eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2012 ... · eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions...

ENERGY OFFICE

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Email: [email protected]

www.durban.gov.za

eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2012 Technical Report

March 2014

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eThekwini Municipal 2012 GHG Inventory – Technical Report

CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

1.1 eThekwini Municipality 1

1.2 eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1

2 Inventory Parameters 2

2.1 Protocols 2

2.2 Boundaries 2

2.3 Scopes 2

3 Inventory Details 4

3.1 Municipal Emissions 4

3.2 Community Emissions 12

4 Emissions Analysis 18

4.1 Municipal Emissions 18

4.2 Community Emissions 20

5 Comparison against previous inventory 22

5.1 Municipal Emissions: 24

5.2 Community Emissions: 24

6 Verification 26

7 Conclusions and Recomendations 26

8 References 28

9 Appendix A: eThekwini Municipality Key Indicators 2011 29

10 Appendix B: Emission & Conversion Factors 30

11 Appendix C: Contact Details 32

12 Appendix D: JDE Bussiness Units 36

13 Appendix E: Verification Report 38

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality 1 Table 2: Emission sources included in the 2012 municipal operations inventory 3 Table 3: Emission sources included in the 2012 community inventory 3 Table 4: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal buildings and other facilities 4 Table 5: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for streetlights and traffic signals 5 Table 6: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal water delivery facilities 6 Table 7: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal wastewater facilities 7 Table 8: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal vehicle fleet 8 Table 9: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal transit fleet 9 Table 10: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal power generation and electrical distribution

facilities 10 Table 11: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal solid waste facilities 11 Table 12: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal air travel 12 Table 13: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community residential sector 12 Table 14: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community commercial sector 13 Table 15: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community industrial sector 14 Table 16: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community transport sector 15 Table 17: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community agricultural sector 16 Table 18: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community solid waste sector 16 Table 19: GHG emissions inventory results 18 Table 20: Municipal sector emissions 19 Table 21: Municipal GHG intensity figures 19 Table 22: Community sector emissions 20 Table 23: Community GHG intensity figures 21

Table 24: Total Emissions Intensity Figures 21 Table 25: Percentage change of Emissions from baseline 22 Table 26: Comparison of Emissions 2012 against 2011 23 Table 27: Updated figures used for Solid Waste 24 Table 28: Summary of Stationary Fuel Emissions 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Municipal Sector Emissions 18 Figure 2: Community Sector Emissions 20 Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions 2002 through to 2012 22

1


1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY

The eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA) stretches from Durban’s coastline in the East to Cato Ridge in the West and

from Umkomaas in the South to Tongaat in the North. The EMA covers an area of approximately 2 292 square

kilometres of which 36% is rural and a further 29% is peri-urban. The Municipality is home to approximately 3.4 million

people constituting a 7% share of the total South African population, making it the third most populated municipality in

the country. The economy of the EMA is centred on the transport and logistics activities of the Port of Durban,

domestic and export-oriented manufacturing and tourism. The Gross Domestic Product of the eThekwini Municipality

during 2012 amounted to R210.1bn with a per capita income of R51,747 (eThekwini Municipality Key Indicators 2012,

Appendix A).

The EMA is governed by the eThekwini Municipality, with an Operating Budget of R26.5bn (2012/2013) and a Capital

Budget of R5.3bn (2012/2013)1. During 2012 the Municipality employed 19,910 employees on a permanent and

temporary basis. Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality are described in Table 1.

Table 1: Basic services provided by the eThekwini Municipality

Description Details Description Details

Basic Services Housing Infrastructure Stormwater

Water Roads

Sanitation Sidewalks

Electricity & Lighting Pedestrian bridges

Solid Waste Footpaths

Transport

Safety & Security

Health

1.2 ETHEKWINI GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY

During December 2010 the eThekwini Municipality became a signatory of the Global Cities Covenant on Climate

(“Mexico City Pact”). In terms of this agreement the Municipality has committed to registering the Municipality’s

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory, commitments, climate mitigation and adaptation measures and actions in

the Carbon Cities Climate Registry.

In addition to meeting the Municipality’s Mexico City Pact commitments, reporting the Municipality’s GHG emissions

will aid policy makers in forecasting emission trends, identifying the point and mobile sources of emissions generated,

and setting goals for future reductions and mitigation.

The reporting of a municipal inventory also aligns eThekwini Municipality with the intentions of the National Climate

Change Response White Paper (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011) and the broader national government

policy on climate change.

1 http://www.durban.gov.za/media_publications/Press_Releases/Pages/201213BudgetAdopted.aspx

http://www.durban.gov.za/media_publications/Press_Releases/Pages/201213BudgetAdopted.aspx

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2 INVENTORY PARAMETERS

2.1 PROTOCOLS

The eThekwini Municipality’s 2012 GHG Inventory and Inventory Report were based upon the two Local Government

GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols developed by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, namely the:

International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Version 1.0; and

Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Inventories Version 1.1.

The protocols are designed to provide a standardized set of guidelines to assist local governments in quantifying and

reporting GHG emissions associated with their government and community operations. Both protocols are based upon

the Corporate GHG Protocol developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for

Sustainable Development (WBCSD) as well as technical guidance provided by the United Nations Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The protocols were followed closely to ensure that eThekwini’s 2012 GHG Inventory can be compared with other

municipalities and organisations around the world utilising the same protocol.

2.2 BOUNDARIES

2.2.1 Temporal Boundary

The 2012 eThekwini GHG Inventory comprises emissions occurring during the 2012 calendar year, as required by

ICLEI.

2.2.2 Operational Boundaries

The municipal inventory separately accounts for emissions associated with the operations of the eThekwini

Municipality (i.e. local government emissions) and the activities that occur within the EMA but which are not as a direct

result of the Municipality’s operations or assets (i.e. community emissions). These two sectors are broken down into

the following analyses.

Government Operations Analysis

The government operations analysis is defined by an organisational boundary and includes functions directly under

the eThekwini Municipality’s control and emissions arising from the use of all significant assets and services during

2012.

Community Operations Analysis

The community operations analysis is defined by a geopolitical boundary and incorporates the physical area or region

over which the eThekwini Municipality has jurisdictional authority. This analysis includes GHG emissions associated

with activities (of the general public and industry / commerce) occurring within the eThekwini Municipality’s geopolitical

boundary generated during 2012.

2.3 SCOPES

The eThekwini Municipality 2012 GHG Inventory includes all important sources of GHG emissions occurring within the

Municipality’s geopolitical and organizational boundaries. Direct and indirect emissions are accounted for separately

within each sector through the categorisation of emissions as either scope one, two or three emissions. Differentiating

between emission scopes helps to avoid the possibility of double counting emissions and misrepresenting emissions

when reporting.

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2.3.1 Municipal Operations Emissions Scopes

Municipal operations emissions included in the inventory were categorised into the following scopes:

Scope 1 – Direct emission sources owned or operated by eThekwini Municipality.

Scope 2 – Indirect emission sources.

Scope 3 –Indirect and embodied emissions over which eThekwini Municipality exerts significant control or

influence. Certain emissions from contracted services were included in the municipal operations emissions

inventory in instances where the service provided by the contractor is commonly provided by a municipality. These

contractor emissions may be either direct or indirect but are classified as scope 3 emissions within the municipal

operations inventory regardless.

