Essential Science Plus 5PRIMARY

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UNIT TOPICS PRACTISING COMPETENCES

1 Living things

4

• What are cells? • The parts of a cell • The organization of living things• The classification of living things • The animal, plant and fungi kingdoms • The monera and the protista kingdoms

Identifying the parts of a microscope

2 Animals

14

• Vertebrates. Mammals and birds• Vertebrates. Reptiles, amphibians and fish• Invertebrates. Sponges, cnidarians

and worms• Invertebrates. Echinoderms and molluscs• Arthropods• Insect groups

Discovering interesting marine animals

3 Plants

24

• Plant classification. Non-flowering plants• Seed-producing plants• Plant sensitivity• Plant nutrition• Sexual reproduction• Asexual reproduction

Observing and displaying the parts of a flower

4 Ecosystems

34

• Components of ecosystems• Relationships in ecosystems• Nutrition in ecosystems• Food chains and food webs• Ecosystems in danger• Protecting ecosystems

Fighting solid waste pollution

END OF TERM

5 The Universe

46

• Components of the Universe• Types of galaxies• The Solar System. The Sun and the planets• Dwarf planets and small celestial bodies• Space exploration • Living in space

Observing the skies

6 The Earth

56

• The Earth’s spheres. The geosphere and the hydrosphere

• The atmosphere and the biosphere• External changes to the Earth’s crust• Volcanoes and earthquakes• Types of rocks• The rock cycle

Analysing the consequences of a natural disaster

UNIT TOPICS PRACTISING COMPETENCES

7 The landscapes of Spain

66

• Landscapes of the Iberian Peninsula• Mountains of the Iberian Peninsula• Spanish coasts and Islands• Rivers in Spain• The watersheds of Spain• Lakes, lagoons and reservoirs

Using a map scale to calculate distances

8 The climates of Spain

76

• Climate• Factors that affect climate• Climate variation in Spain• The Mediterranean climates of Spain• Oceanic, Subtropical and Mountain climates• Vegetation in Spain

Looking at climatic conditions to help plan a trip

END OF TERM

9 Population and the economy

88

• Population and population density• Factors affecting population• The population of Spain• The primary sector in Spain• The secondary sector in Spain• The tertiary sector in Spain

Analysing the production process

10 Prehistory

98

• The Palaeolithic Age• Tools and art in the Palaeolithic Age• The Neolithic Age• Tools and art in the Neolithic Age• The Metal Ages• New inventions and megalithic

monuments

Discovering the work of archaeologists

11 Ancient History

108

• Pre-Roman times • Early colonizers• Roman Hispania. Political life• Roman Hispania. Social life• Art in Ancient History • Roman art and architecture

Using timelines to organize past events

12 The Middle Ages

118

• The Visigoths• Al-Andalus• Life in Al-Andalus• The Christian Kingdoms• Medieval cities• Architecture in the Middle Ages

Comparing Romanesque and Gothic architecture

END OF TERM AND KEY VOCABULARY

Contents

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UNIT TOPICS PRACTISING COMPETENCES

1 Living things

4

• What are cells? • The parts of a cell • The organization of living things• The classification of living things • The animal, plant and fungi kingdoms • The monera and the protista kingdoms

Identifying the parts of a microscope

2 Animals

14

• Vertebrates. Mammals and birds• Vertebrates. Reptiles, amphibians and fish• Invertebrates. Sponges, cnidarians

and worms• Invertebrates. Echinoderms and molluscs• Arthropods• Insect groups

Discovering interesting marine animals

3 Plants

24

• Plant classification. Non-flowering plants• Seed-producing plants• Plant sensitivity• Plant nutrition• Sexual reproduction• Asexual reproduction

Observing and displaying the parts of a flower

4 Ecosystems

34

• Components of ecosystems• Relationships in ecosystems• Nutrition in ecosystems• Food chains and food webs• Ecosystems in danger• Protecting ecosystems

