Principles of Establishing Sustainable R esettlement Programmes – Experience from Europe
Establishing the role of coal in sustainable development
Transcript of Establishing the role of coal in sustainable development
Establishing the role of coal in sustainable development
Terry Wall
CRC for Coal in Sustainable Development
Plenary lecture
19th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, September 23-27, 2002
Contents
Sustainability and sustainable development
Why CCSD?
….an oxymoron ( a seeming contradiction)
Research that makes a difference
Conclusions
…..with updates from PCC 2001 plenary presentations by Cain and Wibberley
COAL IS IMPORTANT TO AUSTRALIA ……Economically Socially Environmentally• Black coal is Australia's largest export industry, 78% of Australia's black coal is exported
•generates 84% of electricity
• 10% of Australia's exports
• The black coal industry employs around 20,000 directly
• Electricity generation from black coal accounts for about one-third of total Australian emissions of C02, excluding net land use change.
Exports
Electricity
Australia is different from our counterpartsStrong economic growth has occurred as the economy has become
more energy intensive
Future growth depends on continuing value adding
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Ene
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Australia
Japan
US
Energy is central to SD
Energy is intrinsically linked with the three pillars of sustainable development
o social well-beingo environmental stewardshipo economic prosperity
Major energy sources are considered unsustainable in long term
Alternative energy sources have limitations
…. We will be living with coal for a long time
---SUSTAINABLE Dictionary definition (Oxford)
“Supportable Maintainable”
---OUR COMMON FUTURE,The World Commission on Environment and Development, 'The BrundtlandReport’,1987
"SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS DEVELOPMENT THAT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS"
Definitions
Sustainable development: Cain, PCC 2001
“How to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs”
Meet economic, social and environmental goals simultaneously
A coherent framework for understanding how business and society should interact
An ongoing process, not a destination
…………………“Development that lasts”
Coal and SD : Cain, PCC 2001
Mixed acceptance that coal is needed
….but coal dependence cannot be quickly changed
Improved environmental performance essential
Advantages:
o Abundant, widely dispersed and economicalo Secure, easily stored and transported
Challenges
o Environmental performanceo Social impacts and perceptions
New technology development and deployment central to improving coal’s SD performance
THE WORLD’s LIGHTS AT NIGHT. On the basis that energy use scales with GDP, this image
is a composite view of population and wealth on planet Earth. Although Australia is the 6th wealthiest nation on
Earth (OECD), we are a long way from the action.
Australia’s significance
EconomicGlobalisation
Resource OwnershipBalance of Trade
National Resource Security
TechnologyImproved and New Technology
Integrated Systems: Power and IronRenewables waste products use
Energy and Steel Consumption Trends
Future Consumer Product TrendsMarketing Trends
Demand Management Technology change
Social ImpactsEmployment, quality of living, health, regional development
EnvironmentGreenhouse and
Renewable targets Waste products use
Strict Emission Conditions
Coal ?
Why CCSD? To contribute to the question from the Australian perspective
The CCSD construct – research for Australia and Australian industry
S and SD assessment
Coal quality evaluation
Technology assessment
Graduates
Collaboration between
Coal using utilities, Coal exporting companies, Universities and CSIRO,
Governments
Undertaking research for the coal industry
Research that makes a difference
Sustainability assessment
Coal use assessment – beyond the burner and stack
New sustainability thinking – adaptability and resilience
Coal science
Know your product – coal quality assessment
Coal performance knowledge – coal reactions
Technology support
Technology assessment – collaboration
Coal use assessment: Complimentary systems tools
• Total systems modelling/thinking is required for addressing triple bottom line issues or sustainability
Sco
pe
Detail
Total systems issues ?
Is it viable ?
Will it work ?LCA
Techno-economicmodels Process
models Expt
Fundamentals
Life cycle analysis - LCA - system
Coal in ground
All processes involved in electricity generation, or cast steel production
Slag or ash (cement credit)Functional unit, GJe, t steel)
Gas usage
Emissions to air
Emissions to water and land
LCA waterfall plot: integrated steel plant
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
coal supplycoke ovens
sinter planthot blast
blast furnacepower plant
BOSelectricityaluminiumtransport
otherby-products
gross GGEslag credit
electricity creditnet GGE
GGE (t CO2-e /t cast steel)
Waste displacement credits – ash and slag
Blast furnace Slag grinding
60 kg CO2
1,000kg
a) BF slag processing system(basis 3,500 kg hot metal)
Cement plant(includes clinker grinding)
Limestone andshale quarrying
1,100kg CO260kg CO2
1,000kg
b) Cement system
BF slag cementGGE 60kg CO2-e(equivalent to 1,000kgof Portland cement)
Portland cementGGE 1,160kg CO2-e
No technical or environmental issues
Often limited by attitudes
Product stewardship issue for bothcoal and steel
LCA results - steel (GGE)G
GE
(t
CO
2-e/
t ca
st s
teel
)
NG wellhead stripping
Slag creditElectricity creditNet GGE
Gas based DRI
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Integ
rated
Corex
Fastm
eltITm
k3
Hismelt
Tecn
ored
Midrex
Finmet
- coal
grid
Finmet
- NG grid
Existing
