Essential Linux for the SQL · •1991 project by Linux Torvalds from Finland to create free...
Transcript of Essential Linux for the SQL · •1991 project by Linux Torvalds from Finland to create free...
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Essential Linux for the SQL
Server DBA
Kellyn Pot’Vin-GormanTechnical Intelligence Manager, Delphix
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Community
Board President of Rocky Mountain Oracle User Group and for Denver SQL Server User Group and presenter at 45 technical events annually.
Kellyn Pot’Vin-Gorman
Deck of ACEs
2018 Idera ACE and Oracle ACE Alumnus and member of Oak Table Network, a group of Oracle scientists.
Two Decades of Data Management
Managing Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, Sybase and big data. Current Technical Intelligence Manager for the Office of CMO for Delphix.
http://dbakevlar.com
@DBAKevlar
https://linkedin/in/kellynpotvin
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So SQL Server Has Come to the World of Linux
There are tools out there that have been the go-to success for Oracle DBAs since Linux adoption…
These utilities provide the information we need to:
• Manage the environment
• Troubleshoot issues
• Gather information
• Report on usage
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But You Need to Learn to Walk Before You Run..
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And it Should Never Be Like This…
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Linux
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History Lesson
• 1991 project by Linux Torvalds from Finland to create free operating system kernel.
• Based on C programming
• Over 15 million lines of code in base kernel.
• Almost was named Freax
• Now all part of the GNU Project
• Debian, Redhat, Oracle Linux, Ubuntu, Suse are all flavors of Linux.
• Microsoft introduces SQL Server on Linux in version 2016
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User, Groups and Penguins, Oh My!
• Don’t do everything as ROOT, (aka super user)
• Perform administrator tasks by using SUDO, (switch user domain owner)
• Log in as with your own user ID and su, (switch user) to the application owner.
• There is a UID, (User ID) for every user name.
• Each user is assigned a group(s) for role hierarchy
• A home directory will contain the following:• Profile, (RC) with environment variables, alias’ and other necessary configurations for the user
environment.
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RC and Profiles
• RC file stands for Run Commands
• Profile is similar, but set up as a secondary set of profile settings, including:• Shell to be used
• Alias’
• Environment variables
• Path information
• File name begins with a “.”
• View with command ls -la
.bashrc
.bash_rc
.profile
.profile_xx
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Example of a profile#/! /usr/bin/sh
EDITOR=nano
sudo visudo
export PATH = $PATH:.
# export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/dbhome_1/db12c
export SQL_HOME=/u01/app/mssql/140
export LANG=en.UTF-8
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/bin/java
# alias info
alias reload=’source ~/.bash_profile’
alias pre-‘open -a Preview’
alias cd.. =’cd ..’
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Creating Users
• Useradd has different results than adduser, but both work.
• Useradd will require you to:• Manually update the password with passwd <username>
• Manually assign a group with usermod after creating a manual group with groupadd command
• If you wish to add any pertinent information about the user, that must be added manually.
A user should be created for every user logging in. Don’t share logins.
Avoid non-audited, such as direct ROOT access.
Grant SUDO with great care.
Grant SU to only those that require it.
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SU and SUDO
• To switch to from existing user to become jsmith:
$ su – jsmith
• To execute a command as ROOT after being granted SUDO privileges
$ sudo setsys.sh –y
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Understanding File Permissions
Where this can be confusing for some, is that we visibly identify the grants by their values, either as separate values or as totals.
• Read,(r)= 4
• Write,(w)= 2
• Execute, (x)=1
• owner has 4+2+1=7
• group has 4+2+1=7
• other has 4+2+1=7
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Changing Permissions
• CHMOD= change modify
$ chmod <filename> XXX
$ chmod test.txt 764 • Owner- read, write, execute
• Group- read, write
• Other- read
You must have permissions to update the permissions or must SU/SUDO to perform them:
$ sudo chmod test.txt 764
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Changing File Owner
• CHOWN = change owner
$ chown <newuser>:<group> <filename>
$ chown jsmith:dba test.sh
• You must have privileges or own the file to begin with to change the ownership.
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Basics
What Command Common
Change Diretory cd cd, cd .. ,cd /directory path
List or Directory information ls ls, ls –lf, ls –la
Locate program find <program name> find java, find sql
Locate which installation used which <program name> which mssql
Current Directory pwd pwd
Create Directory mkdir mkdir scripts mkdir
/u01/apps/scripts
Create File touch <filename>, vim <filename> touch test.sh
Edit File vim <filename>, vi <filename> vim touch.sh
Remove rm <filename> rm touch.sh
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Processes
• Ps command
$ ps
$ ps –ef
To Kill a process, (BECAREFUL!)