Table 2 details the source of emissions included within each scope of the 2012 municipal operations emissions

inventory.

Table 2: Emission sources included in the 2012 municipal operations inventory

Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

Source of Emissions

Stationary Fuel Combustion Electricity Consumption Employee Air Travel

Mobile Fuel Combustion Electricity Transmission & Distribution Losses (Technical and Non-technical losses)

Transit vehicles operated by contractor

Wastewater Treatment Electricity consumption by Eskom owned streetlights Solid Waste Disposal

Power Generation Facilities

2.3.2 Community-scale Emissions Scopes

Community-scale emissions included within the 2012 inventory were categorised into the following scopes:

Scope 1 – All direct emission sources located within the geopolitical boundary of eThekwini Municipality.

Scope 2 – Indirect emissions that result as a consequence of activity within eThekwini Municipality’s geopolitical

boundary.

Scope 3 – Indirect and embodied emissions that occur as a result of activity within the geopolitical boundary.

Table 3 provides details of the source of emissions included within each scope of the 2012 community-scale

emissions inventory.

Table 3: Emission sources included in the 2012 community inventory

Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

Sources of Emissions

Stationary Fuel Combustion Electricity Consumption Air Transport Systems

Mobile Fuel Combustion Marine Transport Systems

Solid Waste Disposal

Enteric Fermentation

Pre-harvest Cane Burning

Industrial Processes and Product Use

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3 INVENTORY DETAILS

3.1 MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS

This section provides a breakdown of GHG emissions calculated within the various municipal sectors. Included in the

breakdown are details pertaining to data sources and calculations used to determine emissions.

3.1.1 Buildings and Other Facilities

The ‘buildings and other facilities’ sector includes, inter alia, emissions generated by administrative facilities, public

venues, libraries, parks and recreational facilities operated by the eThekwini Municipality (Table 4). Excluded from this

sector are wastewater treatment, water delivery and solid waste facilities, which are categorised separately.

Table 4: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal buildings and other facilities

Scope Emissions Source CO2 CH4 N2O Total

Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Stationary Combustion 14,976 33.6 37.5 15,082

Emissions Source: Stationary combustion of fuel by municipal buildings and other facilities

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Known fuel use calculated from fuel purchase data

– Emissions Factor:

ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011, IPCC 2006, TCR 2012; Appendix B)

– Data Description:

Data on the quantity of fuel purchased, for stationary combustion, by the Municipality during 2012 was obtained from

the Procurement Department for all departments within the Municipality

– Data Source:

eThekwini Procurement Department - Godfrey Appalsamy (Appendix C)

Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 164,935

Emissions Source: Electricity consumption by municipal buildings and other facilities

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended data type - Known electricity use


ICLEI recommended factor type - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)


Electricity charges supplied by the eThekwini Treasury Department and grouped according to the individual JDE code

(Appendix D)

Electricity supplied to departments by Eskom directly – consumption data provided by Eskom

– Data Issues:

Electricity charges were supplied by the Treasury department and grouped into JDE Business Units according to

respective GI-codes. Besides the account number, the electricity connection ID (Elc-Cnect-Id) were also kept for future

reference.

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Accounts from 2011 GHG EI that do not appear in the 2012 records were tracked by the Treasury department and have

been updated in red. Many of accounts have since been terminated; this was stated in the tool. Bulk accounts are

highlighted in green.

Electricity supplied directly from Eskom to the Municipal Buildings was identified from the total Energy accounts that

Eskom bills to the eThekwini Municipality. The accounts that did not belong to community services and have not been

already accounted for by the electricity department (Leshan Moodliar) were considered to be directly supplied from

Eskom to the municipal infrastructure. These accounts were further sub divided into water, wastewater and others for

quantification purposes.

– Data Source:

Treasury Department – Wally Bentley ; Eskom - Prashunt Latchman (Appendix C)

3.1.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals

This sector includes electricity consumption by streetlights and traffic signals owned by the Municipality (Table 5). It is

also noted that Eskom provides street lighting infrastructure within the outer regions of the EMA. Emissions generated

by Eskom owned streetlights are classified as the Municipality’s scope 3 emissions.

Table 5: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for streetlights and traffic signals


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 108,101

Emissions Source: Electricity consumption by municipal owned and operated streetlights and traffic signals

– Activity Data:

ICLEI specified alternative activity data - Installed wattage


ICLEI recommended factor - Verified Eskom emission factor (Appendix B)


Traffic Lights - Number of signalised intersections that the Municipality caters for, type (LED or incandescent) and the

average energy drawn per intersection.

Streetlights - Streetlight count and type (HID or LED) and actual kWh used per year.

– Data Issues:

Traffic Lights -An exact assessment value of electricity usage by Traffic lights is difficult to make since individual loads of

traffic signals are not measured and several teams maintain the intersections, eliminating unnecessary LED modules.

However, a sound calculation method with reasonable assumptions was made by the authority in providing a final

consumption figure.

– Data Source:

Traffic Lights - Transport Authority (Andrew Aucamp); Streetlights - Electricity Department (Craig Smith) (Appendix C)

Scope 3 Electricity consumed by Eskom street lighting 1 079

Emissions Source: Electricity consumption by Eskom owned and operated streetlights

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Known electricity use

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Account numbers for traffic lights that fall within the eThekwini Municipality, number of lights and wattage.

– Data Issues:

Eskom has various options on streetlights supplies, including a normal streetlight tariff plus a maintenance contract.

The latter system is usually what Municipalities opt for. Alternatively, municipalities may opt for only the streetlight

tariffs without a maintenance contract, choosing to perform upkeep themselves. This may have been the historical

position with this supply and eThekwini Municipality may have taken over.

– Data Source:

Electricity Department (Craig Smith) (Appendix C)

3.1.3 Water Delivery Facilities

The water delivery facilities sector includes any facilities used for the transportation, treatment and distribution of

drinking water (Table 6).

Table 6: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal water delivery facilities


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 64 048

Emissions Source: Electricity consumption by water pump stations and reservoirs

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Known electricity use




Electricity charges were supplied by the Treasury department and grouped into business units according to their GI-

code. All Business units labelled as “Water” were accounted here

Electricity consumption data provided by Eskom for facilities supplied directly by Eskom.

– Data Issue:

Data supplied from Eskom clearly does not identify municipal accounts and facilities. After the accounts have being

identified as Directly Supply from Eskom to Municipal facilities from the Energy department, they have been grouped

into three categories: water, wastewater and other based on their Entity name. Electricity under the water group is the

one accounted for in this inventory.

– Data Source:

Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)

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3.1.4 Wastewater Facilities

The wastewater sector includes all facilities used for the transportation and collection or treatment of

wastewater/sewage. The eThekwini Municipality own/control and operate wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)

encompassed within the inventory included KwaMashu, New Germany, Northern, Phoenix, Umdloti, Umhlanga,

Tongaat Central, Gennazanno, Verulam, Kingsburgh, Umkomaas, Craigieburn, Magabeni, Amamzimtoti, Dassenhoek,

Hillcrest, Hammarsdale, Cato Ridge, Fredville, Umhlatuzana and Umbilo (Table 7).