Fighting solid waste pollution

END OF TERM

5 The Universe

46

• Components of the Universe• Types of galaxies• The Solar System. The Sun and the planets• Dwarf planets and small celestial bodies• Space exploration • Living in space

Observing the skies

6 The Earth

56

• The Earth’s spheres. The geosphere and the hydrosphere

• The atmosphere and the biosphere• External changes to the Earth’s crust• Volcanoes and earthquakes• Types of rocks• The rock cycle

Analysing the consequences of a natural disaster

UNIT TOPICS PRACTISING COMPETENCES

7 The landscapes of Spain

66

• Landscapes of the Iberian Peninsula• Mountains of the Iberian Peninsula• Spanish coasts and Islands• Rivers in Spain• The watersheds of Spain• Lakes, lagoons and reservoirs

Using a map scale to calculate distances

8 The climates of Spain

76

• Climate• Factors that affect climate• Climate variation in Spain• The Mediterranean climates of Spain• Oceanic, Subtropical and Mountain climates• Vegetation in Spain

Looking at climatic conditions to help plan a trip

END OF TERM

9 Population and the economy

88

• Population and population density• Factors affecting population• The population of Spain• The primary sector in Spain• The secondary sector in Spain• The tertiary sector in Spain

Analysing the production process

10 Prehistory

98

• The Palaeolithic Age• Tools and art in the Palaeolithic Age• The Neolithic Age• Tools and art in the Neolithic Age• The Metal Ages• New inventions and megalithic

monuments

Discovering the work of archaeologists

11 Ancient History

108

• Pre-Roman times • Early colonizers• Roman Hispania. Political life• Roman Hispania. Social life• Art in Ancient History • Roman art and architecture

Using timelines to organize past events

12 The Middle Ages

118

• The Visigoths• Al-Andalus• Life in Al-Andalus• The Christian Kingdoms• Medieval cities• Architecture in the Middle Ages

Comparing Romanesque and Gothic architecture

END OF TERM AND KEY VOCABULARY

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Living things1Wild mushrooms are living things that grow on forest floors, tree trunks and even on top of each other. They need moist, cool temperatures and some light. Wild mushrooms are seasonal and can be found in the autumn and spring.

There are many different types of wild mushrooms, but they can look very similar, which makes them very hard to identify. Wild mushrooms are often spectacular. Some are edible and delicious, but others can be poisonous.

LOOK, READ AND SAY

Where can you find wild mushrooms?

Why can you find wild mushrooms in autumn and spring?

Why is it so important to identify mushrooms correctly?

Have you ever been mushrooming? Where did you go?

Do you think mushrooms are plants or animals?

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Unit 1

REPRODUCTION

Animals can be viviparous or oviparous. What is a viviparous animal?

a. An animal that lays eggs.

b. An animal that has lungs.

c. An animal that eats other animals.

d. An animal born from its mother’s womb.

HABITATS

What is a habitat?

a. A place where plants and animals live.

b. A very large place where animals live.

c. A small place where only plants live.

d. A place where animals obtain food and water.

LIFE PROCESSES

What three life processes do all living things carry out?

a. Interaction, breathing and reproduction.

b. Growing, living and breathing.

c. Nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

d. Being born, living and dying.

PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Plants are different from animals because…

a. they move more slowly.

b. they make their own food.

c. they grow in all directions.

d. they don’t live in habitats.

REFRESH YOUR MEMORY!

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? Test your partner. five 5

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What are cells?

All living things carry out three basic life processes: nutrition, reproduction and sensitivity. In addition, all living things are made up of cells.

Cells are the basic units of life. Most cells are very small and can only be seen through a microscope.

Cells are living units and they carry out the three basic life processes. In addition, cells can specialize to perform a particular function. 1

Depending on the number of cells, living things can be classified into:

Unicellular. Living things made up of a single cell. 2

Multicellular. Living things made up of many cells. Plants and animals are multicellular. 3

1 Different types of specialized human cells.

3 All plants and animals are multicellular living things.

2 Baker’s yeast, used to make bread, is a unicellular living thing.

Activities

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Describe the different types of human cells to your partner. Talk about their shape and their particular function.

