ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

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1 1 ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS, REHABILITATION, & INJURY PREVENTION FOR THE RUNNER Chance Unger PT, DPT, OCS, ATC www.striderunningclinic.com 2 Provider Disclaimer Allied Health Education and the presenter of this webinar do not have any financial or other associations with the manufacturers of any products or suppliers of commercial services that may be discussed or displayed in this presentation. There was no commercial support for this presentation. The views expressed in this presentation are the views and opinions of the presenter. Participants must use discretion when using the information contained in this presentation. 3 Your Instructor: Chance Unger PT, DPT, OCS, ATC Education: University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Athletic Medicine, Psychology Min.) University of Nebraska Medical Center (Physical Therapy) Why am I a PT? Sports + Science + Service + Creativity + ... What I’m all about: My Faith, being a husband & dad, friendship, running & athletics, the outdoors, teaching, reading & learning, things that are ‘brewed’ And you? Introductions

Transcript of ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

Page 1: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

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1

ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS

REHABILITATION ampINJURY PREVENTION

FOR THE RUNNER

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

wwwstriderunningcliniccom

2

Provider Disclaimer

bull Allied Health Education and the presenter of this webinar do not have any

financial or other associations with the manufacturers of any products or

suppliers of commercial services that may be discussed or displayed in this presentation

bull There was no commercial support for this presentation

bull The views expressed in this presentation are the views and opinions of the presenter

bull Participants must use discretion when using the information contained in

this presentation

3

Your Instructor Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

Education University of Nebraska-Lincoln

(Athletic Medicine Psychology Min)

University of Nebraska Medical Center (Physical

Therapy)

Why am I a PT

Sports + Science + Service + Creativity +

What Irsquom all about My Faith being a husband amp dad friendship

running amp athletics the outdoors teaching

reading amp learning things that are lsquobrewedrsquo

And you

Introductions

2

4

5

Beer amp Bagel Run November 2018 (with Sasquatch)

Bethlehem June 2018

6

Objectives By the end of this webinar you will be able to

Accurately describe standard biomechanics kinematics and kinetics of walking vs

running explaining the differences between each

Identify etiology of running related injuries (RRI) and risk factors for each as well as

regions to be affected based on running type

Describe components of the biopsychosocial model of pain and factors related to

each in relation to RRI

Correctly identify the severity of RRI and discern red flags

Describe amp demonstrate to specific corrective exercises that pertain the building up of

runners specific strength mobility stability and power

Describe each type of strike pattern and other running factors related to running and

their respective implications in regards to RRI performance and running economy

Design and implement a return to running program through graded exposure based on

case studies for the participant

3

7

1 Reach your goals

a Meet the objectives

b Gaining CEUrsquosc Learning something new (or ldquore-newrdquo)d Gain perspectives

2 Consider the benefits of altering your gait or your patientrsquos gait

3 Simplify understanding of running biomechanics and treating

runners

4 Have (a little) fun

What to expect from this course

8

The course is called ldquoEssentialrdquo for two reasons

a The clinical concepts are tried true and proven important ant

effective

b Essential also means necessary key vital

i We will not go into great depth of all the components of

this course simply because time does not exist

1 There is a (potential) seminar for that

2 There are other courses for that

The concepts are tools for the provider to continue to think critically

with each patient interaction

Caveat

9

4

10

Can you convince me to run

Is running good or bad for me

Why run when I could walk

Isnrsquot this bad for my knees

Will I get arthritisWhy do I hurt

When should I keep runningstop running

When should I rest

When is a good time to run

How much

How little

11

Why do we run in the first place

As every runner knows running is about more than just putting one foot in front of the

other it is about our lifestyle and who we are (Joan Benoit Samuelson first-ever womens Olympic marathon champion- 1984)

12

Why do we run in the first place

Running is cultural

Personal motives social connections temperaments etc

Why do you run Why donrsquot you

Runners by the numbers (2018)

56-60 million US runners (183 in road races)

3267 million US residents 185-19 of US citizens are runners or have gone running

Nearly 1 out of 5

5

13

Why do we run in the first place Historical Concepts

Cultural Needs

The survival need to run

Personal health

Community health

Tarahumara Runners

Marathon History

Modern Running (1970rsquos to present) 1972 Munich Olympics - Frank Shorter Olympic

Marathon gold

Big business (Nike ASICS etc) came on the

scene

Popularity from a ldquobottom-uprdquo rather than ldquotop-

downrdquo approach Competitive sport increased

Recreational capacity increased

Running is a part of being human

What is your ldquowhyrdquo

15

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo Would you like to

What are your goals

As healthcare professionals should we or should we not promote

running as an exercise What you think about affects how you run

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

Expectations matter

Why would we promote running as an option

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 2: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

2

4

5

Beer amp Bagel Run November 2018 (with Sasquatch)

Bethlehem June 2018

6

Objectives By the end of this webinar you will be able to

Accurately describe standard biomechanics kinematics and kinetics of walking vs

running explaining the differences between each

Identify etiology of running related injuries (RRI) and risk factors for each as well as

regions to be affected based on running type

Describe components of the biopsychosocial model of pain and factors related to

each in relation to RRI

Correctly identify the severity of RRI and discern red flags

Describe amp demonstrate to specific corrective exercises that pertain the building up of

runners specific strength mobility stability and power

Describe each type of strike pattern and other running factors related to running and

their respective implications in regards to RRI performance and running economy

Design and implement a return to running program through graded exposure based on

case studies for the participant

3

7

1 Reach your goals

a Meet the objectives

b Gaining CEUrsquosc Learning something new (or ldquore-newrdquo)d Gain perspectives

2 Consider the benefits of altering your gait or your patientrsquos gait

3 Simplify understanding of running biomechanics and treating

runners

4 Have (a little) fun

What to expect from this course

8

The course is called ldquoEssentialrdquo for two reasons

a The clinical concepts are tried true and proven important ant

effective

b Essential also means necessary key vital

i We will not go into great depth of all the components of

this course simply because time does not exist

1 There is a (potential) seminar for that

2 There are other courses for that

The concepts are tools for the provider to continue to think critically

with each patient interaction

Caveat

9

4

10

Can you convince me to run

Is running good or bad for me

Why run when I could walk

Isnrsquot this bad for my knees

Will I get arthritisWhy do I hurt

When should I keep runningstop running

When should I rest

When is a good time to run

How much

How little

11

Why do we run in the first place

As every runner knows running is about more than just putting one foot in front of the

other it is about our lifestyle and who we are (Joan Benoit Samuelson first-ever womens Olympic marathon champion- 1984)