$ kill <PID>
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Editors
• VI/VIM makes you cool- old school
• Nano
• eMacs
• Create a file easily by issuing the touch command
$ touch <filename>
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VI(M)Command line editor
$ vi <filename>
• Go down a line: j
• Go up a line: k
• Go to the right: l
• Go to the left: h
• Insert: i
• Append: a
• Append to the end of a line: a
• Add a line and insert below your cursor: o
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Add a line and insert ABOVE your
cursor: <shft> o
Undo: u
Quit without saving: :q
Quit without saving to a read only file:
:q!
Write to a file: :w
Write to a read only file, (override): :w!
Write to a file and quit: :wq
Write to a read only file, (override) and
quit: :wq!
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Redirecting Data Output to a File
• $ <command> > <filename>
$ ls > filelist.txt
$ ls >> filelist.txt
• If run again with the “>>”, the results will be appended to the first file’s contents.
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Running an Update on Linux
• Updates and Installations are done most often via Yum, APT-GET or Zypper
• Using APT-GET
• Update from repository, (stored in
$ apt-get update
• Install updates, (may require SUDO)
$ apt-get install
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Adding Utilities is Done via Packages
• Common Installers for Linux• YUM
• APT-GET
• ZYPPER
Installing a package with APT-GET
$ sudo apt-get install –y <pkgname>
Viewing package information:
$apt-cache pkgname <pkgname>
Display package information:
$apt-cache show <pkgname>
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Cheat Sheets for Common Installers
• Yum: https://access.redhat.com/articles/yum-cheat-sheet
• Apt-Get https://blog.packagecloud.io/eng/2015/03/30/apt-cheat-sheet/
• Zypper: https://en.opensuse.org/images/1/17/Zypper-cheat-sheet-1.pdf
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Mission Impossible
• No Powershell
• BASH, (Born again shell)
• KSHELL, (Korn Shell)
• CSHELL, (based off C)
• Shell scripting is very similar in each of these languages and very different from Powershell.
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Linux system-level diagnostics
• CPU and Memory
• Process
• Network
• Traces
• Other useful Linux diagnostic utilities
• Support recommended diagnostic tools
• A great source of living technical information
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Utilities to
View
Resource
Usage
• SAR
• SADC/SADF
• MPSTAT
• VMSTAT
• TOP
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Common Arguments and Values
• Some of the utilities aren’t standard and may need to be installed.• Yum and apt-get are your friend
• You may require sudo, (super user) privileges to install
• <command> -x(xx)• Arguments are cap sensitive, (as is everything in Unix world.)
• <command> -x 5 5• First how many second sleep, Second value is how many results to return
• <command> -h• Provides help information about the utility or command
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What is SAR?
• System Activity Report• Provides information about
• CPU
• Memory and virtual memory
• I/O
• Network
• Provided by the SYSSTAT package
• What if it’s missing?
• Install it as root:
$yum -y install sysstat
$apt-get install sysstat
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sar Utility
• CPU utilization: sar -u• %usr, %sys, %idle
• %nice
• Intervals of CPU: sar 1 3• 3 times, every 1 second
• CPU run queue report: sar -q• Runq-sz
• plist-sz and load averages
• Context switching activity: sar -w• cswch/s
• Virtual memory swapping: sar -W• swpin/s, swpot/s
• Virtual memory paging: sar -B • pgpgin/s, pgpgot/s
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sar Utility
$ sar -u 5 5
Linux 2.6.32-573.22.1.el6.x86_64 (linuxsource.delphix.local) 11/28/2017 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
06:15:31 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
06:15:36 PM all 0.20 0.00 0.20 48.58 0.00 51.01
06:15:41 PM all 0.30 0.00 0.20 47.98 0.10 51.41
06:15:46 PM all 0.30 0.00 0.20 46.92 0.00 52.58
06:15:51 PM all 0.20 0.00 0.20 47.77 0.00 51.82
06:15:56 PM all 0.20 0.00 0.20 47.78 0.10 51.72
Average: all 0.24 0.00 0.20 47.81 0.04 51.71
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sar Utility$ sar -q 5 5
Linux 2.6.32-573.22.1.el6.x86_64 (linuxsource.delphix.local)
11/28/2017 _x86_64_ (2 CPU)
06:16:45 PM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15
06:16:50 PM 0 190 1.37 1.28 1.30
06:16:55 PM 0 190 1.34 1.28 1.29
06:17:00 PM 0 190 1.31 1.27 1.29
06:17:05 PM 0 190 1.36 1.29 1.30
06:17:10 PM 0 190 1.34 1.28 1.30
Average: 0 190 1.34 1.28 1.30
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What is SADC/SADF?
