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![Page 1: Essentials of Human Anatomy Physiology Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity The Plasma Membrane Seventh.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062906/5a4d1b737f8b9ab0599b6229/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell DiversityThe Plasma Membrane
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 3Cells and Tissues
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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CellsCells
Slide 3.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells are the building blocks of all living things
Cells are not all the same
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Slide 3.19aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 1, 2
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Slide 3.19bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 3
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Slide 3.19cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 4, 5
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
Slide 3.19dCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.7; 6, 7
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CellsCells
Slide 3.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
All cells share general structures Cells are organized into three main
regions Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm
Cytosol + Organelles
Figure 3.1a
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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Slide 3.7aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Barrier for cell contents – separates cytoplasm from the interstitial fluid
Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails
Other materials in plasma membrane Proteins – integral and peripheral Cholesterol Glycoproteins
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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Slide 3.7bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.2
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Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane SpecializationsSpecializations
Slide 3.8aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Microvilli Finger-like
projections that increase surface area for absorption
Figure 3.3
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Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane SpecializationsSpecializations
Slide 3.8bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
Figure 3.3
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Membrane FunctionsMembrane Functions
Slide 3.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane Transport Membrane Potential Cell Recognition
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Membrane TransportMembrane Transport
Slide 3.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell through the membrane
Transport is by two basic methods Passive transport
No energy is required Active transport
The cell must provide metabolic energy
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Solutions and TransportSolutions and Transport
Slide 3.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components Solvent – dissolving medium Solutes – components in smaller quantities
within a solution Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and
cytosol Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of
the cell
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Selective PermeabilitySelective Permeability
Slide 3.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diffusion Particles tend to distribute themselves
evenly within a solution Movement is
from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Figure 3.8
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple diffusion Unassisted process Lipid-soluble materials (non-polar)
Ex: O2, CO2, fats, steroids, urea, alcohol
Solutes small enough to pass through membrane pores
Ex: H2O, Na+
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Simple diffusion
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Osmosis – simple diffusion of water Water easily diffuses across the plasma
membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of lower water concentration
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tonicity Words that describe the solution surrounding a
cell Isotonic solutions
Have same H2O concentration as cell interior No net movement of water Most IV solutions
D5W (5% glucose in water)Normal saline (0.9% NaCl in water)
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tonicity Hypertonic solutions
Have lower H2O concentration than cell interior Water moves out of cell Cause crenation (shriveling up ) of RBC’s
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tonicity Hypotonic solutions
Have higher H2O concentration than cell interior
Water moves into the cell Causes cells to burst if very hypotonic Examples
Distilled water½ Normal saline
½ D5W
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tonicity Which type of solution would the doctor
order for an extremely dehydrated patient? Which type of solution would the doctor
order for a patient with brain swelling?
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tonicity
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.24b
Facilitated diffusion Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
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Diffusion through the Plasma Diffusion through the Plasma MembraneMembrane
Slide 3.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.9
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Passive Transport ProcessesPassive Transport Processes
Slide 3.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Filtration Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
Occurs at kidneys’ filtration membrane
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion They may be too large They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core
of the membrane They may have to move against a concentration
gradient Two common forms of active transport
Solute pumping Bulk transport
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.28aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Solute pumping Amino acids, some sugars and ions are
transported by solute pumps ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most
cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
Video
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.28bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.10
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bulk transport (Video) Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
Types of endocytosis Phagocytosis – cell eating Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.12
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bulk transport Exocytosis
Moves materials out of the cell Material is carried in a membranous vesicle Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane Vesicle combines with plasma membrane Material is emptied to the outside
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Active Transport ProcessesActive Transport Processes
Slide 3.29bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.11
Exocytosis – reverse of endocytosis
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Membrane PotentialMembrane Potential
Slide 3.29bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.11
•Voltage across the membrane resulting from the separation of oppositely charged ions by the membrane.
•Na+ and K+ are constantly being pumped against their concentration gradients which maintains this voltage.
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Cell RecognitionCell Recognition
Slide 3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glycocalyx - glycoproteins on surface of cell Determine blood types Binding sites for some toxins Recognition of sperm by egg Determines lifespan of cells Immune response Embryonic development
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Cell RecognitionCell Recognition
Slide 3.29aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Glycocalyx
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