12

Why do we run in the first place

Running is cultural

Personal motives social connections temperaments etc

Why do you run Why donrsquot you

Runners by the numbers (2018)

56-60 million US runners (183 in road races)

3267 million US residents 185-19 of US citizens are runners or have gone running

Nearly 1 out of 5

5

13

Why do we run in the first place Historical Concepts

Cultural Needs

The survival need to run

Personal health

Community health

Tarahumara Runners

Marathon History

Modern Running (1970rsquos to present) 1972 Munich Olympics - Frank Shorter Olympic

Marathon gold

Big business (Nike ASICS etc) came on the

scene

Popularity from a ldquobottom-uprdquo rather than ldquotop-

downrdquo approach Competitive sport increased

Recreational capacity increased

Running is a part of being human

What is your ldquowhyrdquo

15

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo Would you like to

What are your goals

As healthcare professionals should we or should we not promote

running as an exercise What you think about affects how you run

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

Expectations matter

Why would we promote running as an option

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 3: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

3

7

1 Reach your goals

a Meet the objectives

b Gaining CEUrsquosc Learning something new (or ldquore-newrdquo)d Gain perspectives

2 Consider the benefits of altering your gait or your patientrsquos gait

3 Simplify understanding of running biomechanics and treating

runners

4 Have (a little) fun

What to expect from this course

8

The course is called ldquoEssentialrdquo for two reasons

a The clinical concepts are tried true and proven important ant

effective

b Essential also means necessary key vital

i We will not go into great depth of all the components of

this course simply because time does not exist

1 There is a (potential) seminar for that

2 There are other courses for that

The concepts are tools for the provider to continue to think critically

with each patient interaction

Caveat

9

4

10

Can you convince me to run

Is running good or bad for me

Why run when I could walk

Isnrsquot this bad for my knees

Will I get arthritisWhy do I hurt

When should I keep runningstop running

When should I rest

When is a good time to run

How much

How little

11

Why do we run in the first place

As every runner knows running is about more than just putting one foot in front of the

other it is about our lifestyle and who we are (Joan Benoit Samuelson first-ever womens Olympic marathon champion- 1984)

12

Why do we run in the first place

Running is cultural

Personal motives social connections temperaments etc

Why do you run Why donrsquot you

Runners by the numbers (2018)

56-60 million US runners (183 in road races)

3267 million US residents 185-19 of US citizens are runners or have gone running

Nearly 1 out of 5

5

13

Why do we run in the first place Historical Concepts

Cultural Needs

The survival need to run

Personal health

Community health

Tarahumara Runners

Marathon History

Modern Running (1970rsquos to present) 1972 Munich Olympics - Frank Shorter Olympic

Marathon gold

Big business (Nike ASICS etc) came on the

scene

Popularity from a ldquobottom-uprdquo rather than ldquotop-

downrdquo approach Competitive sport increased

Recreational capacity increased

Running is a part of being human

What is your ldquowhyrdquo

15

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo Would you like to

What are your goals

As healthcare professionals should we or should we not promote

running as an exercise What you think about affects how you run

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

Expectations matter

Why would we promote running as an option

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 4: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

4

10

Can you convince me to run

Is running good or bad for me

Why run when I could walk

Isnrsquot this bad for my knees

Will I get arthritisWhy do I hurt

When should I keep runningstop running

When should I rest

When is a good time to run

How much

How little

11

Why do we run in the first place

As every runner knows running is about more than just putting one foot in front of the

other it is about our lifestyle and who we are (Joan Benoit Samuelson first-ever womens Olympic marathon champion- 1984)

12

Why do we run in the first place

Running is cultural

Personal motives social connections temperaments etc

Why do you run Why donrsquot you

Runners by the numbers (2018)

56-60 million US runners (183 in road races)

3267 million US residents 185-19 of US citizens are runners or have gone running

Nearly 1 out of 5

5

13

Why do we run in the first place Historical Concepts

Cultural Needs

The survival need to run

Personal health

Community health

Tarahumara Runners

Marathon History

Modern Running (1970rsquos to present) 1972 Munich Olympics - Frank Shorter Olympic

Marathon gold

Big business (Nike ASICS etc) came on the

scene

Popularity from a ldquobottom-uprdquo rather than ldquotop-

downrdquo approach Competitive sport increased

Recreational capacity increased

Running is a part of being human

What is your ldquowhyrdquo

15

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo Would you like to

What are your goals

As healthcare professionals should we or should we not promote

running as an exercise What you think about affects how you run

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

Expectations matter

Why would we promote running as an option

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 5: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

5

13

Why do we run in the first place Historical Concepts

Cultural Needs

The survival need to run

Personal health

Community health

Tarahumara Runners

Marathon History

Modern Running (1970rsquos to present) 1972 Munich Olympics - Frank Shorter Olympic

Marathon gold

Big business (Nike ASICS etc) came on the

scene

Popularity from a ldquobottom-uprdquo rather than ldquotop-

downrdquo approach Competitive sport increased

Recreational capacity increased

Running is a part of being human

What is your ldquowhyrdquo

15

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo Would you like to

What are your goals

As healthcare professionals should we or should we not promote

running as an exercise What you think about affects how you run

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

Expectations matter

Why would we promote running as an option

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 6: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

6

16

ldquoCan you really convince me to runrdquo By the way running is good for you

Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis A

Cross-Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self-selected runners compared with non-runners in

a cohort recruited from the community In those without OA running does not appear to be detrimental to the

knees

Does Long-Distance Running Cause Osteoarthritis ldquoLong-distance running might even have a protective effect against joint degenerationrdquo

Running and Osteoarthritis Does Recreational or Competitive Running Increase the Risk Suggests that the difference in these outcomes depends on the frequency and intensity of running

ldquoItrsquos the little details that are vital Little things make big things happenrdquo(John Wooden)

Running is normal part of life

18

Course Overview

Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Primary vs Secondary

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase I

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 7: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