• sadc: back-end system activity data collector utility behind sar• Collects specified system data at configured intervals
• Saves data to specified binary files
• sadf: system activity data formatter • report on data collected by sadc/sar
• output to be consumed by other programs like awk, MS-Excel, etc
• Options for translating and displaying dates, numbers, text
• Output to plain text or XML
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mpstat utilityProcessor Level Statisitcs
$ mpstat –P ALL
Linux 2.6.32-573.22.1.el6.x86_64 (linuxsource.delphix.local) 11/28/2017 _x86_64_
(2 CPU)
06:18:10 PM CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %idle
06:18:10 PM all 1.42 0.00 0.19 8.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 90.36
06:18:10 PM 0 1.38 0.00 0.21 15.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 83.29
06:18:10 PM 1 1.45 0.00 0.17 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 97.42
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vmstat Utility
Virtual Memory Statistics
vmstat 5 5
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 2 28612 131668 255192 6766272 0 0 0 148 1 3 1 0 90 8 0
0 1 28612 234736 255204 6766424 0 0 24 1480 1485 2737 2 1 48 49 0
0 2 28612 234752 255208 6766536 0 0 0 1511 1365 2632 0 0 50 50 0
1 1 28612 234752 255208 6766664 0 0 0 1399 1353 2626 0 0 50 50 0
0 2 28612 218164 255216 6766784 0 0 18 1310 1337 2591 0 0 49 51 0
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top Utility
Tasks: 165 total, 1 running, 164 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.3%us, 0.2%sy, 0.0%ni, 53.5%id, 46.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 8057984k total, 7827928k used, 230056k free, 255324k buffers
Swap: 311292k total, 28612k used, 282680k free, 6771660k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
9888 delphix 20 0 636m 43m 16m S 0.7 0.5 51:40.68 mssql
9892 delphix 20 0 636m 43m 16m D 0.7 0.5 51:18.86 mssql
9886 delphix 20 0 652m 43m 16m S 0.3 0.6 51:19.84 mssql
1 root 20 0 19232 976 820 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.11 delcli
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:09.92 migration/0
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What is UPTIME?
• uptime displays current time and up-time
• Also displays the average number of processes in run-queue over the past 1 minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes (a.k.a. load average)
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uptime and w Utilities
$ uptime
18:20:41 up 41 days, 17 min, 1 user, load average: 1.17, 1.28, 1.30
• w displays same info plus info about logged-in UNIX users
$ w
18:21:05 up 41 days, 17 min, 1 user, load average: 1.25, 1.29, 1.30
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
delphix pts/0 c-67-164-182-219 18:05 0.00s 0.02s 0.02s sshd: delphix
[priv]
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Process Diagnostics
• ps• Process status
• pmap• Process mapping
• http://dbakevlar.com/2017/12/sql-server-2017-linux-processes/
• dstat• Disk, cpu and network monitoring
• nmon• Color coded display of cpu, disk and memory statistics
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ps Utility
• SysV version with many versions and variations:
$ ps -eaf
% ps -aux
# ps –eo opt[,opt…]
• Provides info about individual processes• Status, PID, PPID, user, command text and parameters
• Cumulative and recent CPU usage
• Memory (virtual, resident)
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ps Utility
• An easy home-grown “top” command
$ ps –eaf | sort –n | tail
root 689 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root 7 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:12 [migration/1]
root 723 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:01:34 [kauditd]
root 781 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:18 [flush-253:0]
root 8 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:00 [stopper/1]
root 9 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:06 [ksoftirqd/1]
root 99 2 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:00 [kdmremove]
rpc 1101 1 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:01 rpcbind
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ps Utility
• Another home-grown “top” command
• Also displays memory consumption in Kbytes
$ ps -eo user,pid,pcpu,vsz,rss,comm | sort -n | tail
root 689 0.0 0 0 ext4-dio-unwrit
root 7 0.0 0 0 migration/1
root 723 0.0 0 0 kauditd
root 781 0.0 0 0 flush-253:0
root 8 0.0 0 0 stopper/1
root 9 0.0 0 0 ksoftirqd/1
root 99 0.0 0 0 kdmremove
rpc 1101 0.0 18980 588 rpcbind
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ps Utility
• Displaying environment variable values within a process
$ ps -eaf | grep jar
delphix 11313 1 0 Oct18 ? 00:23:10 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/endorsed -classpath /u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/bootstrap.jar:/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Dcatalina.home=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Djava.io.tmpdir=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start
$ ps eww 11313
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
11313 ? Sl 23:10 /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/endorsed -classpath /u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/bootstrap.jar:/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Dcatalina.home=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Djava.io.tmpdir=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start SHELL=/bin/bash TERM=xterm USER=delphix PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin PWD=/ HOME=/home/delphix SHLVL=3 LOGNAME=delphix _=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/bin/java
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CPU/Memory Diagnostics
• Use top and/or ps to identify process activity in Linux• By current CPU activity
• By total CPU time consumed
• By time started
• By process name
• By UNIX account
• By process hierarchy
• parent processes, child processes, etc.
