke can reach any other spoke only by communicating through the hub.
● MP
● CE end point or node is able to communicate directly and independently to all other CE nodes.
● Three generations of Ethernet
● FE: CSMA/CD*
● GE: CSMA/CD + Full-Duplex
● 10GE: Full-duplex Only
● MP by nature
● CSMA/CD:
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
● Full-Duplex (on P2P links)
– L2 and L3 communication = MP
● L2/L3 protocols
● assumes MP connectivity by default on Ethernet interfaces
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BME-TMIT
Router Inter-connect Characteristics
● Most prevalent L2 VPN service
● Connect Routers
● Routers provide clear demarcation
– Possibility of unnecessary BC/MC eliminated
– L2CP issues eliminated
– One MAC address per site
● Most customers use routers to connect multiple sites together
● Well-known design
● Considerably reduces management overhead (single connection per site)
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BME-TMIT
● L2 VPN service should be agnostic to customer’s L3 traffic (e.g. IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk, etc.) encapsulated within L2 frames
Router Inter-connect Requirements
● Traffic type:
● Unicast, multicast, broadcast
● Efficient replication of MC/BC traffic is desirable
● Security
● Traffic separation for customer’s of different L2 VPNs
● Similar characteristics as for e.g FR
● Agnostic to security mechanisms employed at L3 and higher layers
● Addressing
● Independent addressing (overlapping) should be supported
– L2: MAC, VLAN ID;
– L3: IP
● VLAN ID preservation/translation
● QoS
● Best effort, delay sensitive, loss sensitive traffic
● Queuing and forwarding policies should preserve packet order for packets with same QoS parameters
● Protection and restoration
● Redundant paths to assure high availability
● Reaction to failure: restore the service using alternative paths
● Restoration time < L3RP detection time
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BME-TMIT
Switch Inter-connect Characteristics
● Connect L2 switches (L2CP issues arise)
● Multiple MAC address per site
● Potential scalability issues
● Malfunctioning L2 switches can also flood the provider network with BC/MC traffic
● Requires controls of FIB size (# MAC per site) and BC/MC rate-limiting
● Should be sold as a premium service
● Charge customers per site per block of MAC addresses
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BME-TMIT
● L2 VPN service should be agnostic to customer’s L3 traffic (e.g. IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk, etc.) encapsulated within L2 frames
● L2 VPN service should not interfere with existing L2 protocols
Switch Inter-connect Requirements
● Traffic type: ● Unicast, multicast, broadcast ● Efficient replication of MC/BC traffic
is desirable
● Security ● Traffic separation for customer’s of
different L2 VPNs (like e.g FR) ● Agnostic to security mechanisms
employed at L3 and higher layers ● L2 security mechanisms (e.g.
802.10b) may inhibit L2 VPN service, when VLAN IDs are encrypted
● Addressing ● Independent addressing
(overlapping) should be supported – L2: MAC, VLAN ID;
● VLAN ID preservation/translation – Translation affects e.g. MST
(802.1s)
● QoS ● Best effort, delay sensitive, loss
sensitive traffic ● Queuing and forwarding policies
should preserve packet order for packets with same QoS parameters
● Protection and restoration ● Redundant paths to assure high
availability ● Reaction to failure: restore the
service using alternative paths ● Restoration time < CE_device,
L2CP, L3RP detection time
● L2CP ● Support for transparent operation of
L2CPs employed by the customer
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Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
Ethernet based transport in provider networks
The Ethernet way
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BME-TMIT
Challenges
● Carrier grade requirements
● Scalability
● Service Quality
● Multicast
● Management
– Fault
– performance
Upgrade the cheap Ethernet (IEEE)
Extend the proven MPLS (IETF)
Provide Ethernet service
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BME-TMIT
Carrier Ethernet: service types
●E-Line service:
● Ethernet Private Line
● Virtual Private Line
● Ethernet Internet Access
●E-LAN Service:
● Multipoint L2 VPN
● Transzparent LAN
● Needed for IPTV multicast etc
E-Line
E-LAN
Point-to-Point EVC
Carrier Ethernet Network
UNI: User Network Interface, CE: Customer
Equipment
CE
UNI UNI
CE
Multipoint-to-Multipoint EVC
Carrier Ethernet Network
CE
UNI
MEF által hitelesített Carrier Ethernet
termékek
CE
UNI
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BME-TMIT
IEEE 802.1Q - VLAN
● VLAN tag
● QoS: priority
● 12 bit VLAN ID: 4096 VLANs
● Usage
● User identification
● Service identification
● The 4096 limit is there– Too few for a provider!