7

19

Course Overview

ldquoPrehabilitationrdquo State of life vs the desires of life

STRIDE System

A simple approachable way of

addressing the ldquowhyrdquo

What are you made of

ldquoElements of the Runnerrdquo

Phase II

20

Course Overview

STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Details details details

Video Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

And why do they matter

Video Walkthrough

Corrective Exercises amp Injury Prevention

Concepts and some specifics

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

Phase III

Basic Anatomy Biomechanics

Etiology of Injuries

What wersquoll cover Basic Anatomy for the Runner

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanical effects of

Strike Pattern amp Contact point

Loading rate

Cadence

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

ldquoIf anything matters then everything mattersrdquo

(William Paul Young)

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 8: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

8

22

Running Anatomy Overview

Body type and the purpose of

anatomy

Genetics

Pivotal Players for the runner

Muscle groups and other helpful

tissue

How do abnormalities fit in

23

Body Type Matters

24

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 9: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

9

25

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NOButcould they

And in what way should they

26

ldquoWhat are we made ofrdquo Ask the question again why do we run in

the first place

Why does your patient run In what way do they need to What is the need What is the desire How much is needed to reach goals

It starts with how we are made Our genetic makeup has similarities

differences

27

Pivotal Players Lowest (Toes Foot amp Ankle)

ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

Lower (Tibia Knee)

ldquoThe middle siblingrdquo

Low (Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps)

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo

Mid-Range (Lumbosacral Region)

The ldquoCorerdquo

Upper (Torso amp Upper Extremities)

Yes they matter

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 10: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

10

28

Toes Foot amp Ankle Role in Running

Mobile base of support

26 bones 33 joints

gt100 muscles ligaments

tendons

The foundation or ldquobridgerdquo Sense of touch

Lots of nerve endings

Key Players

Flexor Hallucis Longus amp

Brevis

Tibialis Posterior

Triceps Surae

29

The Knee amp the Lower Leg Role in Running

Transfer of energy spring mechanics

One lsquoconstantrsquo in the research Good knee flexion = reduction of injuries

Accepts large part of initial ground reaction

force (GFR) based on strike pattern

Key Players

Tibialis anterior

Gastroc (high speeds)

Soleus (lower speeds)

Tibia

30

Hips Hamstrings amp Quadriceps Role in Running

ldquoGird your loinsrdquo This is where power production arises

Largely dictate the placement of distal anatomy

Key Players

Ball amp Socket joint High mobility = need for high

stability

Glut Max high influence on force generation

Higher percentage of slow twitch fibers

Glut Med Pelvic stabilizer

Hamstrings your deccelerators knee flexors

Hip flexor flexibility

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 11: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

11

31

Lumbosacral Complex Role in Running

Your center of movement- it dictates where you go

Imagine a cannon on a canoe

Donrsquot be a wet noodle

Key Players

Transverse Abdominis your anatomical ldquocorsetrdquo Spinal neutral dictates

Kinesthetic sense

Overall economics

Oblique capacity to accept transverse forces

32

The Uppers (Thorax amp Upper Extremities) Role in Running

Keep rhythm (ldquoarm swingrdquo) Diagnostic tellers of compensation

Can dictate breathing pattern hence help control energy conservation

Key Players

Scapulothoracic mobility (shoulder blades thoracic kyphosis)

Diaphragm amp Ribcage (oft forgotten)

Chest breathers vs Belly breathers

Postural maintenance

33

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Potential amp Kinetic Energy A spring is an elastic object that stores potential (mechanical) energy and itrsquos efficacy is based on

transference to kinetic energy

Your legs are springs

A certain stiffness of the elasticity in a spring dictates its efficacy

Increasing forcespeed = increasing tendon stiffness

Mechanotransduction

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 12: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

12

34

Ligaments Tendons Fascia (Straws amp Springs)

Notice the similarities Collagen fibers main structural protein

in connective tissue

As a unit and in unison (in line)

greater stability takes place

Collagen fibers

35

Teamwork makes the dream work Getting to the point muscle tendons muscle groups and those little

components that make them up work better in sequence and with feedback

rather than in isolation

The ldquokinetic chainrdquo is a prime example of this OKC v CKC

Anterior

Posterior

Underutilized in many runners

Culturally influenced based on lifestyle

This is ldquobest biomechanicsrdquo

36

Abnormalities

(How much) do they matter

Use your clinical reasoning skills just as with anything else

A few notables

Spinal scoliosis Case in point Usain Bolt

Pes planus Current evidence trending more towards avoiding ldquocorrectiverdquo treatment

Accessory bones Navicular Fabella others

Transition vertebrae

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 13: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

13

37

Kinematics Walking Swing Phase (40 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (60 of gait cycle)

38

Kinematics Walking

ldquoForm prior to functionrdquo You impact your form your form

impacts you

Most basic form of exercise We canrsquot run until we can walk

Walking is made to be efficient

How do you walkhellip Barefoot (outdoors)

Barefoot (inside)

Shod

39

Kinematics Running Needs beyond walking

Elastic recoil legs are made to be springshellip not (stiff) rods Triplanar and Postural stability

More essential to the runner than the walker

Biomechanical efficiency

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 14: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

14

40

Running A Brief Summary

Swing Phase (60 of gait cycle)

Stance Phase (40 of gait cycle) Initial Contact (25) Midstance (40) Propulsion (35)

darr Time + uarr Force = Stress

Running is neuromuscular amp habitual not only biomechanical

Running is not static but lsquoplasticrsquo

Biomechanical Goals

Obtain symmetry

Optimize economy

Reduce bodily strain

41

(How much) do running mechanics matter

Some (hot button) talking points

Strike pattern

Barefoot only

Cadence

Magic of 180

ldquo(Over) pronationrdquo ldquoWe need to support your archrdquo

We will address these in this course

Letrsquos go to the research

42

Does a runnerrsquos strike pattern matter

Relationships among self-reported shoe type footstrike pattern and injury incidence Direct comparison of shod running vs barefoot running in regards to foot pain

Rearfoot and Midfootforefoot impacts in habitually shod runners Illustrates immediate effects of changing strike pattern

Changes in lower extremity movement and power absorption during forefoot striking and barefoot running Attention towards LE joint power absorption throughout gait styles Specific to RFS amp FFS

Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners Direct comparison of an array of habitual runners of several ages types Describes forces on lower extremity with educational descriptions

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 15: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

15

43

Summary Yes Goss Gross

Traditional shoe wearers were 264 times more likely to report foot injuries (P=001) and 284 times more likely to report ankle injuries (P=007) than experienced minimalist shoe runners

Running experience (years running) was significantly associated with injury incidence (P=046 n=721)

