Ethanol yield from fruit peels and adsorption of heavy metal ions

Second ethanol fermentation Identical to aboveEthanol fermentationRationaleRationaleLiterature ReviewDemand for renewable energy resources has increased due to increased prices for oil and concerns about global warming (Wilkins , Widmer & Grohmann, 2007)Production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fromMango fruit processing solid and liquid wastes (Reddy, Reddy & Wee, 2011)Pineapple waste (Hossain & Fazliny, 2010)4Literature ReviewIndustries such as electroplating, mining and paint contribute to heavy metal pollution in the ambient environmentHeavy metal ions that pollute water include antimony, copper, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011)Methods of removal of ions include chemical precipitation and solvent extractionExpensive and low efficiency at low metal ion concentrations

ObjectivesHypothesisEthanol yield from fermentation of the banana peel would be higher than that of the mango peelZymomonas mobilis produces more ethanol during fermentation as compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiaeThe mango peel would adsorb heavy metal ions better as compared to banana peelsExperimental outlineVariablesApparatus & MaterialsApparatusMaterialsBlenderSieveBoiling water bathSpectrophotometer cuvettesSpectrophotometerCentrifugeGlass rodHot PlateIncubatorDropperSieve: 0.25mm (60 Mesh) Shaking incubatorFractional distillatorTest tubesFilter funnelFilter paperBeakerVolumetric FlaskColorimeter Quincy Lab Model 30 GC hot-air ovenMeasuring cylinderMagnetic stirrerRotary mill

Mango PeelBanana PeelDeionised waterDinitrosalicylic acid (DNS acid)Zymomonas mobilisSaccharyomyces cerevisiaeGlucose-yeast medium (Yeast malt extract broth)sodium alginate mediumcalcium chloride solutionsodium chloride solutionacidified potassium chromate solutionCu2+ ion solution Cu4+ ion solution MgSO47H2O 0.1 and (magnesium sulfide hydrate)KH2PO4 0.1 (potassium phosphate) cellulase

Extraction of sugars from fruit peelsDetermination of sugars in extractsGrowth of Z. mobilisImmobilisation of cellsGrowth of S. cerevisiaeS. cerevisiae cells are inoculated in 50 ml YM broth medium with the pH adjusted to 5.6 and incubated at 35C for 1 days with shaking, before being concentrated in a refrigerated centrifuge at 10, 000 rpm. Ethanol fermentation by immobilized Z. mobilis cellsEthanol fermentation by S. cerisiaeTo be added

BackDetermination of ethanol yield with the dichromate testAdsorption of heavy metal ions Determination of final ion concentration Treatment of residue with cellulaseDetermination of final ethanol yieldApplicationsTimelineBibliographyAnhwange, T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher (2009). Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8, 437-442 Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from:http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,495 Bjrklund, G. Burke, J. Foster, S. Rast, W. Valle, D. Van der Hoek, W. (2009, February 16). Impacts of water use on water systems and the environment (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Retrieved June 6, 2011, from www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/19_WWDR3_ch_8.pdfUS Environmental Protection Agency (2011) .Drinking Water Contaminants. Retrieved June 6, 2011, From http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm Mark R. Wilkins , Wilbur W. Widmer, Karel Grohmann (2007). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochemistry, 42, 16141619. Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from:http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/16371/1/IND44068998.pdf

ReferencesHossain, A.B.M.S. & Fazliny, A.R. (2010). Creation of alternative energy by bioethanol production from pineapple waste and the usage of its properties for engine. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(9), 813819. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr/PDF/Pdf2010/4May/Hossain%20and%20Fazliny.pdf Mishra, V., Balomajumder, C. & Agarwal, V.K. (2010). Biosorption of Zn(II) onto the surface of nonliving biomasses: a comparative study of adsorbent particle size and removal capacity of three different biomasses. Water Air Soil Pollution, 211, 489500. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/2028u2q551416871/fulltext.pdf Tanaka, K., Hilary, Z.D. & Ishizaki, A. (1999). Investigation of the utility of pineapple juice and pineapple waste material as lowcost substrate for ethanol fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87(5), 642646. BanKoffi, L. & Han, Y.W. (1990). Alcohol production from pineapple waste. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(3), 281284. Reddy, L.V., Reddy, O.V.S. & Wee, Y.J. (2011). Production of ethanol from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CFTRI101. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(20), 41834189. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/pdf2011/16May/Reddy%20et%20al.pdf Isitua, C.C. & Ibeh, I.N. (2010). Novel method of wine production from banana (Musa acuminata) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) wastes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44), 75217524. Nigam, J.N. (2000). Continuous ethanol production from pineapple cannery waste using immobilized yeast cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 80(2), 189193. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24553 immobilised in kcarrageenan