2 Copy and complete the sentences.

a. Every living thing is made up of .

b. We are living things.

c. We can only see cells through a .

d. All cells carry out the life processes of , reproduction and .

muscle cell

white blood cell

intestine cellneuron

liver cell

red blood cell

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Unit 1

Activities

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Compare the animal and plant cells. Talk about how they are similar and how they are different.

2 Match and write sentences in your notebook.

The membrane... is around the membrane of plant cells.

The cell wall... is between the membrane and the nucleus.

The nucleus... are specialized plant organelles.

The cytoplasm... controls the function of the cell.

The organelles... is the covering around the cell.

The chloroplasts... are located in the cytoplasm.

The parts of a cell Cells have three main parts: 1

Membrane. This is the covering around the cell.

Nucleus. This is the part that controls the function of the cell.

Cytoplasm. This is a jelly-like material, composed mainly of water, between the nucleus and the membrane. It contains the organelles, which carry out different functions of the cell.

Animal and plant cellsAll animal and plant cells have three main parts: a membrane, a nucleus and cytoplasm with organelles. However, animal and plant cells are different.

Plant cells have specialized organelles called chloroplasts that absorb sunlight, which plants need to make their own food. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyl, which makes plants green.

Plant cells are usually bigger and have a regular shape. Animal cells can be many different shapes. 2

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall around the membrane. 3 2 Animal cell and plant cell.

cytoplasm

chloroplasts

nucleus

cell wall

organelles

1 The main parts of a cell.

nucleus

organelles

membranecytoplasm

3 The cell wall makes some plant stems very hard.

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Levels of organization Multicellular living things are made up of many different types of cells. These cells work together at different levels. The levels of organization of multicellular organisms include:

Tissues. Groups of the same type of cells join together to form tissues. All the cells which form a tissue perform the same function. For example, animals have muscle tissue which consists of many muscle cells. Plants also have tissues, for example, the epidermis is the tissue that covers leaves and consists of epidermal cells. 1

Organs. Tissues join together to form organs. Tissues in organs work together to perform a common function. For example, muscle tissues join together to make the muscle organ. Plants also have organs. 2

1 Examples of tissues. A. The muscle tissue of an animal. B. The epidermal tissue of a plant.

2 Leaves and stems are plant organs.

A B

The organization of living things

bone tissue

muscle cell

CELLS TISSUES ORGANS

muscle tissueorgan: muscle

bone cell organ: bone

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Unit 1

Systems. Organs join together to form systems. Organs within systems work together to perform a common function. For example, the muscular system makes our body move.

Organisms. Finally, all the different types of systems work together to form an organism. In a multicellular living thing, cells, tissues, organs and systems all work together so the organism functions correctly.

Activities

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the diagram. Describe to your partner the different levels of organization of a dog.

2 Copy and complete the text.

Groups of cells work together to form . Tissues are organized to form .

Animals have tissue which consists of muscle cells. Plants have which consist of epidermal cells.

3 Copy the pictures in your notebook. Label the levels of organization and connect them in order with arrows to make a diagram.

skeletal system

SYSTEMS ORGANISM

muscular system

dog

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The classification of living things

Animal kingdom

The main characteristics of animals are:

They are multicellular living things.

They eat other living things.

They can move about from one place to another.

They have a nervous system and sense organs.

They react to stimuli.

Plant kingdomThe main characteristics of plants are:

They are multicellular living things.

They can make their own food by using sunlight and substances from the soil.

They cannot move about because they are fixed by roots.

They do not have a nervous system or sense organs.

They can react to stimuli, for example, many plants grow towards the light.

Fungi kingdom

Fungi are different from animals and plants. Most of a fungus grows beneath the soil. A mushroom is the visible part of a fungus.

They are mainly multicellular living things, although some are unicellular.

They cannot make their own food. They feed on other organisms.