82 of those who changed their foot strike pattern reported formerly being a rearfoot striker 46 of these runners did so because of injury

Boyer et al Habitual FFS runners (199 plusmn 27) and subjects from the habitual RFS group

running with a FFS strike pattern (16 plusmn 32) were shown to have a decrease resultant impact peak

For both the loading rate and peak impact forefoot running had the biggest decrease in vertical forces which caused the resultant ground reaction force to be lower

44

Williams et al Peak ankle power absorption between conditions were significant

FFS resulted in the greatest (ndash958 plusmn 221 Wkg) Shod RFS resulted in the least (ndash572 plusmn 233 Wkg) BF ankle power absorption was found to be nearer the RFS but slightly

higher (ndash658 plusmn 170 Wkg)

Lieberman et al Even on hard surfaces barefoot runners with FFS generate less collision

force than shod RFS Impact force (at transient) 3x lower in FFS (058 plusmn 021 bodyweights) vs RFS

either barefoot (189 plusmn 072 body weights) or in shoes (174 plusmn 045 body weights)

FFS GRF torques foot around ankle reducing effective mass by converting translational KE into rotational KE

Strike pattern matters (because running biomechanics are important)

45

Changing Mechanics amp Loading Rate

Loading rate is implicated in Stress fractures plantar fasciitis

PFPS LBP others

Influencers of Loading rate (LR) Contact pattern

Limb stiffness versus elasticity

Addressing foot position cadence

limb stiffness posture can decrease

loading rate (objectively)

Force = Mass x Acceleration

darr loading rate = darrmicrotrauma

over time

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 16: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

16

46

Shod vs Barefoot Ground Reaction Force (GFRrsquos) Notice the Loading Rate

Impact transient

Consistent with the research

Important to note total force (N) is essentially the same but the rate is

what changes

47

Other biomechanics Joint Position

Close packed position of the LE ldquothe position in which there is maximum congruency of the articular surfaces

and joint stability is derived from the alignment of bonesrdquo Maximizing optimal joint biomechanics is another large factor in running

efficiency and capacity

Open-packed Position

bullPosition with the least amount joint

surface congruency

bullCapsule and support ligaments are lax

bullAccessory motion or joint play is

maximized

Close-packed Position

bullPosition with the most amount

of joint congruency

bullCapsule and supporting ligaments

maximally tight

bullAccessory motion is minimized

48

Video Analysis Examples

Shod- heel strike Shod- forefoot strike Barefoot- forefoot strike

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 17: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

17

49

What about Slow Jogging History Hiroaki Tanaka (Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity)

Important Findings

At a speed lower than 37 mph the energy expenditure for running is higher than

for walking but the degree of fatigue is the same

Running slowly requires double the energy expenditure necessary walk walking at

the same speed

Energy expenditure during running does not depend only on speed (necessarily)

Summary running well is attainable

EE walk=Distance(1)timesWeight()times05(kcal) 4-6 kmhr

EE run =Distance(1)timesWeight()times10(kcal) any speed

50

ldquoShould everybody runrdquo

NO

But could they

And in what way should they

51

Changing Kinematics

Known kinematics influence the runner

How much variability is within running

Training

Environment

Physiology

Biomechanics

Anthropometry

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 18: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

18

52

Kinematics of ldquoTriple Extensionrdquo

Hip

Extension

With IR bias

Knee

Extension

FootAnkle

Plantarflexion

Toe flexion

53

There are valuable benefits to altering gait

Itrsquos not just about the foot

Remember how you move matters

Each joint muscle group etc has a

specific purpose for a specific

outcome Research is on the hunt to discover

those details

Your clinical expertise (ldquolensrdquo) fine-

tunes the details for each patient

Maximize their use

54

There is a tendency for providers to focus on the

acute events (or mechanism of injury) opposed to causative

factors (intrinsic amp extrinsic) to the athlete

What kind of ldquolensrdquo should the provider have

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 19: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

19

55

Etiology of Running Injuries

80 of runners have or have had

injuries 70-80 occur from the knee down

Knee- 25

Lower leg- 20

Anklefoot- 1516

For a large portion of running

injuries everything we just

discussed often plays a large factor

in the runnerrsquos present symptoms Anatomy (and itrsquos appropriate use) Body type

Biomechanics

Red flags Female Athlete Triad

Cardiac arrhythmia

Hypertension

Induced asthma

Yellow flags Obesity

Diabetes

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Ultramarathoner

The Pediatric Runner

Headache

(Not all-inclusive)

56

Etiology of Running Injuries

Important risk factors Training miles

History of previous running injury

Inexperience

Intensity of training

High arches

Equivocal factors (ldquowishy washyrdquo) Mobility levels shoesorthotics

ldquohardwarerdquo malalignment surface type Unrelated

Sex running surface cross training time

of day warm-upcool-down

57

Injury Rates and the FIT Principle

Some injuries are worse than others

Some require ceasing running

Some require no actual training change

Most require modifications of state of life

How can we mitigate these rates With repeatable activities adjusting for Frequency

How often an activity occurs

Intensity How hard how much effort is put into an activity

Time The length of time or total amount of an activity

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 20: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

20

58

Load - Deformation Curve

When tissues are subjected to a specific force (stress) they are able to withstand a certain amount until they will deform (strain)

This relationship is the difference between stress and strain Toe elastic plastic amp

failuredeath

59

Etiology of Running Injuries

Letrsquos make a few points Running is predictable

Running is habitual

Running is changeable

Running is an essential human movement

Our anatomy use of anatomy and biomechanical principles influence

ability to run Kinematics training principles biological rulesnorms

Other factors that cannot (necessarily) be objectified also influence our

ability to run Pain psychology temperament etc

60

Some Injury Variables

Injury types

Tendinopathies

(Nerve) Entrapments

Strains amp Sprains

Exertional (acute chronic)

StressCarpal tunnel=

entrapment

Tibial stress

reaction

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 21: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

21

61

Common Running Injuries

Foot amp Ankle

Plantar fasciitis

Posterior tibial tendonosis

Peroneal tendonosis

Stress fracture

Talar immobility

Metatarsalgia (Mortonrsquos neuroma etc) Lower leg

(See above)

Compartment syndrome

Achilles tendonosis

Medial tibial stress syndrome (lsquoshin splintrdquo)

62

Common Running Injuries

Knee

ldquoRunnerrsquos kneerdquo (PFPS) Patellar tendonitis

Degenerative (OA etc)