Table 7: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal wastewater facilities


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Stationary Combustion - 17 468 - 17 468

Emissions Source: Incomplete combustion of digester gas at a WWTP with anaerobic digestion of biosolids

– Activity Data:

Population served; ICLEI Equation 10.2


Population served by wastewater treatment plants with anaerobic digesters. The population served was estimated by

the Water & Sanitation Department based on a consumption value of 400 litres per person per day.

– Model Issue:

The model specified by ICLEI assumes biogas is flared; however, certain eThekwini’s WWTP’s do not flare. When

calculating methane emissions for these facilities the model parameter ‘Methane Destruction Efficiency’ was assumed

to be zero.

– Data Source: Water and Sanitation Department; Mohammed Dildar & Kaverajen Pillay (Appendix C)

Scope 1 Process Emissions - 1 292 17 219 18 511

Emissions Source: Anaerobic and facultative treatment lagoons

– Activity data:

Population served - ICLEI Equation 10.4


Population served by treatment lagoons adjusted for industrial discharge

Emissions Source: WWTP with nitrification/denitrification

– Activity Data:



Population served by the WWTP with nitrification/denitrification adjusted for industrial discharge

Emissions Source: WWTP without nitrification/denitrification

– Activity Data:



Population served by the WWTP without nitrification/denitrification adjusted for industrial discharge

Emissions Source: Effluent discharge to receiving aquatic environment

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– Activity Data:



Population served, adjusted for industrial discharge

– Data Issues:

The population served for Magabeni Lagoon, Glenwood facility and all effluent discharged to rivers and Estuaries

couldn’t be updated, hence 2010 numbers for such populations were used.

Data Source: eThekwini Water & Sanitation; Mohammed Dildar & Kaverajen Pillay (Appendix C)


Emissions Source: Electricity Consumption

– Activity Data:






code. All Business units labelled as “Sanitation” were accounted here.

Electricity consumption data provided by Eskom for facilities directly supplied by Eskom.

– Data Issue:

Data supplied from Eskom clearly does not identify municipal accounts and facilities. The Treasury department hold the

data which enables identification of municipal accounts which are directly supplied electricity from Eskom and accounts

supplied directly by Eskom. The identified accounts are grouped into three categories: water, wastewater and other

based on individual Entity names. Electricity under the wastewater group is the category accounted for in this

inventory.

– Data Source:

Treasury Department – Wally Bentley; Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)

3.1.5 Vehicle Fleet

The vehicle fleet sector includes all emissions generated by vehicles (on-road and off-road) owned by the eThekwini

Municipality (Table 8). These vehicles are either managed by the City Fleet Department, Water Department, Solid

Waste Department or Electricity Department.

Table 8: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal vehicle fleet


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Mobile Combustion 46 151 43.71 457.86 46 654

Emissions Source: Fuel combustion by on-road and off-road vehicles

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Fuel purchases


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ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011; Appendix B)


Emissions calculated from records of internal and external refuelling held by the City Fleet Department during 2012.

– Data Issues:

In addition to City Fleet providing/managing fuel data for the municipality it was discovered that there are four

additional Units that also manage their own fuel purchases.

– Data Source:

City Fleet – Neeren Juganath (internal & external refuelling); Electricity Fleet - Troy Greeves; Water & Sanitation Fleet –

Tony Govender; DSW Fleet – Rajesh Ramlagan; Emergency Services (Specialised vehicles only) – Lance Ravidutt

(Appendix C)

3.1.6 Transit Fleet

The transit sector should include emissions from mass transit vehicles operated by the Municipality to service the

community of the EMA. However, as the Municipality’s transit fleet has been outsourced to a private contractor the

emissions generated are classified as scope three instead of scope one emissions (Table 9).

Table 9: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal transit fleet


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 3 Mobile Combustion 31 584 18 349 31 951

Emissions Source: Fuel combustion by on-road transit fleet

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Fuel purchases




Bulk monthly diesel consumption, by privately operated municipal busses, for calendar year 2012 could not be obtained from private contractor because records are not available. The data used in the 2011 GHG EI was utilised.

– Data Source: TransAfrica – John Wilkinson (Appendix C)

3.1.7 Power Generation Facilities

Although the Municipality does not own or operate any fossil fuel power generation facilities, it does own a large

proportion of the electricity distribution infrastructure within the EMA. Transmission and distribution losses resulting

from the transmission of electricity via the municipal owned infrastructure are therefore categorised as scope two

municipal emissions (Table 10). In addition, the 2012 GHG EI has started reported the Municipal consumption of

Sulphur Hexafloruide (SF6), which is used in electrical switch gear; this is classified as Scope 1.

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Table 10: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal power generation and electrical distribution

facilities


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Power Generation facilities: Fugitive Emissions 3 552

Emissions Source: Sulphur Hexaflouride (SF6)

– Activity Data:

SF6 consumption data


ICLEI recommended factor type (Appendix B)


Municipal consumption/purchase of SF6.

– Data Source:

eThekwini Electricity Department – Tumo Mpetsane; (Appendix C)

Scope 2 Transmission & Distribution Losses: Technical 356 865

Emissions Source: Technical transmission and distribution losses

– Activity Data:

eThekwini Electricity Department calculations




Estimated technical losses data was provided by the Electricity Department. Losses were estimated using best practice calculations dependent on distribution infrastructure. Real values for street lights and traffic signals were used for 2012 calculations, as well as energy generated from landfills and CPV solar.

The estimated losses are assumed to be 5.85% over the financial reporting period in the 12 months from July 2011 to the end of June 2012. However, the data presented here in the GHGEI is for January 2012 to December 2012 with an estimated combined loss of 5.93%. The difference exists because of the following:

1. Estimated readings in the residential sector which are read once every 3 months; 2. Prepaid metering which is bought in advance and possibly not used in advance; 3. The calculation of unmetered supply (for example street light on time variation); and 4. Account adjustments for technical and administration errors.

– Data Source:

eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar (Appendix C)

Scope 2 Transmission & Distribution Losses: Non-Technical 348 500

Emissions Source: Non-technical transmission and distribution losses

– Activity Data:

eThekwini Electricity Department calculations




Estimated non-technical losses data was provided by the Electricity Department. Losses were calculated by subtracting total municipal energy sales/consumption (internal and external) from total electricity purchased by the municipality from Eskom. Real values for street lights and traffic signals were used for 2011 calculations, as well as energy generated from landfills and CPV solar.

The estimated losses are assumed to be 5.85% over the financial reporting period in the 12 months from July 2011 to the end of June 2012. However, the data presented here in the GHGEI is for January 2012 to December 2012 with an estimated combined loss of 5.93%. The difference exists because of the following:

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1. Estimated readings in the residential sector which are read once every 3 months; 2. Prepaid metering which is bought in advance and possibly not used in advance; 3. The calculation of unmetered supply (for example street light on time variation); and 4. Account adjustments for technical and administration errors.

– Data Source:


3.1.8 Solid Waste Facilities

eThekwini Municipality owns four solid waste landfills, namely:

Bisasar Road Landfill –operational, landfill gas (LFG) collection system in place;

Mariannhill Landfill –operational, LFG collection system in place;

La Mercy Landfill – closed, LFG collection system in place; and,

Buffelsdraai Landfill – operational, no LFG collection system in place.