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pmap Utilities Example
$ pmap -x 11313
11313: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.endorsed.dirs=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/endorsed -classpath /u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/bootstrap.jar:/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Dcatalina.home=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42 -Djava.io.tmpdir=/u02/app/apache-tomcat-7.0.42/temp org.apache.cata
Address Kbytes RSS Dirty Mode Mapping
0000000000400000 4 0 0 r-x-- java
0000000000600000 4 4 4 rw--- java
…
00007f09de9a6000 4 0 0 r--s- commons-daemon.jar
00007f09de9a7000 4 0 0 r--s- bootstrap.jar
00007f09de9a8000 32 16 12 rw-s- 11313
00007f09de9b3000 4 4 4 r---- ld-2.12.so
00007f09de9b4000 4 4 4 rw--- ld-2.12.so
00007f09de9b5000 4 4 4 rw--- [ anon ]
00007fff04ccb000 84 32 32 rw--- [ stack ]
00007fff04df6000 4 4 0 r-x-- [ anon ]
ffffffffff600000 4 0 0 r-x-- [ anon ]
---------------- ------ ------ ------
total kB 3294068 188964 186976
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fuser/lsof Utilities
• Displays list of UNIX processes with file handles
$ fuser /u01/app/delphix/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
/u01/app/delphix/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf: 3801 9343 9349 9351 9353 9355
9357 9359 9911 10082 10084 22879 30148
$ ps -eaf | grep 9357
delphix 9357 1 0 Oct18 ? 00:00:19 ora_reco_orcl background
$ ps –eaf | grep 3801
delphix 3801 1 0 Oct22 ? 00:24:20 oracleorcl (LOCAL=NO)
$ ps –eaf | grep 30148
delphix 30148 1 0 Nov22 ? 00:02:04 ora_m002_orcl background
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fuser/lsof Utilities• Displays list of UNIX processes using file-system
$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_linuxsource-lv_root
14600800 3135856 10720092 23% /
tmpfs 4028992 0 4028992 0% /dev/shm
/dev/xvda1 487652 132589 329463 29% /boot
/dev/xvdf 30832636 28133056 1126716 97% /u01
/dev/xvdg 20511356 4213904 15248876 22% /u02
$ fuser /dev/xvdf
/dev/xvdf: 727ctm 725ctm 723ctm 722tm 720ctom 633tom
623tom 462o 458o 456o 454o 452o 450o 448o 446o 444o
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What is DSTAT?
• Monitoring tool for CPU, disk and network activity
• Displays ongoing values in interval until q(uit)
• To Install:
$ yum install dstat –y
Or
$ sudo apt-get install dstat
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dstat Utility
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dstat Utility
• Dstat for one disk and only CPU info:
$ dstat -cdl -D xvda1
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dstat Utility
• Monitor Disk Reads
$ dstat -d
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What is NMON?
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• information dump creation related to cpu, memory, IO or network.
