Essentials of Infection Control Let’s keep the bugs out!
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Transcript of Essentials of Infection Control Let’s keep the bugs out!
Essentials of Infection Control
Let’s keep the bugs out!
Standards HS-IHS-9 Analyze different types of microorganisms
and their defining characteristics to reduce the risk of infection or illness. Demonstrate physicochemical methods and the use of PPE in preventing and controlling the spread of microbial growth.
9.1 Define and describe the need for asepsis and infection prevention in the classroom, laboratory, and in the healthcare environment.
9.2 Compare and demonstrate various physical (hand washing and PPE) and chemical methods (cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization) used to control or prevent microbial growth.
Standards 9.3 Examine the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant
pathogens. 9.4 Analyze ways microorganisms are spread using the chain
of infection model. 9.5 Utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) and apply
personal safety procedures based on OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP).
9.6 Describe methods of controlling the spread and growth of microorganisms.
9.7 Discuss Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI), the HAI standards and reporting of HAI.
9.8 Discuss immunizations and the schedule for vaccinations.
Microorganisms Small living organism that is not visible to
the naked eye. We must use a microscope to see it. They are found everywhere, including in
and on us… They can be classified in many ways
How they affect us Shape Structure
Pathogen or Nonpathogen? Pathogens are
microorganisms that cause disease.
They are also called germs
Nonpathogens are microorganisms that are part of our normal flora* and are beneficial to many of our body processesEven our bodies normal
microorganisms can cause disease when they are introduced into a different body
system.
What Do Microorganisms Need To Grow and Reproduce Warm environment
Our body temperature is perfect! Darkness
Preferred by most microorganisms and some are killed by sunlight
Food Moisture Oxygen
Aerobic-requires oxygen to live Anaerobic-live and reproduce without oxygen
Bacteria Simple, one-celled organisms that
multiply rapidly. Cocci are round
in shape
Diplococci occurr in pairs Meningitis, gonorrhea
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-eubacteria-definition-characteristics-examples.html#lesson
Bacteria Streptococci occur in
chains Strept throat
Staphylococci occur in clusters Most common
pus producing Wound infections
Presentation
In Surgery
3 Days Post OP
Prior to Amputation
Strep A-Flesh Eating Bacteria
Bacteria
Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli May occur singly, in pairs or in chains Contain flagella which help them move Form spores-thick walled capsules
makes it more difficult to treat
Tuberculosis, pertussis
Bacteria Sparilla are corkscrew or spiral
shaped Also include vibrio (comma-shaped)
and spirochete (corkscrew-shaped) Syphilis
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Antibiotics are no
longer effective Due to overuse and
misuse of antibiotics Multidrug resistant =
resistant to several meds Superbugs
CRE Carbapenem-resistant
enterobacter
MRAB Acinetobacter baumannii
VRE Vancomycin Resistant
Enterococcus
MRSA Methicillin Resistant Staph
Aureushttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/mrsa-and-drug-resistant-pathogens.html#lesson
Protozoa One-celled animal like organisms
found in decayed materials and contaminated water Contain flagella to allow free
movement Some cause disease
Malaria, dysentery
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-are-protozoa-definition-characteristics-examples.html#lesson
Fungi Simple, plant-like organisms that
live on dead organic matter Yeasts and molds Ringworm,
athlete’s foot, thrush
Rickettsiae
Parasitic microorganisms They cannot live outside the cells of
another living organism Found in fleas, lice, ticks and mites Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Viruses Smallest microorganisms, visible using only
an electron microscope Cannot reproduce unless they are inside
another living cell Spread by blood and body fluids
Flu SARS West Nile H1N1 Ebola
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-are-viruses-definition-structure-function.html#lesson
Viruses to Concern Healthcare Workers Hepatitis C-can cause liver damage
No vaccine is available Hepatitis B-attacks the liver and can lead to
scarring and destruction of liver cells Hep B vaccine is available You may refuse vaccine, but you must sign a
waiver that it was offered and you refuse.
Both of these can remain active for several days in dried blood, so we must take every precaution
to protect ourselves.