Fugitive methane emissions generated by these landfills are classified as scope one municipal emissions (Table 11).

Table 11: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal solid waste facilities


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Fugitive Emissions - 71 370

- 71 370

Emissions Source: Landfills with comprehensive LFG collection systems

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended data type - ICLEI Equation 9.1


Annual LFG collected, fraction of methane in LFG and methane destruction efficiency of system

– Data Source:

eThekwini Cleansing and Solid Waste Department – Marc Wright (Appendix C)

Emissions Source: Landfills with no LFG Collection System

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended model and data type – First Order Decay Model


Historical and inventory year waste disposal data

– Data Source:

eThekwini Cleansing and Solid Waste Department – John Parkin (Appendix B)


Emissions Source: Electricity consumption

– Activity Data:



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code. All Business units labelled as “Cleansing and Solid Waste” were accounted for.

– Data Source:

Treasury Department – Wally Bentley(Appendix C)

3.1.9 Air Travel

Greenhouse gas emissions generated from work-related air travel, by municipal employees, are categorised as scope

three municipal emissions (Table 12).

Table 12: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for municipal air travel


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 3 Business Flights 283 1 3 286

Emissions Source: Fuel combustion by air transport systems

– Activity Data:

GHG Protocol recommended data type – number of flights and destination data


Defra 2011 emissions factor – emission factor based on length of flight (Appendix B)


Number of domestic and international flights boarded by the Municipal employees during 2011 obtained from contracted travel agents.

New routes travelled during 2011 have been included

– Data Source:

TWF – Sibonelo Zungu; Rennies Travel – Tammy Heher (Appendix C)

3.2 COMMUNITY EMISSIONS

3.2.1 Residential Sector

This emissions sector includes all emissions generated by the EMA’s residential sector through electricity consumption

as well as stationary fuel combustion (Table 13). During 2012 the EMA comprised an estimated 951 029 households

with an annual per household income of R189 413 (eThekwini Municipality Key Indicators 2012).

Table 13: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community residential sector


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Stationary Combustion 213 167 396 534 214 097

Emissions Source: Stationary combustion of fuel

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended activity data - Known fuel use


ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Defra 2011, Appendix B)


Data on the quantity of fuel purchased, for stationary combustion, within the EMA received from the Department of

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Energy.

– Data Issue:

The Department of Energy are unable to categorise data into sectors so it was assumed that 10% of total LPG and 50% total illuminating paraffin was used within the residential sector (eThekwini State of Energy Report). Data provided by the Department of Energy, was only for the full year of 2012.

– Data source:

National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe; (Appendix C)

Scope 2 Purchased Electricity 3 587 450


– Activity Data:





Electricity consumption by all residences receiving electricity from the Municipality obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department

Electricity consumption by the EMA residential sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom (prepaid accounts and accounts type S)

Eskom has only supplied data for January to July 2012.

– Data Source:


3.2.2 Commercial Sector

This emissions sector includes all emissions generated by the EMA’s commercial sector through electricity

consumption only (Table 14). During 2012 annual retail trade sales within the eThekwini Municipality amounted to

R59,6bn (eThekwini Municipality Key Indicators 2012).

Table 14: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community commercial sector


Tonnes CO2e



– Activity Data:





Electricity consumption by all commercial enterprises receiving electricity from the Municipality obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department

Electricity consumption by the EMA commercial and Industrial sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom (all accounts type L)


– Data Source

eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar; Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)

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3.2.3 Industrial Sector

This emissions sector includes all emissions generated by the EMA’s industrial sector through electricity consumption

as well as stationary fuel combustion (Table 15).

Table 15: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community industrial sector


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Stationary Combustion 4 505 089

Emissions Source: Stationary combustion of fuel

– Activity Data:





Data on the quantity of fuel purchased, for stationary combustion, within the EMA received from the Department of Energy.

– Data Issue:

Data provided by the Department of Energy was for the calendar year 2012.


– Data Source:

National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe; (Appendix C)



– Activity Data:





Electricity consumption by all industrial enterprises receiving electricity from the Municipality was obtained from the eThekwini Electricity Department;

Electricity consumption by the EMA industrial sector which receives electricity directly from Eskom provided by Eskom was quantified together with the commercial category and already included in Table 14 above

– Data Source

eThekwini Electricity Department – Leshan Moodliar; Eskom – Prashunt Lutchman (Appendix C)

3.2.4 Transport

The community transport sector includes emissions generated by community owned on-road and off road vehicles as

well as by the community’s air and marine transport systems (Table 16). Air and marine transport systems are

classified as scope 3 emissions.

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Table 16: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community transport sector


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Mobile Combustion 6 119 854 7 360 56 040 6 183 253

Emissions Source: On-road and off road vehicles

– Activity Data:





Data on the amount of petrol and diesel consumed within the EMA during 2011 was provided by the Department of Energy.

– Data Issue:

Data does not differentiate between type of Petrol or Diesel.

Information from the DoE is per Magisterial District which may end in an overestimation for Umbumbutu and missing data from Pietermaritzburg, Ndwedwe, Camperdown, and Lower Tugela

– Data Source:

National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)

Scope 3 Mobile Combustion – Air Travel 249 090 368 2 451 251 934

Emissions Source: Air transport systems fuel combustion

– Activity Data:



ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Appendix B)

– Data Description: Data on the amount of jet fuel and aviation gasoline purchased within the EMA during 2012 was

provided by the Department of Energy.

Data Issue:

There are no data for International Jet Fuel provided by the DoE, 2010 values remain.

– National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)

Scope 3 Mobile Combustion – Water Travel 4 004 012 4 342 419 403 4 427 756

Emissions Source: Water transport systems fuel combustion

– Activity Data:



ICLEI recommended factor - Default by fuel type (Appendix B)


– Data Issue:

There is not data provided by the Department of Energy for marine automotive diesel, marine diesel oil and marine fuel oil purchased within the EMA during 2011, then values from 2010 remain

– National Department of Energy – Ramaano Nembahe (Appendix C)

16


3.2.5 Agriculture

Emissions sources covered within the agriculture sector included enteric fermentation by livestock and pre-harvest

sugarcane burning (

Table 17). Both these emission sources are classified as community scope one emissions.

Table 17: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community agricultural sector


Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Enteric Fermentation 21 323 21 323

Emissions Source: Enteric fermentation by livestock

– Activity Data:

IPCC 2006 recommended data – livestock type and numbers


IPCC 2006 emissions factor - Default by animal type (Appendix B)


Livestock survey results for 2012 obtained from the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

– Data Source:

National Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries – Shavetha Dhanilall (Appendix C)

Scope 1 Residue Burning 49 859 19 082 68 940

Emissions Source: Infield pre-harvest sugarcane burning

– Activity Data:

IPCC 2006 Equation 2.27 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Fire


IPCC 2006 factors


Area under sugarcane calculated from D’MOSS database provided by Municipality’s Environmental Management Department

– Data Source:

Environmental Management Department – Cameron McLean (Appendix C)

3.2.6 Solid Waste

The community solid waste sector includes emissions generated by privately owned landfills situated within the

Municipality’s geopolitical boundary (Table 18).