• Install:
$ yum install nmon –y
• Use menu
• q<enter> to quit or
• <ctrl> c
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nmon CPU
• Click C <enter>
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nmon memory
• m<enter>
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nmon NFS
• NFS<enter>
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fuser/lsof Utilities
• Displays list of UNIX processes using file-system
# lsof /var
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
syslogd 350 root 5w VREG 222,5 0 440818 /var/adm/messag
syslogd 350 root 6w VREG 222,5 339098 6248 /var/log/syslog
cron 353 root cwd VDIR 222,5 512 254550 /var -- atjobs
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Network Diagnostics
• ifconfig• Configure/display network interfaces
$apt-get install -y net-tools
• netstat/ss• Display cumulative network statistics
• ping• Send ICMP echo packets to network hosts
• traceroute• Trace the route of ICMP echo packets to network hosts
• tcpdump/snoop
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ifconfig Utility• Configures network interfaces
• Configure new network interface: ifconfig … create inet … up• Display network interface status: ifconfig -a
$ ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 06:8D:24:F2:82:3C
inet addr:10.0.1.20 Bcast:10.0.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::48d:24ff:fef2:823c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:9001 Metric:1
RX packets:29480071 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:26850299 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:4059464946 (3.7 GiB) TX bytes:9135825067 (8.5 GiB)
Interrupt:153
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What is NETSTAT?
• Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics• Network connections (a.k.a. sockets): netstat
• Cumulative networking statistics: netstat -s
• Routing tables: netstat -r
• STREAMS statistics (Solaris and AIX): netstat -m
• Verbose mode: add “-v” switch
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netstat Utility$ netstat
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 linuxsource:12129 linuxsource:ncube-lm ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 64 linuxsource:ssh c-164-182-219.hsd1:50171 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 linuxsource:ncube-lm ip-10-0-1-10.delphix.:58424 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 linuxsource:ncube-lm landsharkengine.delph:63611 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 linuxsource:ncube-lm linuxsource:12129 ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 localhost:17493 localhost:17493 ESTABLISHED
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 12 [ ] DGRAM 8754 /dev/log
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 7377 @/org/kernel/udev/udevd
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 9499
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9338
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 8927
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netstat Utility• Display network routing tables on the local host:
$ netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt
Iface
10.0.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
default 10.0.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
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What is SS?
• SS stands for Socket Statistics
• Works like NETSTAT
• Gathers info from the kernel via NAD
• To install:
$apt-get install iproute2
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ss Utility
$ ss
$ ss -ltp
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ping Utility
• Simple diagnostic test for network connectivity• Be aware that many network administrator block ICMP traffic for security reasons$apt-get install iputils.ping
$ ping -c 4 www.amazon.com
PING e15316.ci.akamaiedge.net (104.86.87.164) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from a104-86-87-164.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (104.86.87.164): icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=1.81 ms
64 bytes from a104-86-87-164.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (104.86.87.164): icmp_seq=2 ttl=50 time=1.83 ms
64 bytes from a104-86-87-164.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (104.86.87.164): icmp_seq=3 ttl=50 time=1.99 ms
64 bytes from a104-86-87-164.deploy.static.akamaitechnologies.com (104.86.87.164): icmp_seq=4 ttl=50 time=1.85 ms
--- e15316.ci.akamaiedge.net ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.812/1.874/1.994/0.082 ms
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What is TRACEROUTE?
• Display the route taken by ICMP packets to an IP host
• If missing, install using:
$yum install traceroute –y
$apt-get install traceroute -y
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traceroute Utility$ traceroute www.amazon.com
traceroute to www.amazon.com (54.192.195.66), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 216.182.225.134 (216.182.225.134) 16.379 ms 216.182.225.124 (216.182.225.124) 49.305 ms216.182.225.134 (216.182.225.134) 16.347 ms
2 100.66.8.70 (100.66.8.70) 19.966 ms 100.66.8.6 (100.66.8.6) 19.962 ms 100.66.8.250 (100.66.8.250) 14.142 ms
3 100.66.10.46 (100.66.10.46) 21.317 ms 100.66.10.100 (100.66.10.100) 19.104 ms 100.66.11.150 (100.66.11.150) 14.317 ms
4 100.66.7.237 (100.66.7.237) 15.802 ms 100.66.7.183 (100.66.7.183) 16.916 ms 100.66.6.67 (100.66.6.67) 16.800 ms
5 100.66.4.199 (100.66.4.199) 19.609 ms 100.66.4.127 (100.66.4.127) 14.576 ms 100.66.4.151 (100.66.4.151) 11.455 ms
6 100.65.9.65 (100.65.9.65) 0.349 ms 100.65.9.33 (100.65.9.33) 5.948 ms 100.65.9.1 (100.65.9.1) 0.275 ms
7 205.251.244.243 (205.251.244.243) 1.378 ms 72.21.220.120 (72.21.220.120) 1.280 ms 1.333 ms
8 54.239.111.120 (54.239.111.120) 24.074 ms 23.301 ms 54.239.110.22 (54.239.110.22) 37.663 ms
9 54.239.111.183 (54.239.111.183) 1.415 ms 54.239.111.179 (54.239.111.179) 1.234 ms 1.280 ms
10 72.21.220.9 (72.21.220.9) 1.326 ms 1.348 ms 1.391 ms
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What is TCPDUMP?