New coal technology
LCA results - electricity (GGE): Wibberley, PCC 2001
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Lidde
ll
Baysw
ater
Lidde
ll Biom
ass
Superc
ritica
lPF
BCIGCC
Natural
Gas
O-C
Natural
Gas
C-C
Photo
volta
ic
Nuclea
r
Biomas
s IGCC W
indHyd
ro
GG
E (
t C
O2-
e/G
J e) NG wellhead CO2 range
Ash Credit
Non renewable
Biomass decay
Synergies
Solar thermal
30-40% solar conversion efficiency (13% for PV)
Biomass co-firing
35% biomass conversion efficiency (20% for dedicated)
Coal can promote uptake and efficient use of renewables
Coupling of renewables and fossil energy research is essential
Several technologies have been proposed
– 130 MW e per km2
Lowest cost routes to solar electricity
– A$80/MWh @ 100MW eDemonstration plant of
3MW e (av) was under consideration by a number of organisations – ongoing
Solar-coal generation
Solar – coal
Biomass-coal generation
l Guadaloupe, Reunion and Mauritius have installed 6 X 70 MWe dual fuel power stations:
– bagasse (6 month season)– coal (when bagasse unavailable)
l Provide electricity throughout year, while maximising use of renewable energy (biomass)
– economic and social benefits– enables more efficient plants to be built
Source: Good News from Coal, WCI, Nov 1999
Coal-biomass cofiring
Coal bed methane (CBM)
Underground coal mine CBM
Ventilation air (MVA)
Pre-drainage methane(35 - 90% CH4)
MVA (0.2 - 0.8 % CH4)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Indonesia
India
Australia
China
USA
Russia
Turkey
Methane content (Nm3/t)
• World total 30 Mtpa?• only 5% utilisation• ~50% as MVA for
underground mines• biggest GGE benefit from
oxidation, power gives small additional benefit
CBM and MVA use at collieries
CBM utilisation at Appin & Towerl94MWe using 1MWe gas enginesl160kt/a CH4 utilised (pre-drainage gas, some MVA used as combustion air)l3Mt CO2-e avoided annually
MVA oxidation at Appin
•MEGTEC 340kW Vocsidizerunit combusts methane in MVA
•Stage 2 to include power generation
Reduction options
36→50
36→50
36→42
36→40
26→40
36→38
Change in efficiency*
5-7Flyash to cement
10Solar-coal
5-15Biomass-coal
30940→670Emerging IGCC etc
30940→670Ultrasupercritical pf (future)
15940→800Ultrasupercritical pf (now)
10940→840Supercritical pf
351300→840Old coal with new
Replacement
5940→890Incremental improvements
GGE reduction (%)
Change in GGE
Option
* gross, sent out
New sustainability thinking: Adaptability
Adaptability [in a class of environments] is the capacity to modify current adaptations or develop new ones.
– E.g. through lability of mutation/innovation rate, body/technology features, behaviour, organisation, self-organisation.
In a finite world, increasing adaptability and adaptation are often conflicting goals (organisationally and thermodynamically).
New sustainability thinking: Resilience
Resilience is the capacity to recover from a temporary disturbance, to restore an adapted condition.
Eg, functionally equivalent species breeding up as conditions change
Eg, a firms capacity to organise other resource supplies if a supplier fails, spreading investment risk
Apologising for Coal or a Positive Rationale
Consider: “Coal uses are currently economically important, so should not be changed.”
But: “The rationale for coal use should embrace a coherent conception of adaptive change by allying coal’s inherent qualities to a high performance adaptive future”.
This orientation is future and change oriented, as is new sustainability,
The coal industry needs to be able to explain where, and why, coal is important to our future.
Know your product: pf particle inorganic variability- QemSCAN
Coal particle with ultra-fine, non-visible, clay inclusions (aluminium and silicon peaks) and organic sulfur
C
Al Si S
Coal performance knowledge and collaboration
New knowledge
Coal reactions, slag and ash effects in IGCC
Fine particle formation in pf
NOx from coal N in pf
Collaboration
CRIEPI, IHI, CCUJ, REI etc
Trade, good science for coal and technology relationships
0
10
20
30
40
2000 2010 2020 2030
Year
% im
pro
vem
ent
Technology assessment: Potential power station efficiency improvement ~% CO2 reduction
IGFC
PFBC
A-PFBC
GT-1300
GT-1500GT-1300
GT-1500
IGCC
600 C
700 C
PF / USC
Coal technology roadmap, as presented in Japanese literature
Coal technology roadmap for Australia
Current installations, SC without furnace staging, catalytic systems or scrubbing
And
National Pollutant Inventory and public knowledge will have impact
Demonstration of oxygen blown IGCC with sequestration into mines on the agenda
Industry progressing zero emission coal
GEODISC evaluating CO2 sequestration with enhanced methane recovery
Typical Predicted Demand vs Production from Existing Plants
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
Year
GW
h
Supply from Existing Plant Demand (ABARE) Demand (ESAA)
Opportunity for introducingnew technologies
Many existing plants still operating in 2030
DEMAND
SUPPLY
aggregate containing 10 primary 30 nm particles
5 µm particle
1 µm particle
100 nm particle
mobile macrophage cell containing insoluble particles
red blood cell (erythorcyte)
alveolus (air space) 100 µm approximate diameter
capillary endothelium
alveolar epithelial Type 1 cell (pneumocyte)
interstitial space
Ambient Mass Distribution PM 10 = 100 µg/cubic meter
Dp / µm
dM
/d l
og
dp
0.01 0.1 1 10
Average Deposition # / day / alveolus
Dp / µm
Nu
mb
er/d
ay
0.0010.01
0.11
10100
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10
[Matthews, 1996 #903; Guyton, 1996 #822]1 µm [Netter, 1980 #959]
interstitial cell
surfactant layer
adjacent alveolus
Type II alveolar cell
Research being progressed
Fine ash and health
Waste utilisation Waterusage and the coal chain
Social research in regions depending on coal industries (mining and power)