Table 18: Emissions inventory and data disclosure for community solid waste sector

17



Tonnes CO2e

Scope 1 Fugitive Emissions 180 461 180 461

Emissions Source: Fugitive emissions generated by two privately owned landfills

– Activity Data:

ICLEI recommended model and data type – First Order Decay Model


Historical and inventory year waste disposal data provided by private facilities; for previous years where disposal data

was not available, data published in the Integrated Waste Management Plan for eThekwini Municipality and in the

2005/06 eThekwini Municipality GHG inventory was used to estimated emissions for the various landfills.

– Data Issue:

Values updated for 2012.

The Bulbul(Wasteman) site was closed for the acceptance of waste in November 2011.

– Data Source:

Enviroserv – Clive Kidd; Wasteman – Reg Gerber (Appendix C)

18


4 EMISSIONS ANALYSIS

Within both the Municipal Operations Analysis and the Community Operations Analysis the principal contributor to

GHG emissions are scope 2 indirect emissions from electricity consumption, although community scope 1 emissions

are almost as large as the community scope 2 (Table 19).

Table 19: GHG emissions inventory results

EMISSIONS SCOPE MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS (tCO2e) COMMUNITY EMISSIONS (tCO2e)

Scope 1 391 810 (26%) 11 580 783 (42%)

Scope 2 1 101 398 (72%) 11 573 397 (42%)

Selected Scope 3 33 316 (2%) 4 679 690 (17%)

The high carbon intensity of Eskom electricity (emissions factor of 1.03 kg CO2e / kWh) significantly impacts on the

emissions generated by electricity consumption within the EMA. The generation of electricity from fugitive methane

emissions as part of the Landfill to Gas Projects implemented at Bisasar Road Landfill and Mariannhill Landfill and the

CPV solar project and other embedded generation resulted in 48 357 949 kWh of renewable energy being fed into the

electrical grid during 2012. The displacement of Eskom electricity with electricity generated from landfill gas resulted in

the estimated avoidance of 49 809 tonnes of CO2e for 2012.

4.1 MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS

The principal municipal emission source, contributing 47% to the Municipality’s total 2011 GHG emission inventory,

was electrical transmission and distribution losses (Power Generation Facilities) (scope 2). (Figure 1: Municipal

Sector Emissions Figure 1,Table 20).

Figure 1: Municipal Sector Emissions

Power Generation Facilities

47%

Solid Waste Facilities 5%

Buildings & Other Facilities

12%

Streetlights & Traffic Signals

7%

Water Delivery Facilities

4%

Wastewater Facilities

6%

Transit Fleet 2%

Vehicle Fleet 3%

Employee Air Travel 0%

Certified Emission Reduction

14%

19


Table 20: Municipal sector emissions

Municipal Sector Emissions Scope Emissions (tonnes CO2e) %

Buildings and Other Facilities Scope 1 15,082 11.8%

Scope 2 164,935

Additional Scope 3 Emissions Scope 3 286 0.0%

Power Generation Facilities Scope 1 3,552 0.2%

Scope 2 705,364 46.2%

Sanitation and Solid Waste Facilities Scope 1

71,370 4.8%

Scope 2 1,850

Streetlights and Traffic Signals Scope 2 108,101 7.2%

Scope 3 1,079

Scope 3 31,951 2.1%

Scope 1 46,654 3.1%

Wastewater Facilities Scope 1 35,979 6.1%

Scope 2 57,100

Water Delivery Facilities Scope 2 64,048 4.2%

Certified Emission Reduction Scope 1 219,173 14.4%

4.1.1 Municipal GHG Emissions Intensity Figures

Emissions intensity figures calculated for the Municipality are provided in

Table 21. These figures were calculated by combining all municipal scope 1 and 2 emissions and dividing them by the

relevant indicator.

Table 21: Municipal GHG intensity figures

Intensity Figure

Unit Metric Numerator

Unit Metric Denominator

Unit

R 56.31 tCO2e / million Rand of operating budget

1,493,209 tCO2e (Municipal Scope 1 & 2)

R 26,520.002

Million Rand Operating Budget (2012/ 2013)

R 281.74 tCO2e / million Rand of Capital budget

1,493,209

tCO2e

(Municipal Scope 1 &

2)

R 5,300.003

Million Rand Captial Budget (2012/ 2013)

75.00 tCO2e / Permanent employee

1,493,209

tCO2e

(Municipal Scope 1 &

2)

9,9104 Permanent Employees



4 EThekwini Municipality, Human Resources



20


4.2 COMMUNITY EMISSIONS

4.2.1 Community Emissions Analysis

The principal community sector emission source within the EMA during 2012 was the industrial sector, contributing

34% to total community emissions (Figure 2, Table 22). The second major contributor was the on-road and off-road

(ground) transport sector contributing 22% to overall community emissions.

Figure 2: Community Sector Emissions

Table 22: Community sector emissions

Community Sector Emissions Scope Emissions (tonnes CO2e) %

Residential Scope 1 214,097 13.66%

Scope 2 3,587,450

Commercial Scope 2 3,142,391 11.29%

Industrial Scope 1 4,505,089 33.59%

Scope 2 4,843,557

On-road and Off-road Vehicles Scope 1 6,183,253 22.21%

Rail, Air and Water Transport Systems Scope 3 4,679,690 16.81%

Solid Waste Scope 1 212,230 0.76%

Industrial process & Product Use Scope 1 331,517 1.19%

Scope 1 44,333 0.16%

Agriculture, Land Use and Forestry Scope 1 90,264 0.32%

Residential 14%

Commercial 11%

Industrial 34%

On-road and Off-road Vehicles

22%

Rail, Air and Water Transport Systems

17%

Industrial Processes and Product Use

1% Agriculture, Land Use and Forestry

0% Solid Waste

1%

21


4.2.2 Community Emissions Intensity Figures

Emissions intensity figures calculated for the EMA for 2012 are provided in Table 23. These emissions were

calculated by combining relevant sector scope one and two emissions and dividing them by the relevant indicators.

Table 23: Community GHG intensity figures

Intensity Figure Unit Metric Numerator


Unit

3.98

tCO2e / household

3,801,546

tCO2e (Residential Scope 1 & 2 )

956,071

5

Number of households within the EMA

R 52.72 tCO2e / million Rand of Capital budget

3,142,391

tCO2e (Commercial Scope 1 & 2 )

R 59,600.006

2012 Annual retail trade sales

4.2.3 Total Emissions Intensity Figures

Total emission intensity figures (for the municipality and the community) are recorded below in the table below. These

emissions were calculated by combining relevant sector scope emissions and dividing them by the relevant indicators.

A per capita figure has been calculated using total scope 1 and 2 emissions, and separately using emissions from all

three scopes to account for different methodologies of calculating this figure.