Viruses to Concern Healthcare Workers HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus) Suppresses the
immune system The patient cannot
fight off illness, even the common cold
No cure or vaccine
Cause of AIDS (Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome)
Helminths Parasitic Organisms
Flukes Worms
Transmitted by: Ingesting eggs or larvae Bite of infected insect
How Do You Treat Infection With Microorganisms? Bacteria
Antibiotics Difficult to treat
when in spore form Protozoa
Treatment depends upon specific illness
Fungi Antifungal
medications
Rickettsiae antibiotics
Viruses Antibiotics are not
effective Many disinfectants
are not effective
Classification of Infection
Opportunistic Infections Those infections that occur when the
body defenses are weak are opportunistic infections
These diseases are usually not seen in a person with a healthy immune system
Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare cancer) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia commonly seen in individuals with AIDS
Classification of Infection Nosocomial Infection
Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) Acquired while in a healthcare
facility Many are antibiotic resistant Can be life threatening
Staphylococcus (MRSA) Psuedomonas Enterococci (VRE)http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/nosocomial-infections-de
finition-causes-prevention.html#lesson
Common Nosocomial Infections
Clostridium Difficile is a gastrointestinal infection characterized by watery diarrhea, fever and loss of appetite.
C-diff is found in the feces of infected persons. Commonly spread from person to person by
neglectful hand hygiene.
Which type of isolation?__________________
Common Nosocomial Infections
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus is a bacteria that can infect several places in your patients. Wounds Urine Sputum Nares
Many persons are carriers of MRSA in their nares. They do not have active infection but can spread it to others.
What type of isolation should you use? ___________________
How Infectious Diseases Spread
All of the following are necessary for a disease to spread:
A germ or pathogen, A source or reservoir, A portal of exit, A method of transmission, A portal of entry into a person, A susceptible person.
The goal is to stop germs from traveling from a source into another person.
Chain of
Infection
Chain of Infection
Shows how infections are spread and how we can prevent it
Causative Agent 1st condition that
must be met There must be a
pathogen present like a bacteria or a virus
Breaking: Early recognition
of signs of infection
rapid ID of organism
Reservoir This is the place where
the causative agent can live.
Examples include humans; animals; the environment or fomites like doorknobs, bedpans, urinals or linens
Breaking: Disinfecting Employee health Standard precautions
Portal of Exit Escape route that pathogens take as
they escape from the reservoir in which they were growing.
Examples include urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, sexual secretions, and draining wounds.
Breaking: Handwashing standard precautions PPE
Mode of Transmission Way in which the pathogen can be
transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live.
It can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact Contact with contaminated hands Touching contaminated equipment Breathing in infected droplets Eating contaminated foods
Breaking: Proper food handling standard precautions handwashing
Portal of Entry Way for the pathogen to
enter a new reservoir. Broken skin or mucous
membranes, the digestive or respiratory tracts and urinary tracts are all portals of entry.
Breaking: good wound and catheter
care medical asepsis Standard precautions
Susceptible Host Person likely to get an infection because
their body defenses are weak or a large number of pathogens invade the body.
HIV, chemotherapy patients, the elderly, infants
Breaking: Immunizations Recognize high-risk patients Treat underlying disease
Asepsis Absence of disease-producing
microorganisms. Aseptic techniques
Directed toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating contamination
Handwashing, good personal hygiene, using disposable gloves, proper cleaning of instruments and the environment
Levels of Aseptic Control Antisepsis prevents or inhibits growth of
pathogens, but are not effective against spores or viruses. Alcohol and betadine are used on the skin.
Disinfection destroys/kills all pathogens, but is not always effective against spores or viruses. Bleach solutions are used on surfaces.
