Slide 1

ETHANOL -BIOFUELS -BIODIESELGrowing fuel in the fields of farmers not from oil wells

Dr.K.Rajendran Ph.DBiofuelsEthanol: Feedstocks-Starch (grains) Sugar (sugarcane, sugar beets,)Biomass (wood, grass, agricultural residues, etc.)Biodiesel: Feedstocks-Oilseeds (soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower, jetropha, mahua, karanja, etc.)Biofuel SourcesEthanolSugarcane (Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Thailand), sugar beets (EU)Maize / Corn (US, China)Wheat (Canada, EU)Cassava (Thailand)Biomass wastes (cellulose): forest products (Canada), wood wastes, agricultural residues: maize stalk, sugarcane trash

BiodieselRapeseed (EU)Soybeans (US)Palm oil (Malaysia)Coconut oil (Philippines)Jatropha (India)Prospects for biofuelsShort termEthanol from sugarcane: It is beneficial to all stakeholders in sustainable development.Long termCommercialization of cellulosic ethanol: widespread availability, abundanceReducing the dependency on crude oil. Reduction of Green House Gas emissionWhat is Ethanol Fuel?Ethanol is used as vehicle fuel mainly as biofuel additive for gasoline.Ethanol, unlike petroleum, is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural crops such as sugar cane, potato, and corn.Ethanol is widely used in Brazil and in the US and together both countries are responsible for 89 percent of the worlds ethanol fuel production in 2009.ETHANOL-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIn 1880 Henry Ford designed a car solely on ethanolSubsequently Ford designed its popular model T operable on ethanol and or gasoline. Extensively used during World War II in GermanyFrom 1920-1924,Standard Oil Company marketed 25% by vol. of absolute ethanol in Gasoline in Baltimore area.Project stopped because of High corn prices Problems of transportation and storage

Why biofuels are attractive?Energy security: eco-friendly, renewable energy. locally produced, wider availability, grow your own oilLower emissions of harmful pollutants Liquid fuels: conducive to existing infrastructure, storage, distributionBioethanol: cars, light trucks, motorcyclesBiodiesel: commercial vehicles, buses, pumps, isolated electricity generationImport of Crude can be reduced thereby foreign exchange outflow will be saved substantially.

Ethanol as Transport FuelEthanol advantages as Transport Fuel;Octane enhancerNo engine modification required for E10 and lower blendsEnvironmental benefits;Lower emissions of CO and hydrocabonsLower CO2 emissions with high compression ratioHigher biodegradability coupled with low toxicity

Raw materials required for ethanol productionSugarcane, Beet, Sweet Sorghun,Corn, wheat, rice, potato.Cellulose material such as wood, waste paper, crop residue, etcETHANOL ADDED TO PETROL IS ALSO REFERRED ASAbsolute AlcoholAnhydrous AlcoholDehydrated AlcoholPower Alcohol

BLENDING WITH PETROLEthanol can be blended in various proportions with Petrol

Usually blended from 5 % to 10% by volume to Gasoline

Brazil has an experience of over 70 years in blending and now they have 24% of ethanol by volume added to Gasoline.Economic ImpactsCreation of demand for agricultural products and mills can come out of sugar cycle.Increases farmers incomeCreation of employment opportunities in rural areasEnergy Independence

International Experience on use of EthanolBrazil started commercial use of ethanol as automotive fuel in 1989 as neat hydrated ethanol and 24% ethanol -gasoline blendUS Clean Air Act of 1990 made use of oxygenates mandatory in 41 most polluted cities during winter months to reduce emissionsStudies in the U.S. and Canada ---replacement of gasoline with ethanol means a reduction in total life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents) of at least 25%.

ETHANOL: WORLD PERSPECTIVEIn France, ethanol is produced from grapes also.In USA, presently ethanol-blended fuels represent more than 12% of motor gasoline sales. Since ethanol-blended Gasoline was introduced in US, production was more than doubledfrom 20 million barrels in 1996 to over 40 million barrels in 2001.In US, gasoline is blended with 10% Ethanol whereas in Brazil the blending percentages are 22-26%.In Thailand, approximately 564 million litres per annummostly from Molasses is produced. Additionally Tapioca (Cassava) being studied as raw material. Brazil consumes nearly 4 billion gallons of ethanol annually. In addition to consumption, Brazil also exports ethanol to other countries.Canada's annual ethanol production is approximately 225 million litres per year,E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline) available in 1000 retail stations in Canada.Ethanol is widely available in proportions of 5-10% ethanol blended with gasoline

ETHANOL: WORLD PERSPECTIVE The bulk of production comes from Brazil and USA.In European countries and in US Ethanol is produced mainly from Corn (Maize). In Brazil sugarcane which is available in abundance is used as raw material for Ethanol production. India being the largest sugarcane producer in the world and has got enormous potential which can be exploited for the production of Ethanol. India and Brazil produces about 2/3 of world total sugarcane production. However Brazil leads in production and consumption of Ethanol.