Table 24: Total Emissions Intensity Figures

Intensity Figure Unit Metric Numerator


Unit

7.16

tCO2e / Capita 24,647,389

tCO2e (Scope 1 & 2 )

3,442,361

7

Population within the EMA

8.53

tCO2e / Capita 29,360,395

tCO2e (Scope 1, 2 & 3 )

3,442,361

Population within the EMA

5 http://www.durban.gov.za/Resource_Centre/edge/Documents/SMME's.pdf

6 http://www.durban.gov.za/Resource_Centre/edge/Documents/SMME's.pdf

7 STATSSA: Census 2011: Municipal Fact Sheet

http://www.durban.gov.za/Resource_Centre/edge/Documents/SMME's.pdf

22


5 COMPARISON AGAINST PREVIOUS INVENTORY

The 2010 eThekwini GHG Inventory serves as the baseline inventory because the methodology for collecting and

reporting data was clearly defined for this period. However data for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories in the

eThekwini Municipality dates back to 2002. This emerging emissions trend is summarised in the table and graph

below. As is evident from these data sets, there is a continued and steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions over

time in the city. This trend is primarily are a result of improved data collection methodologies but also due to increased

uses of energy and carbon intensive processes in the city.

Figure 3: Comparison of Emissions 2002 through to 2012

Table 25: Percentage change of Emissions from baseline

Year Government Emissions

Community Emissions

Total Emissions % Change % Change from

2010 Baseline

Yr 2002 1 047 000 18 890 000 19 937 000

Yr 2003/2004 1 247 000 18 890 000 20 137 000 1.0%

Yr 2005/2006 1 118 061 21 413 906 22 531 967 11.9%

Yr 2010 1 104 212 25 962 074 27 066 285 20.1%

Yr 2011 1 551 420 26 097 979 27 649 400 2.2% 2.2%

Yr 2012 1 526 431 27 833 965 29 360 395 6.2% 8.3%

This technical report provides a detailed comparison of the difference in emissions between the years 2011 and 2012,

as shown below in Table 26. The differences observed between 2011 and the baseline year, 2010 are provided in the

previous GHGEI.

The total emissions for 2012 were estimated in29 360 395.5 tCO2e, 27 833 964.7 (94. 8%) from the Community

sector, while1 526 430.8tCO2e (5.2%) are produced from the Municipal sector.

Total emissions show an increase of 6.2% from year 2011 to 2012, which is equivalent to an additional 1 710 996.0 tCO2e emitted. The municipal sector presents an decrease of 1.6% (-24 989.6 tCO2e), while the community sector changed by 6.65% (1 735 985.5 tCO2e).

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Yr 2002 Yr 2003/2004 Yr 2005/2006 Yr 2010 Yr 2011 Yr 2012

MtC

O2

e

Community Emissions

Government Emissions

23


Table 26: Comparison of Emissions 2012 against 2011

Type Sub-Type Sub-Type 2011 (tCO2e) 2012 (tCO2e) Difference (tCO2e) Diff %

Fuel Consumption Stationary Fuel Combustion Stationary Fuel 17 309.8 15 082.2 -2 227.6 -13%

Vehicle Fleet Transport Fuel 18 580.8 46 654.1 28 073.3 151%

Solid Waste Solid Waste (CH4) Methane 150 483.1 71 370.0 -79 113.1 -53%

Power Generation Facilities Fugitive Emissions SF6 - 3 552.0 3 552.0 100%

Wastewater Treatment Wastewater (CH4) Methane 29 675.2 35 978.8 6 303.5 21%

CERs Certified Emission Reduction CERs 234 506.5 219 173.3 -15 333.2

Electricity Consumption Buildings Electricity 156 350.9 164 935.4 8 584.5 5%

Streetlights & Traffic Signals Electricity 119 798.0 108 100.8 -11 697.2 -10%

Water Delivery Facilities Electricity 67 404.8 64 048.2 -3 356.5 -5%

Transmission and Distribution Losses Electricity 690 311.4 705 364.5 15 053.1 2%

Solid Waste Facilities Electricity 1 747.0 1 849.9 102.8 6%

Wastewater Facilities Electricity 31 037.1 57 099.7 26 062.7 84%

Transport Systems Streetlights Electricity 1 332.7 1 079.1 -253.6 -19%

Transit Fleet Transport Fuel 31 951.4 31 951.4 - 0%

Flights Transport Fuel 931.7 191.5 -740.2 -79%

1 551 420.4 1 526 430.8 -24 989.6 -2%

Fuel Consumption Stationary Fuel Combustion Stationary Fuel 4 327 733.5 4 719 185.8 391 452.4 9%

Mobile Fuel Combustion Transport Fuel 5 668 963.5 6 183 253.3 514 289.7 9%

Solid Waste Solid Waste Methane 209 280.0 212 230.0 2 950.0 1%

Industrial Processes & Product Use IPPU Industrial Process - 331 517.2 331 517.2 100%

IPPU SF6 - 44 333.4 44 333.4 100%

Agric & Landuse Agric & Landuse Agric & Landuse 65 322.4 90 263.6 24 941.3 38.2%

Electricity Consumption Residential Electricity 3 417 110.1 3 587 449.7 170 339.6 5%

Commercial Electricity 3 067 300.4 3 142 390.7 75 090.3 2%

Industrial Electricity 4 742 415.1 4 843 556.5 101 141.5 2%

Transport Systems Air Transport Systems Transport Fuel 172 097.9 252 028.2 79 930.3 46%

Water Transport Systems Transport Fuel 4 427 756.4 4 427 756.4 - 0%

26 097 979.1 27 833 964.7 1 735 985.5 7%

27 649 399.5 29 360 395.5 1 710 996.0 6.2%

24


5.1 MUNICIPAL EMISSIONS:

Attention is brought to a decrease on Stationary Fuel Combustion Emissions from the Municipality, this mainly caused because a decrease in the use of Bitumen.

The significant increase in transport fuel emissions increase from 18 580.8 tCO2e to 46 654.1 tCO2e is due to a data collection gap in the previous inventories. eThekwini Water and Sanitation Unit, Durban Solid Waste Unit, Electricity Unit and Emergency Service Unit fuel consumption data was not included previously because it was assumed to be included in the City Fleet data. The data was however sourced directly from the departments for the 2012 inventory.

There is also a significant decrease in methane emissions from solid waste from 150 483.1 tCO2e in 2011 to 71 370.0 tCO2e in 2012 (-53% reduction). The reason for this change in the factors used to calculate methane from solid waste.

Table 27: Updated figures used for Solid Waste

Factor 2011 2012

Fraction of CH4 in LFG 0.55 0.54

CH4 Destruction Efficiency, based on the type of combustion / flare system 0.9 0.98

Collection Efficiency (Collected LFG / Total Generation LFG) 0.75 0.85

The 2012 GHGEI was also the first year that process emissions were calculated. Fugitive Emissions (SF6) of 3 552.0 tCO2e were included from electricity switch gear equipment. SF6 is an extremely potent greenhouse gas that is used amongst other things as an insulant gas in switch gear. SF6 is used in magnesium processing and semiconductor manufacturing, as well as a tracer gas for leak detection.

There was also a 21% increase in Wastewater Methane from 29 675.2 tCO2e in 2011 to 35 978.8 tCO2e in 2012. This is primarily are result of increase population numbers used in the methane calculation. Wastewater facilities also saw an 84% increase in electricity consumption. This was due to the addition of 7 bulk accounts for the Wastewater data set.

Streetlight and traffic light data saw a decrease in emissions of 19% between the 2 years. This is through improved data collection for the number and wattage of street lights in the inventory.