They cannot move about because they are fixed to something.

Living things are classified into groups called kingdoms. There are five kingdoms:

Animal kingdom Plant kingdom Fungi kingdom

Monera kingdom Protista kingdom

Most fungi are multicellular.

Animals. A. Squirrel. B. Dolphin. C. Lynx.

A

C

B

Plants. A. Bean shoot. B. Daisies.

A B

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Unit 1

Activities

1 WORK WITH THE PICTURE. Look at the photographs of animals and plants. Which characteristics do they illustrate?

2 Choose one of the living things. Describe it and say why it belongs to a certain kingdom.

3 Draw a Venn diagram in your notebook and include similarities and differences between the plant and animal kingdoms.

4 Copy the table and tick (✔).

animals plants fungi bacteria protists

unicellular

multicellular

make their own food

feed on other organisms

Monera kingdom

The main characteristics of monerans are:

They are unicellular living things.

This kingdom includes bacteria, the most abundant living things. Bacteria are very small and can only be seen through a microscope.

Some bacteria can make their own food, and others feed on other organisms.

Some bacteria are helpful, like the ones used to make yoghurt; but others are harmful, like the ones that cause cholera. 1

Protista kingdomThe main characteristics of protists are:

They can be unicellular or multicellular living things.

They include protozoa, unicellular organisms that feed on other organisms.

They also include algae, unicellular or multicellular aquatic organisms that can make their own food. 2

1 Examples of bacteria. A. Yoghurt. B. Cholera.

A B

A B

2 A. Protozoa. B. Algae.

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Viruses. Viruses are not included in any of the five kingdoms because they are not living things. A virus is a microscopic body that can only reproduce inside living things. Viruses may cause illnesses.

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Cells, as well as some other living things, are so small that we cannot see them with the naked eye. However, we can observe them through a microscope.

A microscope is an instrument with several lenses that make very small objects appear much larger than they really are.

Investigate!

1 What lives in a drop of pond water?

Instructions

1. Put a drop of pond water on a microscope slide and place a cover slip over it.

2. Put the slide on the microscope stage.

3. Look through the eyepiece. Use the focusing knobs to adjust the focus. Start with the large knob.

4. Draw what you see in your notebook. Label the parts of cells that you can identify. Can you tell if any of the cells are plants or protozoa? Explain.

Now write some sentences under your picture, describing what you see.

Eyepiece. It contains the lens you look through.

Tube. It supports the eyepiece.

Base. It supports the microscope.

Arm. It supports the different parts of the microscope.

Focusing knobs. They help to adjust the focus.

Diaphragm. It controls the amount of light projected onto the

sample.

Objective lenses. These lenses

magnify the sample.

Stage. This is where you put the sample.

Light source. It provides light to look at the sample.

Practising competences

IDENTIFYING THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

When using a microscope…

a. where do you place the sample?

b. which parts contain lenses?

c. how do you focus the sample?

d. how do you control the light?

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Unit 1

1 Copy the table and tick (✔).

animal cell plant cell

membrane

cell wall

nucleus

cytoplasm

organelles

chloroplasts

2 Copy and complete the diagram of the levels of organization.

3 Compare plants and animals to fungi. Write sentences in your notebook describing how fungi are similar to plants, and how they are similar to animals.

4 Copy and complete the sentences with fungi, monerans and/or protists.

a. ……. and ……. can be multicellular.

b. ……. and ……. can make their own food.

c. ……. and ……. can move about.

d. ……. and ……. can be harmful.

5 SPEAKING. Read and discuss with your partner which kingdom each living thing belongs to.

a. It is a multicellular living thing. It cannot move about. It makes its own food.

b. It is a unicellular living thing. It is very small and can be harmful.

c. It is a multicellular living thing. It can move about. It feeds on other organisms.

d. It is a multicellular, aquatic living thing. It makes its own food.

e. It is a multicellular living thing. It cannot move about. It feeds on other organisms.

organism

cells

Show what you know

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