● The most wide spread UNI
● Also we must be prepared to transfer VLAN tagged packets
MAC
DA
MAC
SA
802.1Q
ethertype VLAN tag Data CRC
VLAN ID
(12 bit)
Pri
(3 bits)
CFI
(1 bit)
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BME-TMIT
Provider Bridges (IEEE 802.1ad)
● Also known as Q-in-Q
● Widely used
● 4K services (12-bits)
● Unique service ID
● (S-VID) ● Forwarding is the same, L2 learning bridge with STP, filtering for the outer
VLAN (S-VID)
● Scalability
● 4K service
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BME-TMIT
Provider Backbone Bridges
● 4K connected LAN
● Unique per service ID
● (LAN = I-SID)
● Forwarding is the same, L2 learning bridge with STP, filtering for the outer VLAN (B-VID)
● Service management is simple
● Scalability
● Massive sservice
scalability (24-bit)
● Only learn MAC of the Provider bridges
● Mapping of C-MAC to VIDs
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BME-TMIT
Comparison – headers added
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BME-TMIT
PB/PBB facts
● Scalability solved
● Cheap Ethernet switching remains
● Still no support for Traffic Engineering
● Protection/restoration based on STP
● Management is more complex ● Different layers of VLANs
● No adequate management
● Still not good in the core…
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BME-TMIT
PBT ● Goal
● Keep the Ethernet forwarding
● Change the control plane (no STP and learning)
● Set up paths ”manually“
= Traffic Engineering - Ethernet
● What we get:
● Point-point tunnel
● Traffic Engineering
● Protection
BVID=1
BVID=2
BVID=1
BVID=2
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BME-TMIT
PBT ● Provider Backbone Transport – IEEE 802.1Qay
● Nortel started
● based on PBB
● Uses the existing technologies
● Deterministic QoS for service is the target
● scalability
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BME-TMIT
PBT - operation ● Data plane
● Static forwarding tables
● Addressing
– 60 bit MAC + VLAN
based
● Totally different control plane
● Manual
● MPLS based
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Transport technology use
IP/MPLS mag
Voice
Data
Video PB
PBB
PBT 802.1Q
802.1Q: 4K user
PB: 4K service, Not too many MAC
Added value: TE, OAM
PBB: good scalability
PB – Q-in-Q – IEEE 802.1ad PBB – Mac-in-Mac – IEEE 802.1ah PBT – PBB-TE – IEEE 802.1Qay
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Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
Ethernet based transport in provider networks
The other way – IP/MPLS
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BME-TMIT
28 | Áramkör kapcsolt Ethernet? | Moldován István | Elsinco szeminárium | 12 Szeptember 2007
MPLS Pseudowire - WPWS ● Ethernet p2p service
● IETF pwe3 study group, the draft name Martini –encapsulation
● MPLS label is encapsulated, multiple virtual connections within an UNI (VC)
● Forwarding based on tunnel label
● The solution inherits all MPLS solutions
● Traffic Engineering, protection, OAM
CE CEPE PESP
CE CEPE PESP
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 29 [email protected]
Reserved Sequence Number
EXP TTL 1 Label (VC)
EXP TTL 0 Label (Tunnel)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Layer2 PDU
Control
Word
VC Label
L2 header
Original Ethernet Frame Tunnel Label
Data Plane : EoMPLS packet
● Tunnel label :
● LSP label to get the packet from ingress PE to egress PE (IGP label or RSVP (TE) label)
● VC Label :
● demultiplexing label identifying an emulated VC
● Identifies outgoing interface/vlan
● Control Word : extra information regarding the VC
● VC Label TTL = 2
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 30 [email protected]
Pseudo-Wire reference model |<--- Emulated Service:FR/Ether/ATM/PPP/HDLC --->|
|<------ PW:Pseudowire VC ----->| |<-- FR -->|
Ethernet
ATM/PPP/HDLC
|<--FR -->|
Ethernet
ATM/PPP/HDLC
ES Emulated Services: FR/Ether/ATM/PPP/HDLC
Attachment VC (AVC): FR DLCI/Ethernet VLAN/ATM PVC/PPP/HDLC
PW Pseudo-Wire: Emulated VC (EVC): MPLS LSP
PSN Packet Switched Network (Tunnel): MPLS LSP or RSVP-TE
IP/MPLS
Core
Attachment VC /
L2 circuit
Attachment VC /
L2 circuit
Attachment VC /
L2 circuit
Site1A
Site 2A
Attachment VC /
L2 circuit PE1 Site1B
Site 2B
PE2 CE 1A
CE 2A
CE 1B
CE 2B
PSN Tunnel: (IP/)MPLS Tunnel
MPLS (LDP or RSVP-TE)
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 31 [email protected]
MTU Calculations for EoMPLS:
Max Frame Size = Link Header + labels + Transported L2 Header + Payload
Transported Ethernet Header:
AToM removes (1) Preamble (2) SFD (3) FCS
Ethernet II Encapsulation 18 Bytes
Ethernet SNAP 26 Bytes
Dot1q tag(s) 4 Bytes per tag
Labels : usually 2 labels
Example : Ethernet II + dot1q tag + 2 labels + Ethernet II + 2 dot1q tags (QinQ) + Payload 18B 4B 8B 18B 8B 1500B
Comment on VPWS: MTU
● EoMPLS does not support fragmentation
● MTU > layer2 VLAN frame
● No e2e detection
● MTU in core should be bigger
● MTU values
● a PE-CE should match
● MTU set them correctly
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 32 [email protected]
VPLS
PE
Service Provider Backbone
PE
PE
VPLS - A
VPLS - B
VPLS - B
VPLS - A Emulated LAN
CE - 1 CE - 2’
CE - 2
CE - 1’
Bridged LAN
Customer Edges (CE): Client side device, tyically Ethernet Provider Edges (PE): VPLS inteligence, start/end Core: just forwarding
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 33 [email protected]
VPLS example
Full Mesh PEs are acting like a bridge towards the CE nodes
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 34 [email protected]
VPLS Operation
● VPLS instance : Service–identifier (Svc-id)
● Full mesh tunnels
● Targeted LDP messages
● Forwarding: learning bridge
● Flooding
● Split-horizon – never send to the receiving interface
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 35 [email protected]
Number of
PE in
VLAN
Number of
LSPs
Number of
Retransmissions/
Broadcast
5 20 4
10 90 9
20 380 19
40 1 560 39
Why not VPLS End-to-End?