Finally there was also a significant decrease (-79%) in the transport fuel from flights from 931.7 tCO2e in 2011 to 191.5 tCO2e in 2012. This is partly due to a change in service providers who manage travel arrangements for the municipality and a gap in data collection through this change.

5.2 COMMUNITY EMISSIONS:

There was a 9% increase in stationary fuel combustion from 4 327 733.5 tCO2e in 2011 to 4 719 185.8 tCO2e in 2012. Although refinery gas was accurately quantified in the 2012 GHGEI, this had a marginal impact of the overall emissions amount for stationary fuel. A figure of 1 481 652 tCO2e was assumed in the 2011 inventory based on 2006 State of Energy Report for the eThekwini Municipality. The 2012 amount for refinery gas is calculated at 1 469 120 tCO2e which is slightly less than the 2011 value. There was however a significant increase in emissions as a result of coal usage due to improved data collection. Previous inventories used coal data from the 2006 State of Energy Report for the eThekwini Municipality whereas the 2012 inventory, coal purchasing data was obtained from coal

25


suppliers within the Municipality boundary. The variation in the stationary fuel emission data between the 2 years is summarised below.

Table 28: Summary of Stationary Fuel Emissions

Stationary Fuel 2011 2012 Diff %

Heavy Fuel Oil 148 172 177 745 20%

LPG 305 024 365 040 20%

Coal 1 533 813 2 317 953 51%

Coke 522 606 1 694 -100%

Illuminating Paraffin 145 950 173 537 19%

Paraffin Wax 10 675

-100%

Refinery Gas 1 481 652 1 469 120 -1%

There was also a 9% increase in Mobile Fuel Combustion from Transport from 5 668 963.5 tCO2e in 2011 to 6 183 253.3 tCO2e in 2012. The data for transport fuel is provided through the Annual Disaggregated Fuel Sale Volumes (FSV) by Magisterial District level provided by the Department of Energy.

Industrial process emissions were included in the GHGEI in 2012 for the first time. Uncertainty regarding the Industrial Process Related CO2 emissions led into thorough investigation into the type of industries registered within the Municipality. After review of the Schedule Trade Permits (STPs), several companies were shortlisted and a detailed analysis of the production process was performed. As an outcome the cement industry was eliminated from the list as only grinding and blending occurs at the facility within the eThekwini boundary.

Based on research and after consultation with the key pulp and paper manufacturers within the Municipality it was established that process related CO2 emissions were generated from the pulp and paper industry. The data was supplied by the relevant companies and upon a data request will be updated on an annual basis.

A detailed process description was requested from the Non-Ferrous Metals (NFM) industry in order to establish whether an aluminium smelting process is operational. At this stage no information regarding the exact character of the manufacturing process is available and further follow up will be required.

It was established that the Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are being imported into the country and this process is regulated by SARS. Data with regards to number of imports of HFCs and PFCs within 2012 were requested. In an effort to estimate the GHG emissions from usage of HFCs and PFCs the main challenge appeared related to obtaining the number of facilities that use air-conditioning and refrigeration units. Data with regards to the number of households as well as vehicles registered within the Municipality were requested from the Municipality.

However this research wasn’t concluded and will need to be followed up and updated in the following GHGEI. Given that this research has not been fully concluded, emissions were consequently estimated based on the published proportion of these gases in tCO2e compared to the total GHG emissions, which accounts for approximately 2% of total GHG emissions in the inventories reviewed.

There was also a 38.2% increase in Agriculture and Land-use from 65 322.4 tCO2e in 2011 to 90 263.6 tCO2e in 2012. This is due to improved data collection process. Data is now collected via the dip tank census provided by the state vet for eThekwini.

Finally there was a 46% increase in the emissions Air Transport emissions. This data is also provided through the Annual Disaggregated Fuel Sale Volumes (FSV) by Magisterial District level provided by the Department of Energy.

26


6 VERIFICATION

WardKarlson Consulting was contracted by the eThekwini Municipal Energy Office to verify the 2012 Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Inventory that was updated by officials from the Energy Office. Only minor changes were made to the

inventory after a dialogue between the Energy Office and WardKarlson Consutling. A number of areas of improvement

have been highlighted and can be found in the final report from WardKarlsom Consult ing. Kindly refer to Appendix E

for the report.

7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

Total emissions for 2012 are estimated to be around 29,360,395 tCO2e, which translates to 2,294,110 tCO2e (8%)

more than the 2010 baseline and 1,710,996 tCO2e (6%) more than the 2011 inventory.

The community sector accounts for 94.8% of all the emissions, the largest single emitter being electricity consumption

with 39.4% of the total emissions from the municipality, followed by fuel consumption (stationary and mobile) which

accounts for 37.2% of the total emissions.

The municipality sector produces 5.2% of the total emissions, the largest contributor being electricity consumption with

3.8% of the total emissions (2.4% from transmission and distribution losses).

The comparison amongst the three years is not enough for the municipality to make a statement regarding its

performance in terms of reduction of GHG emissions. As the 2012 results show, there is a slight increase of the

emissions which is due to an improved methodology for the collection of applicable information. Efforts from the

municipality to reduce its’ emissions may be reflected in the analysis in future years when the results reflect new

renewable energy facilities and other policies in place for the mitigation of the GHG emissions. In order to further

improve the reliability, completeness and accuracy of the inventory in future years the Municipality should work on

identifying means to collect accurate data pertaining to the use of Marine Fuel, Aviation Fuel and on-going research

into Industrial Processed and Product USE (IPPU) in the EMA.

Fuel used for domestic energy generation typically comprises of wood, paraffin and LPG, with animal dung and other

waste materials used to a smaller extent. Electricity is used where available, but factors such as cultural traditions also

play a role in the continuing use of other fuels. Combustion remains the prevalent energy source for space heating

and winter cooking in many rural areas, high density low income, and informal settlements particularly in the absence

of electrification and where income profiles cannot meet the capital outlay required for electrical goods. Although many

households are electrified, informal households use predominantly a contribution of this fuel mix (wood, paraffin and

LPG with animal dung and other waste materials used to a smaller extent) primarily due its availability and

affordability, although factors such as cultural traditions also play a role in the continuing use of other fuels. Income

profiles, population density and growth also play a significant part, amongst a variety of additional factors.

The current inventory presents a gap regarding the estimation of GHG emissions from the industrial sector, which

according to the IPCC accounted for 19% of the global GHG emissions in 2007 and was found to be the second

largest source of emissions in South Africa’s GHG 2000 inventory after the energy sector.

Solid waste emissions from community may be improved if records of the previous year’s input into the landfills can be

updated to reflect real disposals; also if for non-general landfill composition of the waste or carbon content may be

known. Additional efforts should be made to ensure appropriate quality assurance and control of data provided from

municipal stakeholders and departments.

Fugitive emissions (CH4, etc) from septic systems can also be considered in the near future to improve accounting

records and hence ensure quality assured and accurate data has been provided.

Lastly, due to the systems utilised by the various Municipal Units the required information is not easily accessible. An

example of this is the Municipal Electricity Billing system where residential meters are only read once every few

27


months and the purchase of pre-paid electricity vouchers in a certain month but only consumed in another month.