HipLeg

IT Band Syndrome

Hamstring tendonosisstrain

(Internal hip)

Low back

Non-specific

SI joint dysfunction

RadiatingReferred

63

Pain What is it

Defined physical suffering that accompanies a bodily disorder

How do we understand it Itrsquos a little complicated The biopsychosocial model is one model of understanding pain etc

Some interesting factors affecting pain Sleep and pain

ldquoThe pain of sleep losshelliprdquo Memory of pain induced by physical exercise

ldquoIf a painful activity produces outcomes of value positive emotions result and these emotions seem to help ensure that pain does not prevent us from doing it againrdquo

It found that marathon runners underestimated their pain one week one month three

months and six months post-race

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 22: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

22

64

Neuroplasticity

What is it Your brain changes reorganizes and

forms new neural pathways throughout

your life

If an area of the brain is stimulated

regularly and used routinely it can grow in

both size and in the number of neuronal

connections

The homunculus ldquolittle personrdquo Point of the matter

Pain is real but largely dictated by

the complexity of being human

65

The Biopsychosocial Model

Thanks George Engel 3 Parts

Biological

Psychological

Social

A good way to organize an otherwise

highly complicated system

What is missing Conclusiveness of Cochrane Reviews

in Physiotherapy A systematic search and analytic review

66

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 23: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

23

67

What is your (runnerrsquos) goal

The goal is

usually a

combination of

ldquobothandrdquo

Prehabilitation the STRIDE Model amp

Elements of Running

What wersquoll cover Prehabilitation

ldquoThe Periodic Table of Running Elementsrdquo

STRIDE Model

69

Climbing the mountain Knowing what we know and using that base to apply towards the runner

prophylactically can accomplish the two main goals Minimizing Injury

Maximizing Performance

Balance is key

Using a model that properly organizes concepts truths and allows for

practical outcomes are essential to reaching a runnerrsquos goals (or a providers goals) This is the background of the STRIDE Model

Grouping what we know into elements is

also helpful to orchestrate in treatment

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 24: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

24

70

Exercise is prophylactic

What is our role preventatively

A PT is a movement specialist Orthopedic

Neurological

Pediatric

Acutely

Etc etc etc

What do we do We donrsquot give the profession

enough credit nor ourselves

Teach what we specialize in

Read the literature Every day it seems another study

proves the efficacy importance

of movement and exercise

Battling the opioid epidemic

Battling the social issue of

isolation

Teach the literature ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo There is a balance of running

exercise and modernity (how we

get our food to work etc)

71

Prehabilitation is Valid amp Essential

If you knew the cure to a massive epidemic

wouldnrsquot you share it We have the knowledge the tools the

resources to share that will objectively and

subjectively benefit society and culture

In regards to running using main elements as

a bias of prehabilitation results in the great

potential to do the following

Reduce injury risk (not just about pre-surgery)

Improve performance

Increase patientathlete potential

72

Elements of the Runner

What are you made of

What do you need

5 Main Elemental Groups Mobility

Stability

Strength

Power

Endurance

How do your ldquoelementsrdquo relate to one another

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 25: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

25

73

Mobility how much is too much

Can we have too much Yes (go back to body type)

How much do you need Just enough

Considerations Length-Tension Curve

Mechanotransduction

Every - body has a unique need

74

Stability of the body

How to we gain it

Categories Dynamic

Muscles amp tendons (we have

control over this)

Static

The joint itself

Stability is neuromuscular Stability is an ability

75

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 26: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

26

76

What happens when you mix the two

77

Strength amp Power

Stability comes first

Strength The ability to exert force on an object

Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Isokinetic etc

Power Strength plus speed

High intensity resistance training =

improvement in running economy

Fine tunes amp Refines neuromuscular

control

78

Endurance

ldquoTo suffer something patientlyrdquo Sufferance resilience constitution

fortitude hardiness

In biology ldquoThe ability of an organism to exert

itself and remain active for a long period

of time as well as its ability to resist

withstand recover from and have

immunity to trauma wounds or

fatiguerdquo

For the runnerhellip self explanatory But at what cost do you sacrifice the

other elements

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 27: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

27

79

The Runnerrsquos ldquoNon-Negotiablesrdquo Best use of the 5 elements (mobility stability strength power endurance)

1) Getting the hip behind you

2) Posture and core control

3) Landing under COM

For the endurance runner these factors maximize the kinematic and

biomechanical capacity when it comes to running well Similar to orchestrating the mechanical parts of train wheels

How do we achieve these

Therersquos a difference between long-distance running sprinting and running

within another sport

80

81

What is the STRIDE Running Clinic

ldquoThe STRIDE Running Clinic is a program created to give any runner a better understanding of proper running biomechanics that can be integrated in any

running circumstance This facilitates rapid recovery of injuries assists in prevention of further injury and improves overall athletic performancerdquo

HAPPENINGS

Proper posture power development endurance

Cadence and loading rate

Form amp symmetry (video analysis)

Shoe assessmentorthotic assessment

Running economy and performance education

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 28: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

28

82

S T R I D E has meaning

S Strike (Stride)ldquoWhen the foot hits the ground everything changesrdquo

T TactilityTouchSurface shoes slope etc What do you feel

R RhythmRateCadence matters

I IntensityMore than just biomechanics heart rate BORG and form may worsen

D DiscernmentHow do you feel overall What are your goals

E EconomyOverall review Mostly to run distance you must be economical Are you

83

STRIKE

When the foot hits the ground

everything changes

Your foot is the foundation

Landing too far in front = ______

Goal land closest to your COM

Other tips Listen to audio cues

Symmetry

Need all of your ldquoelementsrdquo

Go back to foot kinematics

84

TACTILITY

Your foot is (also) a sensory organ Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Meissners amp Pacinian corpuscles

Merkel amp Ruffini corpuscles

What happens when we donrsquot feel Neuropathy (exists from shoewear)

CRPS

Why do we cover them up

Increased proprioception and ms

activation helps reduce injury likelihood

Your feet are (or have the ability to be)

strong

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 29: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

29

85

86

Shoes amp Your Feet Shoes influence everything you feel (and

do) when you runTheyrsquore like a filterEver play the game telephone

Shoe goal provide shock absorption amp

pronation (or supination) control to

stabilize the foot

Why Let the foot do the work

Feet are mobile stable strong and

transport power extremely wellAre they made to last Yes

Letrsquos be clear we still need something for our feet

87

When does maximal pronation occur (Dicharry et al JOST 2009)