Sterilization destroys all microorganisms, the good and the bad, as well as spores and viruses. Steam and gas as well as using an autoclave are used to sterilize equipment
Understanding the Principles of Infection ControlGives a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted
Allows us to see ways in which to prevent disease transmission
Handwashing The most basic thing that can be done to
prevent the spread of germs. Remember when to do handwashing Use liquid soap from a dispenser Use warm water-hot can burn hands Use friction to rub pathogens off the
surface of the skin Clean all surfaces-palms, back/top of
hands, fingers, between fingers and under nails
When do I Wash My Hands? When I get to work and before I leave Before and after each patient contact Before applying and IMMEDIATELY
AFTER removing gloves After using the bathroom After touching your hair Before and after contact with any
mucous membrane (mouth, eyes, nose) Before picking anything up off of the
floor After coughing or sneezing
Handwashing Keep fingertips
pointed downward Don’t touch the
inside of the sink Don’t lean against
the edge of the sink Use clean, dry paper
towel to turn off the water
Wash hands for at least 20 seconds.
Procedure It’s time to practice your procedure.
There are 2 sinks in the lab and one in the bathroom. Only 2 students in the bathroom at the time. Only 3 students in line at each sink in the lab at a time.
While you are waiting your turn, complete worksheet on Handwashing.
Observing Standard Precautions OSHA has established guidelines that all
facilities must follow in order to prevent the transmission of pathogens from one person to another
The most common way pathogens are spread is by blood and body fluids
As a result, OHSA devised the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
This requires facilities to implement ways in which to keep their employees safe
What are the Regulations? Provide Hep B Vaccine Provide PPE Provide Handwashing
facilities/supplies Decontamination and
cleaning Not eating, drinking,
applying make-up in work areas
Provide appropriate containers for sharps and biohazards
Alert staff to work areas where there may be biohazardous materials
Identify Those Exposed Exposure Control Plan Provide medical eval and
follow up of those with exposure incidents
Provide Training
Tag-Teaming Infections…
Using Standard Precautions in addition to… Transmission Based Isolation Precautions
Are for the care of patients who have or may have a contagious disease.
You need to use transmission based precautions in addition to standard precautions for all patients.
There are 3 types that are based on the causative agent and mode of transmission
Useful in preventing the spread of NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS!!!
Transmission-Based Precautions: AIRBORNE
1. Prevent the spread of infection dust or small droplets that remain suspended in air
2. They require special air handling and ventilation
3. Wear mask at all times in the room
4. If patient travels out of the room must wear a mask at all times
DROPLET
1. Prevent the spread of large droplets that can be created by certain medical procedures, or by coughing, talking or sneezing
2. Must wear a mask if you are within 3 feet of the patient.
3. If patient travels out of the room must wear a mask at all times
CONTACT
1. Prevent the spread of infectious disease by skin-to –skin contact or by a contaminated object
2. Must wear gloves with any contact with the patient.
3. Visitors to wear gloves as well
4. During procedures that could cause splashing: wear a gown
Which type of Isolation should you use???
Patient A has tuberculosis? _________________
Patient B has the mumps? __________________
Patient C has the measles? _________________
Patient D has MRSA in a wound? ____________
Patient E has impetigo?____________________
Patient F has the flu? ______________________
How Do We Protect Ourselves?
FOLLOW STANDARD PRECAUTIONS!!
Treat all body fluids as is they were a potentially infectious material
Treat every patient as if they were a potential source of infection, regardless of disease or diagnosis
We must use standard precautions at all times with all patients.
But What Do I Do? Wash Hands Wear Gloves Wear Mask and Eye
Protection Wear Gown Watch Sharps Clean Spills in Proper
Manner
Clean Patient-Care Equipment in the Proper Manner
Use Bio-Hazard linen bags and trash bags for items contaminated with blood or body fluids
Report any exposure incident, no matter how small
Donning and Removing PPE These are items used for personal protection-
Personal Protective Equipment Gowns, masks, goggles and gloves are the
most common types of PPE They are used when there is a chance of blood,
body fluids, secretions or excretions coming into contact with you or whenever a patient is on Isolation for a contagious disease
Donning and Removing PPE
Gloves Out of the box No right way to
put on There is a right
way to take them off
Gowns Must be
removed in a way that avoids contaminating your hands or clothing
Masks For any
airborne or droplet disease
Only ties are clean