Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as...
-
Upload
austyn-harmond -
Category
Documents
-
view
286 -
download
16
Transcript of Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as...
![Page 1: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 2.21 – 2.40
Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
![Page 2: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Biochemistry: Essentials for LifeBiochemistry: Essentials for Life
Slide 2.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Most are covalently bonded
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• Tend to be simpler compounds
• Example: H2O (water)
![Page 3: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity/solvent properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
![Page 4: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents
![Page 5: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Important Inorganic CompoundsImportant Inorganic Compounds
Slide 2.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Acids
• Can release detectable hydrogen ions
• Bases
• Proton acceptors
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
![Page 6: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
pHpH
Slide 2.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
![Page 7: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars
![Page 8: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Slide 2.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12a, b
![Page 9: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Slide 2.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12c
![Page 10: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
![Page 11: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.30aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Common lipids in the human body
• Neutral fats (triglycerides)
• Found in fat deposits
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Source of stored energy
![Page 12: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.30bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Common lipids in the human body (continued)
• Phospholipids
• Form cell membranes
• Steroids
• Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones
![Page 13: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Slide 2.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14a, b
LipidsLipids
![Page 14: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Slide 2.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.14c
CholesterolCholesterol
![Page 15: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
![Page 16: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.33bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
• Provides for construction materials for body tissues
• Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
![Page 17: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
EnzymesEnzymes
Slide 2.34Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
![Page 18: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
• Make DNA and RNA
![Page 19: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix
• Replicates before cell division
• Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c
![Page 20: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds
Slide 2.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
![Page 21: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Slide 2.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.18a
![Page 22: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 2.21 – 2.40 Seventh Edition Elaine.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061420/551be781550346b9588b6121/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How ATP Drives Cellular WorkHow ATP Drives Cellular Work
Slide 2.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.19