Spoiler Just after midstance

Shoe industry has made stabilizers in shoes to support at mid-stance

This is important to consider when prescribing shoes Materials designed in lots of shoes (designed to ldquostoprdquo

pronationoverpronation) are not actually touching the ground when most ldquoneededrdquo

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 30: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

30

88

Shoes donrsquot stabilize the foot Your foot is the

Bridge Foundation Dynamic stabilizer Sensor

89

Shoes are

Tools filters protectors fashion statements

ldquoThe shoe was made for the foot not the other way aroundrdquo

Temporary

What are your goals

To serve the footrsquos function Letrsquos talk about salt baths Balance does not equal proprioception

People are organic Shoes are inorganic

See the infographic (over to the right)

Quick tip shoe liner test

90

So should I run barefoot (Or in minimal shoes)

A few points Find the right ldquofilterrdquo

A bad filter just promotes bad habits

Form changes that occur while running barefoot are more powerful than sticking coverings on your feet

Aside from the biologicalhellip Can you be patient What are your goals Why

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 31: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

31

91

RHYTHM

Your legs are springs

You have the capacity to

smoothly carry 25 - 28x your

body weight every step during

running How Ifhellip

80 of energy is used during

stance phase in running

It costs more energy to raise

the body up and down than to

cover horizontal distance

Who knows why

92

The beauty of how yoursquore made Potential amp Kinetic Energy

Letrsquos go back to Mechanotransduction

Elasticity vs Stiffness

Elastic recoil

There is an optimal cadence window

both too long and too short of stance

time increases muscle work

Improving elasticity is another

component (springs)

93

3 Hertz amp A Good Pendulum Swing

The ldquomagic of 180rdquo

Whatrsquos the objective difference between a beautiful symphony

orchestra and someone playing

a musical instrument for the first

time

Rhythm

There is no single cadence

effective for everyone

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 32: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

32

94

INTENSITY

Intensity = power per unit of area

Power = amount of energy used over

time (force x velocity)

Biomechanics fail when energy stores

falter Increasing intensity = Decreasing sustenance

HR a factor

Biomechanics also influence this Horizontal movement v Vertical movement

95

3 Points of Intensity

Target Heart Rate 220 - (age)

55 to 85 as target

Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) The Borg Scale

ldquo8020 Rulerdquo For training 80 at low intensity

ldquoTrain slow to race fastrdquo

96

3 Points of Intensity (VO2 Max)

HIIT Training ldquoTo maximize the training effects on

VO2max long-interval (ge2min) high-

volume (ge15min) and moderate to long-

term (ge4-12weeks) HIIT are

recommendedrdquo (Wen et al)

Cooper test Run as far as possible in 12

minutes

(3597 x miles) - 1129

(22351 x kilos) - 11288

= VO2 Max

MAF Test (Max Aerobic Function)

Used with ldquo180 Formulardquo

coopertestchartcom

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 33: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

33

97

180 FormulaFinding maximum aerobic training HR

1 Subtract your age from 180

2 Modify this number by selecting the category that best matches your fitness and

health profilea If you have or are recovering from a major illness (heart disease any operation or hospital

stay etc) or are on any regular medication subtract an additional 10

b If you are injured have regressed in training or competition get more than two colds or bouts

of flu per year have allergies or asthma or if you have been inconsistent or are just getting

back into training subtract an additional 5

c If you have been training consistently (at least four times weekly) for up to two years without

any of the problems in (a) and (b) keep the number (180ndashage) the same

d If you have been training for more than two years without any of the problems in (a) and (b)

and have made progress in competition without injury add 5philmaffetonecommaf-test

98

DISCERNMENT ldquoMatter mattersrdquo What does it mean to be human

Animals run so besides biologically

whatrsquos the difference We ask questions

Discernment is the key

Nobody knows your body like you

Education continues to be a major

factor in positive patient outcomes If we can teach best practice our runners

will become better safer runners

Decision making is the difference and

discernment is the guidepost

99

The Self-Examination

Five areas to Examine Whole Movement Mobility amp Stability

Tissue Mobility

Joint Stability

Strength

Power

Remember the ldquobiopsychosocial model +rdquo Discernment is the guidepost that helps a

runner simplify all of the details noise and

other influences into two constant options 1) Is this good for me and will help me become a

better version of myself

2) Is my capacity to be a healthy runner being

hindered by this

From the literature

Do mind over muscle strategies

work Examining the effects of

attentional association and

dissociation on exertional

affective and physiological

responses to exercise

Altering Pace Control and Pace

Regulation Attentional Focus

Effects during Running

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 34: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

34

100

Self-Examination Quick Screens

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

SL Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

101

ECONOMY

Definition ldquoprudent management of available resourcesrdquo Biologically speaking (RE) Running

economy

Humanly speaking therersquos more to the mix

Breathing capacity Long list of resources

Heart HRR HRV Max Resting etc

And the rest of the like Itrsquos how well you use all the rest of this

102

ECONOMY

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 35: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

35

103

Rehabilitation of the Injured

Runner What wersquoll cover

STRIDE Evaluation

Common Running Injuries

Corrective Exercises in Theory

Case Study

Designing a Rehab Plan

105

STRIDE Evaluation

Demographics amp Functional Outcomes UWRI

Subjective Review

Table amp Manual Exam

Functional Assessment

Shoe Assessment

Video Gait Analysis

Education

Intervention

Review amp Follow Up

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 36: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

36

106STRIDE Evaluation Form

107

Table Exam

Foot amp Ankle 1st MTP Flexion Ankle DF

Navicular

Hip FADDIR FABER Craig Scour

Thomas Ober

Core Control

Bridge Test TVA

Thoracolumbar VCT Asymmetrical ROM

Palpation Notable areas of symptoms

Manual Muscle Test

ldquoSuccess is peace of mind which is a direct result of self-satisfaction in

knowing you did your best to become

the best you are capable of becomingrdquo (John Wooden)