• Dump/sniff traffic on a network
• Another one that may be missing:
$ yum install tcpdump –y
$ apt-get install tcpdump
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tcpdump/snoop Utilities
$ tcpdump
tcpdump: listening on hme0
18:56:08.427002 IP linuxsource.ssh > c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171: Flags [P.], seq 529952:530160, ack 3681, win 172, length 208
18:56:08.428001 IP linuxsource.ssh > c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171: Flags [P.], seq 530160:530368, ack 3681, win 172, length 208
18:56:08.429695 IP c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171 > linuxsource.ssh: Flags [.], ack 515360, win 256, length 0
18:56:08.429707 IP c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171 > linuxsource.ssh: Flags [.], ack 517984, win 252, length 0
18:56:08.429723 IP c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171 > linuxsource.ssh: Flags [P.], seq 3681:3745, ack 515568, win 255, length 64
^C18:56:08.429925 IP linuxsource.ssh > c-67-164-182-219.hsd1.co.comcast.net.50171: Flags [P.], seq 530368:530960, ack 3745, win 172, length 592
2781 packets captured
2781 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel
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Trace Utilities
• Different utilities on different platforms, but for Linux:• strace
• Attach to or run a process and then trace:• UNIX system calls executed
• Signals received
• Machine faults incurred
• (optional) entry/exit trace of user level function calls
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What is DTRACE?
• Performance analysis and troubleshooting tool (http://dtrace.org )
• Not just user-level software (i.e. applications, databases and webservers)
• also OS kernel and device drivers
• provides a language, (i.e. “D”) for writing DTrace scripts and one-liners
• Terrific case-study of I/O performance analysis using DTrace
• https://blogs.oracle.com/BestPerf/entry/i_o_analysis_using_dtrace
• Installation:
$apt-get install systemtap-sdt-dev
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dtrace Utility$ dtrace -n 'proc:::exec-success{printf("%d %s”,timestamp,curpsinfo-
>pr_psargs);}’
dtrace: description 'proc:::exec-success ' matched 1 probe
CPU ID FUNCTION:NAME
1 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388676181394 man ls
0 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388840101743 sh -c cd /usr/share/man;
tbl /usr/sha
1 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388858652639 col –x
0 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388863714971 neqn
/usr/share/lib/pub/eqnchar –
0 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388867119787 tbl
/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1
1 797 exec_common:exec-success 21935388881310626 nroff -u0 -Tlp -man –
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file Utility“Finding Java”
$ file /usr/bin/java
/usr/bin/java: symbolic link to `/etc/alternatives/java’
$ file /etc/alternatives/java
/etc/alternatives/java: symbolic link to `/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/jre/bin/java’
$ file /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/jre/bin/java
/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_51/jre/bin/java: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1
(SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, not
stripped
$ file make_logs.sql
make_logs.sql: ASCII C program text
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What is FINDMNT?
• A [somewhat] directory tree view of Linux
• To Install:
$ yum install findmnt –y
$ apt-get install findmnt
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findmnt Utility
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findmnt Utility
• findmnt -m
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What is NCDU?
• Quick utility to gather info on space usage in a directory
• To install:
$ yum install ncdu –y
$ apt-get install ncdu
Simply execute ncdu command in directory that you wish to gather detailed file/directory sizes on
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ncdu Utility
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Linux for the DBA Summary
• Learn to walk before you run
• Command line is essential
• Utilities are your friends
• A few will get you far, choose which ones provide you with what you need.
• Build a knowledge of command line editing tools, such as VIM or Nano and Shell scripting to enhance utilities for full coverage.
• Tough at first, but will become second nature- I promise!
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Thank you!
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