● VPLS scalability
● eg. 5 PE - 20 LSP, 40 PE: 1,536.
● High bandwidth waste because of broadcasts
● VPLS – new requirements
● Protection, OAM, mapping
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 36 [email protected]
MPLS core
PE
CE CE
PE
CE
MPLS core
PE
CE CE
PE
CE
E.g ARP-request
E.g ARP-reply
VPLS – Flooding & forwarding
● Flooding (Broadcast, Multicast, Unknown Unicast)
● Dynamic learning of MAC addresses on PHY and VCs
● Forwarding
– Physical Port
– Virtual Circuit
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 37 [email protected]
VPLS scalability- hierarchical
● MTU - Multi-Tenant Unit: owned by multiple users, bridge
● VPLS can be extended to the MTUs
● MAC/VLAN scalability increased
● More complex MTU
● Hierarchical VPLS
● „HUB” pseudowire (hub PW) between PEs
● „spoke” PW between MTU-PE
– Spoke PW can be QiQ, MPLS, …
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 39 [email protected]
H-VPLS
MPLS core MPLS edge Ethernet edge
p2p or ring
H-VPLS
n-PE
u-PE u-PE
n-PE
MPLS core MPLS edge Ethernet edge
VPLS
n-PE
CE CE
n-PE
VPLS – Architectures
● VPLS
● One big hierarchy
● MPLS to the Edge
● H-VPLS
● 2 level Hierarchy
● MPLS or Ethernet Edge
● MPLS core
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 40 [email protected]
VPLS proposal Auto-discovery Signalling / label distribution
Draft Kompella VPLS BGP BGP
Draft Lasserre-Vkompella
VPLS
None (several options
possible)
LDP
VPN Discovery
Signaling
Centralized DNS, LDAP, Radius Directory Services
Distributed BGP
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP, BGP)
VPLS signaling and auto-discovery
● VPLS requires full mesh of LSPs between PEs:
● Manual procedures (static)
● Provisioning systems(NMS/OSS)
● Signalling protocols:
– LDP (“Lasserre-V. Kompella” draft)
– BGP ( “Kompella” draft, Juniper)
– other (Radius, DNS, stb.)
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BME-TMIT
Ethernet Szolgáltatások 41 [email protected]
WDM
SDH
RPR
Ethernet
Over
MPLS
Q-in-Q
VPLS
VPWS
L2TPv3
L2VPN
Customers do NOT
care about technology!
They are interested
in the SERVICE!
Ethernet transport alternatives- Ethernet over anything
● Ethernet over legacy networks
● ATM: rfc2684-B
● FR: rfc2427-B
● PPP: rfc2878
● Ethernet over Ethernet
● QinQ, MACinMAC
● Ethernet over SDH
● GFP, VCAT, LCAS
● Ethernet over IP/MPLS
● L2TPv3
● VPWS, VPLS
● Ethernet over WDM
● Ethernet over RPR
● Which technology to use?
● What Service to offer?
● Depend:
● SP strategy
● Service definition
● Existing investments
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BME-TMIT
Conclusions
● All are assuming Ethernet aggregation
● All provide basic Ethernet level connectivity
● All provide similar ways for service identfication
● S-VLANs
● PPPoE still can be used
● Support for Multicast
● QoS handling is similar
– Or can be mapped (DSL line PVCs-> VLANs)
● No specific requirements!
42
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Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics
Thank You for your attention