Yoursquoll (in part) have to set your own

standards for your particular place

population and preferences

108

Quick Screens amp Functional Assessment

Quick Screens

Ankle Toe dorsiflexion Mobility

Half-kneeling hip extension Hip extension mobility

Vertical compression test (VCT) Posture stability

Bridge Test Hamstring amp Glut max stability

Single Leg Squat Lower quarter stability

Jump screen Landing mechanics stability

Lunge w overhead reach Overhead reach mobility

Functional Assessment

Subtalar Joint Neutral

Single Leg Stance Stability comparison ldquoSwing Testrdquo

RearfootForefoot control Posterior tibialis tendon

Isolation of FHBEHB Foot intrinsics

SL Squat ampo Step Down 6 Part Scale

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 37: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

37

109

Whatrsquos your score6 Point Scale (SL Squat Step Down)

Hands come off hips

Trunk shift

Pelvic drop

Knee dives medial to 2nd toe

Elevation of medial arch

LOB6 - x = ____

Good (5-6)

Fair (3-4)

Poor (lt3)

110

Quick Assessment Video

111

A Helpful Return to Running Assessment

5 minute test (with 30rdquo rest between)

Single Leg Squat (30rdquo ea leg) 9090 Squat Hold (60rdquo) Step-Up Test (30rdquo ea leg) 160 beatsmin Plank (60rdquo) Standing SL Hop 2rdquo height 160 beatsmin

Taken from Blaise Williams at the UVA SPEED Clinic

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 38: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

38

112

Video Analysis Common Running Deficits

Pelvic Drop Hip abductors rotators

Dynamic Valgus Hip abdadd IR (over)pronation

Overstriding Stride cadence strike pattern

Excessive trunk lean Running in the backseat Toilet bowl of doom Core training hip EXT Hip flex

Some considerations

Whatrsquos the point of video analysis

Why donrsquot we watch in real-time

What are the benefits of 2D vs 3D analysis

113

Common Running Deficits

Limited hip extension Gluteals core training

Crossing midline Stride hip control pronators

Over-rotation Tight hips vs tight lumbopelvic

Over pronation Weak intrinsics (see above)

Whatrsquos wrong with this photo

114

Some Common Deficits

Limited hip extension + ________Pelvic drop + ______

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 39: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

39

115

Some Common Deficits

(Probable) Dynamic valgusOverstriding

116

Some Common Deficits

Forward trunk leanCrossover gait

117

Running Deficiencies Video

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 40: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

40

118

Rehabilitation Principles

Could Forrest Gump have possibly survived his epic run

119

Rehabilitation Principles

Most injuries result from the ldquotoo fastrdquo ldquotoo earlyrdquo ldquotoo muchrdquo approach Acclimatization is your specialty

ldquoProgressions within parametersrdquo

ldquoForm before functionrdquo Itrsquos cyclical in nature Form leads to a (certain) function and function reinforces

particular movement patterns

Eccentrics and their role In brief 2x the demand on a muscle as concentric strengthening

Helps ldquofree uprdquo stickiness Loading

What type of anatomy is being stressed (Not strained)

Tissue glide ldquoMotion is lotionrdquo

120

Graded Exposure

We adapt (over time) to the demands imposed on us

SAID Principle Specific

Adaptation to

Imposed

Demands

Goals To continue to increase stress (good) over an acclimatized model in order to

stimulate adaptation but avoid injury (strain)

Let the body- let yourself- gain ldquogood newsrdquo about the activity

More often than not we are not overworked but under-rested How do we maximally recover

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 41: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

41

121

Rehabilitation Principles

When beginning Where is the patient at

Fitness level

SorenessTolerance

Symptoms

What disruptive factors are in place

Progressions Pain

Intensity

Joint Angle

How does the patient tolerate each set

RPE (Rate of perceived exertion)

Easy 4-6

Moderate 5-7

Hard 7-10

Sets Easy 1-2

Moderate 2-3

Hard 3-5

Reps 12 10 8 for strength

30 20 15 for endurance

RER (ldquoReps in reserverdquo) Wean from 5 down

122

Specific Exercise Progressions

Tissue Mobility

Soft tissue glide

Calf Smash

Soleus smash

Release w eccentrics

Calf HS HF

Piriformis mobilization

Stability

Transverse Abdominis control

Pigeon hip extension

Donkey kicks

Fantastic Five for the hip

FHB Isolation

SL Balance

ldquoChair of deathrdquo

123

Specific Exercise Progressions

Strength

PB Triad

PB Pike

PB Quadruped

FB SS kicks walks

Windshield Wipers

SL Deadlifts

Russian Twist

Rotisserie Chicken

SL Hip Adduction (Plank)

Power

Ninja jump series

Lateral jumps

Star hops

Drop fall and push

Olympic lifts

Squats

Deadlift

Power clean jerk

Push-press

Metronome march jump rope

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 42: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

42

124

Specific Exercise Progressions

Endurance

Single leg stance variations

DL Hops Jump Rope

Runnerrsquos March Holds SL Hops

Hills

(UVA Assessment)

125

Training Toys

How much do you (really) need

Whatrsquos the runnerrsquos desiregoal(s)

Some versatile ldquotoysrdquo Ball

Body

Brain

Get out there

126

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 43: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

43

127

128

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Bias)

129

Specific Exercises (Hip EXT Recruitment)

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 44: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

44

130

Specific Exercises(Hamstring Bias Gluteals)

131

Specific Exercises(Lumbopelvic stability Foot stability)

132

When it comes to patient communication

If your patient canrsquot apply it itrsquos (almost) worthless Running is a very habitual sport

ldquoAltering Pace Control and Pace Regulationrdquo Article ldquoAttentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt

task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performancerdquo

Gait cues should be Easily understandable

Easily applicable

Time location pace etc

Felt

STRIDE Strike Tactility Rhythm Intensity Discernment Economy

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 45: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

45

133

Letrsquos Review

Phase I Basic Anatomy

Running vs Walking Kinematics

Biomechanicals

Etiology of Injuries

Biopsychosocial Model

Phase II Prehabilitation

STRIDE Model

Elements needed for running well

Phase III STRIDE Evaluation Walkthrough

Common Running Deficits

Injury Prevention amp

Corrective Exercises

134

Case Study 1

42 yo male

History of running recent change in lifestyle moved from East Coast

LBP unrelated to running but persisting during gait

CC ldquono pain during run but afterwardrdquo Lumbosacral assessment stiffness with FW flexion

Denies tenderness

Symptoms resolved w ADLrsquos but remain with increasing running distance

Table Exam MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L

Tight Achilles amp Hallux (10 deg B 15 deg B respectively)