Studies on Ethanol in GasolineElaborative R&D studies conducted on 5% and 10% ethanol gasoline blendsPhysico-Chemical testsIdentification of additive needsMaterial Compatibility Cold / hot startability and drivabilityMass Emission tests and field trials on Bajaj 2 wheelers and Maruti Zen Cars

R&D Studies on the use of Ethanol in IndiaObservations in R&D Studies with 5% BlendsOctane increases and opportunity for reducing benzene and MTBERVP increase and require removal of lighter ends or relaxation of VLIAdditional dosage of anti oxidants and corrosion inhibitors required in blendsTests with 5% and upto 10% blend satisfactory in select vehicles testedEmission benefits in terms of CO observed

Pilot Studies with 5% Blending with Petrol2 states Maharashtra and UPDepots of Manmad, Miraj and BarellyEthanol Storage and Blending facilities createdSilica Gel Traps providedFuel Supplied to all retail outlets fed from these depots

Sugarcane A major indigenous sources for ethanol production - extracted from molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry.India produces 1.3 billion litres of ethanol from molasses, installed capacity of distilleries is nearly three times i.e. 3.2 billion litres. Brazil has an experience of over 70 years in blending and can help India to develop faster in this field

Petrol blended with 5% ethanol w.e.f. 1.1.2003 in 9 major sugar growing states of Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana, Karnatka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Goa as well as the Union Territories of Daman & Diu, Dadara & Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh and Pondicherry during Phase I and rest of the States /Union Territories during Phase II5% blend of ethanol and petrol would be extended to the entire country in second phase.

No modification is required in vehicles with 10% ethanol blend.

In the next phase ethanol will also be blended in diesel.

India use 80% diesel and 20% petrol against Brazil pattern of consumption of 10% diesel and 90% petrol.ETHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTESFuel ethanol or absolute Alcohol is produced by dehydration (removal of water molecules) of Rectified Spirit (RS)or Industrial alcohol

Commercial routes of dehydration of RS -Molecular sieve Technology

-Pervaporation (membrane technology)

-Azeotropic distillationEthanol Production from Sugar CropsCrushingSugar ExtractionDistillationRectificationDehydration Fuel EthanolAnimal Feed & Bagasse (Beet, sugarcane)

Feedstock Heat & Power Production

FermentationCO2 SteamSource : Institute of Technology for Biogenic Resources, Technical University of MunichBIOMASS-BASED ETHANOLAgricultural crops and wastesRice straw, Wheat straw, bagasse etc

Municipal Solid wastePaper, cardboard,municipal sludge etc

Industrial wasteWood chips, saw dust, food processing waste paper mill sludge etcBIO-DIESEL The use of vegetable oils for engine may seem insignificant to-day, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time Rudolf Diesel (1912)

The bi-fuel system developed by the Prof H. A. Havemann and his colleagues at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore, in the early 1950s, was the subject of the earliest original published work in technical literature regarding alcohol diesels.Essentially, this method involves giving carburetor benefits to a diesel engine. Since alcohol and diesel oil does not mix, these fuels are sent through two different routes - by induction and injection. Part of the fuel-energy is supplied by inducting ethanol through a carburetor, while only a small quantity of diesel fuel is injected in the conventional injection system. Alcohol Tests for Internal combustion Engines in IISc, Bangalore in 1950s

Studies on neat alcohol and blends carried out in IOC R&D,IIT D,IIT M, IIP and many other research /academic institutes

ETHANOL & DIESEL BLENDEthanol has limited solubility in dieselPure Energy Corporation, AAE Technologies and Betz-Dearborn use different additive packages for stabilityIOC ,R&D has recently developed an additive package to solubilize 5% of Ethanol in commercially available dieselBIO-DIESEL BiodieselA fuel comprising of Mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100Biodiesel BlendA blend of Biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent BiodieselEXPERIMENTS WITH BIODIESEL Biodiesel is totally miscible with diesel oil in any proportion.Biodiesel viscosity is close to diesel Calorific value of biodiesel is also very close to diesel oil.BIO-DIESEL POTENTIAL OF INDIAFrom about 100 varieties of oil seeds, only 10-12 varieties have been tapped so far.

Only a few million tonnes have been utilized against the estimated potential of about 20 Million tonnes per annum. There is lack of demand for industrial use for biodiesel in the country.

Road ahead..Remunerative uniform pricing policy throughout India for Ethanol like Petrol.

Sugar factories should be permitted to use cane juice partly or fully like Brazil to produce Ethanol since sugarcane control order was amended.

Financial assistance from the sugar development fund for the establis-hment of Ethanol plant.

At 5% blending rate the requirement of Ethanol will be around 450 million ltrs. When the blending rate is increased to 10% and taking into account of growth of consumption of Ethanol, demand for Ethanol will be around 1000 million ltrs.