Further investigation is needed to find a long-term feasible solution to ensure that accurate and reliable data is

available for the calculation of the eThekwini Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.

28


8 REFERENCES

The Government of the Republic of South Africa (2011) National Climate Change Response White Paper.

http://www.climateresponse.co.za/

EcoServ (2007) eThekwini 2005/06 Greenhouse Gas Inventory

http://durbanportal.net/energy/Sustainable%20Energy%20Research%20work%20in%20progress/Durban_GHG_Inven

tory_2006.pdf

Enviros (2006) eThekwini State of Energy Report 2006

www.kznenergy.org.za

eThekwini Solid Waste Department (2010) CDM CER Landfill Claim Summaries. Provided by John Parkin

SKC Engineers (2004) Integrated Waste Management Plan for eThekwini

www.durban.gov.za

http://www.climateresponse.co.za/

http://durbanportal.net/energy/Sustainable%20Energy%20Research%20work%20in%20progress/Durban_GHG_Inventory_2006.pdf

http://durbanportal.net/energy/Sustainable%20Energy%20Research%20work%20in%20progress/Durban_GHG_Inventory_2006.pdf

http://www.kznenergy.org.za/

http://www.durban.gov.za/

29


9 APPENDIX A: ETHEKWINI MUNICIPALITY KEY INDICATORS 2011

EThekwini Municipality: Key Indicators: 20128

Indicators 2012

Gross Value Added (GVA) R182,2 bn (Constant 2005 Prices)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) R210.1bn

Gini Coefficient 0.63

Per Capita Income R51,747

GVA Average Annual Growth (2000-2010) 3.06%

Population 3,442,3619

Geographic Area 2, 291km2

Population Growth (2000-2010/2011) 1.3%

Population Density 1,519 persons/ km2

Number of people living with < $2 per day 98,966

Number of households 951,029

Urbanization Rate 82.8%

Percentage of people in poverty 32%

Annual Per household income R189,413

Human Development Index 0.68

Annual Disposable income R104.506

Municipal Staff Employed 19 91010

Unemployment Rate 20.6%

Annual Expenditure R180,1 bn

Annual Retail Trade sales R59.6 bn

Council Operating Budget: 2012/13 R26,5 bn

Council Capital Budget: 2012/13 R5,3 bn

Total Exports: R47.7 bn

Total Imports: R79.8 bn

8 Source: Global Insight/Economic Development Unit/Procurement & Infrastructure: Development Engineering

9 STATSSA: Census 2011: Municipal Fact Sheet

10 EThekwini Municipality, Human Resources

30


10 APPENDIX B: EMISSION & CONVERSION FACTORS

CO2 CH4 N2O Total kg CO2e

HFO tonnes 3212.5 2.8 13 3228.3 2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Bitumen TJ 80700 210 186 81096 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Natural Gas cubic meters 2.0154 0.003 0.0012 2.0196

LPG litres 1.4884 0.001 0.0023 1.4917

Coal (Industrial) tonnes 2339 1.4 42.7 2383.1

Coke tonnes 2955.4 30.4 70.7 3056.5

Illuminating Paraffin (Burning Oil)litres 2.5299 0.0054 0.0069 2.5422

Acetylene litres 0.003719 0.003719 2012, The Climate Registry

Paraffin Wax TJ 73300 210 186 73696 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Refinery Gas GJ 54.2 0.02 0.03 54.25 NGA 2010

Road Transport FuelCO2 CH4 N2O Total kg CO2e

Petrol litres 2.30 0.0046 0.02 2.322

Diesel litres 2.64 0.0015 0.03 2.672

Aviation Fuel


Int. Jet Fuel (Aviation Turbine Fuel)litres 2.52 0.0012 0.02 2.548

Jet Fuel Local litres 2.52 0.0012 0.02 2.548

Aviation Gasoline litres 2.21 0.0227 0.02 2.259

Marine Fuel


Marine Fuels litres 2.7667 0.003 0.2898 3.0595 2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Electricity


Eskom KWh n/a n/a n/a 1.03Eskom Annual Report, 2011 (T&D losses not

included)

Livestock


Goats head n/a 105 n/a 105

Cattle head n/a 651 n/a 651

Sheep head n/a 105 n/a 105

Emission Factors

Referencekg CO2e per unit

Referencekg CO2 per unit


Fuel Combustion Factors


2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Stationary Fuel


Indirect Energy Source Factors


Referencekg CO2e per unit

Agriculture & Land use Factors

Referencekg CO2e per head per year

2006 IPCC Guidelines

Emission & Conversion Factors

31



Domestic Flights Average 0.16313 0.0001 0.00161 0.16484

Short-haul International Average 0.09589 0.00001 0.00094 0.09684

Long-haul International Average 0.11037 0.00001 0.00109 0.11147

GHG Global Warming Factors

Emissions Reference

Carbon dioxide

Methane

Nitrous oxide

1 barrel 159

1 gigagram 1000

1 cubic meter 1000

1 cubic meter 977.5

1 tonne 6.06 2006 International Energy Annual (IEA)

1 gigagram (Gg) 40.2 2006 IPCC Guidelines

1 tonne 7.87 2006 International Energy Annual (IEA)

1 gigagram (Gg) 40.2 2006 IPCC Guidelines

1 cubic meter 950 2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors


Distances

Conversion Factors

Aviation Factors

Conversion Factors

GWP's


Chemical Formula

CO2

CH4

N2O

Conversion Factor

1

21

310

kilograms

Lubricants

barrels

TJ

barrels

TJ

kilograms

HFO

Common

Bitumen

Paraffin Wax

litres

tonnes

litres


Global Warming Potential Factors

Conversion Factors

Referencekg CO2e per passenger km

32


11 APPENDIX C: CONTACT DETAILS

33


34


35


36


12 APPENDIX D: JDE BUSSINESS UNITS

CATEGORIES FOR GROUPING OF MUNICIPAL ENERGY ACCOUNTS

Airport services

Area based management

Assessment rates

Audit

Business support

City enterprises

City fleet

City hall admin & city secretary

City manager's office

Cleansing & solid waste

Communications

Community participation & acti

Corporate GIS

Corporate policy

Development planning & management

Disaster management

Durban energy office

Durban transport

Economic development & facility

Electricity

Electricity depo

Emergency control centre-admin

Emergency services

Engineering

EThekwini transport authority

Expenditure

Finance & major projects

Formal housing

Gas to electricity

General - JSB

Health

Housing

Human resources

Income

Information technology

Ink

Internal control & business sy

Investigations

Legal services

Management services & org stru

Markets

Metropolitan police

Miscellaneous

Occupational health & safety

Office of dcm:health & social

Office of dcm:safety & security

Office of international & government

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Office of the d c m:corp & hum

Office of the d c m:governance

Office of the d c m:procuremen

Office of the d c m:sust.devel

Office of the d c m:Treasury

Ombudsperson & head:investigat

Parks, recreation & culture

Performance management

Real estates

Regional centres

Retail market

Sanitation

Sdb

Security management

Skills development

Strategic projects

Stadium

Supply chain management

Trading results

Transport

Vat claims - SARS

Water

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13 APPENDIX E: VERIFICATION REPORT

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eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2012 ... · eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions...

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Transcript of eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2012 ... · eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emissions...