(+) Bridge Test

135

Case Study 1

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean

Cadence 158 stepsmin

Limited hip extension

Heel strike

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 46: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

46

136

Designing your Rehab Concepts

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

137

Case Study 2

16 yo female XC amp Trackster local HS no hx of prior injury Ran half-marathon in place of her brother last Fall wo training

L hip pain (anterior) mid-race persistent up to visit painful ldquosnappingrdquo in hip Worsens w increasing distance speed

Imaging negative (hip)

Table Exam Painful palpation to Psoas (L)

MMT 4-5 gluteus medius L 45 gluteus maximus L 4-5 internal rotators L

(+) Bridge Test (+) Elyrsquos (+) Thomas tests

138

Case Study 2

Movement pattern deficits Hip flexion bias on overhead lunge

+ VCT

Video Gait Analysis FW trunk lean increased lordosis limited hip extension lands anterior to COM

Pelvic drop on R L overpronation Heel striker

Cadence 167 stepsmin

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 47: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

47

139

Rehab Concepts (repeated)

Whatrsquos the etiology

How would you explain this

What would you prescribe

How would you discuss this with your runner

In 2-4 weeks

What do you expect to change

What would you alterprogress

What are your next steps

140

What else

Specific Rehabilitation Principles for the Runner

STRIDE in Detail

Prehabilitation Principles for Running Well

141

Questions

Chance Unger PT DPT OCS ATC

chanceungergmailcom

striderunningcliniccom

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 48: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

48

142

ReferencesUS Army Med Dept J 2012 (Oct-Dec) 25-30Relationships Among Self-reported Shoe Type Footstrike Pattern and Injury IncidenceGoss DL Gross MT

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise 2013Rearfoot and MidfootForefoot Impacts in Habitually Shod RunnersBoyer ER Rooney BD Derrick TR

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2012 7(5) 525Changes in Lower Extremity Movement and Power Absorption During Footstrike and Barefoot RunningBlaise Williams III DS Green DH Wurzinger B

Nature 463 531-5Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runnersLieberman DE Venkadesan M Werbel WA Daoud AI DAndrea S Davis IS Mangeni RO Pitsiladis Y (2010)

httpwwwbarefootrunningfasharvardedu4BiomechanicsofFootStrikehtmlBiomechanics of Foot Strike amp Application to Running Barefoot or in Minimal FootwearHarvard Barefoot Running

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during RunningBrick et al

143

Sports Med 2018 May48(5)1117-1149 doi 101007s40279-017-0835-7

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance A Systematic

Review

Blagrove RC12 Howatson G34 Hayes PR3

Journal of Biomechanics 76 (2018) 1ndash7

Acute changes in foot strike pattern and cadence affect running parameters associated with tibial stress fractures

Jennifer R Yong a Amy Silder b Kate L Montgomery b Michael Fredericson c Scott L Delp

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018 Nov48(11)873-877 doi 102519jospt20188169 Epub 2018 Jun 22

How Do Novice Runners With Different Body Mass Indexes Begin a Self-chosen Running Regime

Bertelsen ML Hansen M Rasmussen S Nielsen RO

Clin Rheumatol 2018 Sep37(9)2497-2504 doi 101007s10067-018-4121-3 Epub 2018 May 4

Running does not increase symptoms or structural progression in people with knee osteoarthritis data from the osteoarthritis

initiative

Lo GH12 Musa SM3 Driban JB4 Kriska AM5 McAlindon TE4 Souza RB6 Petersen NJ3 Storti KL7 Eaton CB8 Hochberg MC9

Jackson RD10 Kwoh CK11 Nevitt MC12 Suarez-Almazor ME13

References

144

Sports Med 2013 Dec43(12)1335-53 doi 101007s40279-013-0084-3

The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis

Hall JP1 Barton C Jones PR Morrissey D

Gait Posture 2017 Oct58240-245 doi 101016jgaitpost201708005 Epub 2017 Aug 9

Changes in gluteal muscle forces with alteration of footstrike pattern during running

Vannatta CN1 Kernozek TW2 Gheidi N3

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015 Oct45(10)738-55 doi 102519jospt20156019 Epub 2015 Aug 24

Biomechanical Differences of Foot-Strike Patterns During Running A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Almeida MO1 Davis IS Lopes AD

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 879ndash886

Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation Attentional Focus Effects during Running

BRICK NOEL E CAMPBELL MARK J METCALFE RICHARD S MAIR JACQUELINE L MACINTYRE TADHG E

Medicine amp Science in Sports amp Exercise May 2016 - Volume 48 - Issue 5 - p 860ndash868

Sensory Enhancing Insoles Modify Gait during Inclined Treadmill Walking with Load

MIRANDA DANIEL L HSU WEN-HAO PETERSEN KELSEY FITZGIBBONS STACEY NIEMI JAMES LESNIEWSKI-LAAS NICHOLAS

WALSH CONOR J

References

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources

Page 49: ESSENTIAL CLINICAL CONCEPTS IN BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS ...

49

145

J Sci Med Sport 2018 Jun21(6)574-578 doi 101016jjsams201709593 Epub 2017 Oct 6

The influence of cadence and shoes on patellofemoral joint kinetics in runners with patellofemoral pain

Bonacci J1 Hall M2 Fox A3 Saunders N3 Shipsides T4 Vicenzino B5

J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 5 64(5) 472ndash481

Leisure-Time Running Reduces All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Risk

Duck-chul Lee PhD Russell R Pate PhDdagger Carl J Lavie MDDagger Xuemei Sui MD PhDdagger Timothy S Church MD PhDsect and Steven N

Blair PED

Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2017 Jun - Jul60(1)45-55 doi 101016jpcad201703005 Epub 2017 Mar 30

Running as a Key Lifestyle Medicine for Longevity

Lee DC1 Brellenthin AG2 Thompson PD3 Sui X4 Lee IM5 Lavie CJ6

Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2015 Mar10(2)172-7 doi 101123ijspp2014-0041 Epub 2014 Jul 8

The self-paced VO2max test to assess maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained runners

Hogg JS1 Hopker JG Mauger AR

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013 Dec38(12)1211-6 doi 101139apnm-2012-0384 Epub 2013 Jun 6

The efficacy of the self-paced VO2max test to measure maximal oxygen uptake in treadmill running

Mauger AR1 Metcalfe AJ Taylor L Castle PC

References

146

Thank you amp a few resources