P R E S E N T E D B Y

M A RYA M E S K A N D A R J O U Y

2 0 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 3

ESP T-Kit on Fishery

Objectives

Understand the concept of Fishery in general

Be able to identify different fishery types

Be familiar with the term “fish” in science

Be able to apply fishery technical words to use in real world

Fishery

Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some

authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the

"people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats,

purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a

combination of fish and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear

types.

A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or

aquaculture. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing

countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture. Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond

sustainable levels, is reducing fish stocks and employment in many world regions. If fisheries are

poorly managed, environmental impacts go unchecked. Unsustainable fishing practices put seafood

resources and fishing livelihoods at risk – the United Nations FAO estimates that 11 of the world's

15 major fishing areas, and 69 percent of the world's major fish species, are in decline and in need

of urgent management.

The term “fish”

In biology – the term fish is most strictly used to describe any animal with

a backbone that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape

of fins. Many types of aquatic animals commonly referred to as fish are not fish in

this strict sense; examples include shellfish, cuttlefish, starfish, crayfish and jellyfish.

In earlier times, even biologists did not make a distinction — sixteenth century

natural historians classified also seals, whales, amphibians, crocodiles,

even hippopotamuses, as well as a host of aquatic invertebrates, as fish.

True fish – The strict biological definition of a fish, above, is sometimes called a

true fish. True fish are also referred to as finfish or fin fish to distinguish them from

other aquatic life harvested in fisheries or aquaculture.

Types

Fisheries are harvested for their value. They can be saltwater or freshwater, wild or farmed.

Examples are the salmon fishery of Alaska, the cod fishery off the Lofoten islands, the tuna fishery of

the Eastern Pacific, or the shrimp farm fisheries in China. Capture fisheries can be broadly classified

as industrial scale, small-scale or artisanal, and recreational.

Close to 90% of the world’s fishery catches come from oceans and seas, as opposed to inland waters.

These marine catches have remained relatively stable since the mid-nineties (between 80 and 86

million tons).

Most fisheries are wild fisheries, but farmed fisheries are increasing. Farming can occur in coastal

areas, such as with oyster farms, but more typically occur inland, in lakes, ponds, tanks and other

enclosures.

There are species fisheries worldwide for finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, and by

extension, aquatic plants such as kelp. However, a very small number of species support the majority

of the world’s fisheries. Some of these species are herring, cod, anchovy, tuna, flounder,

mullet, squid, shrimp, salmon, crab, lobster, oyster and scallops. All except these last four provided a

worldwide catch of well over a million tons in 1999, with herring and sardines together providing a

harvest of over 22 million metric tons in 1999. Many other species are harvested in smaller numbers.

Overfishing

Overfishing is the act whereby fish stocks are depleted to unacceptable levels, regardless of

water body size. Low biological growth rates and critically low biomass levels result from

overfishing. For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine

ecosystems.

The ability of a fishery to recover from overfishing depends on whether the ecosystem’s

conditions are suitable for the recovery. Dramatic changes in species composition can result

in an ecosystem shift, where other equilibrium energy flows involve species compositions

different from those that had been present before the depletion of the original fish stock. For

example, once trout have been overfished, carp might take over in a way that makes it

impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population.

Vocabulary Bank

Fishery

Definition

the occupation or industry of catching,

 processing, or selling fish or shellfish.

Sample sentence

The marine fishery  is in steep decline

 or even collapse.

Fish

Definition

a limbless cold-blooded vertebrate

animal with gills and fins and living

wholly in water.

Sample sentence

The fossils rarely exhibited any traces 

of the soft tissues of fish .

Fisherman

Definition

A person who catches fish

for a living or for sport.

Sample sentence

Earthworms are then moved to the

surface, much to the fisherman 's delight.

Overfishing

Definition

Deplete the stock of fish in (a body of

water) by too much fishing.

Sample sentence

Years of badly managed and overfishing 

 has left tuna in a parlous state.

Back bone

Definition

The series of vertebrae extending from

the skull to the pelvis; the spine.

Sample sentence

Cut off head and tail and remove fish 

from backbone .

Gill

Definition

The respiratory organ of aquatic animals,

 as fish, that breathe oxygen dissolved

 in water.

Sample sentence

Your fish doesn't have lungs, and gills  

only work in water.

Fin

Definition

A flattened appendage on various parts of

the body of many aquatic vertebrates and

some invertebrates, including fish and

cetaceans, used for propelling, steering, and

balancing.

Sample sentence

The two subspecies differ in color

 and size of their dorsal fin .

Aquatic animals

Definition

An aquatic animal is an animal, either

vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in

water for most or all of its life.

Sample sentence

Aquatic animals are subject to pressure

from overfishing.

Cuttlefish

Definition

A swimming marine mollusk that

resembles a broad squid, having eight

arms and two long tentacles that are

used for

Sample sentence

Among the invertebrates the octopus,

 squid and cuttlefish  are rather brainy.

grabbing prey.

Shellfish

Definition

An aquatic shelled mollusk or a crustacean

esp. one that is edible.

Sample sentence

Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and 

shellfish  tend to be lifelong.

Starfish

Definition

A marine echinoderm with five or more

radiating arms. The undersides of the arms

bear tube feet for locomotion and, in

predatory species, for opening the shells of

mollusks.

Sample sentence

It seems to me that the outbreak of 

crown-of thorns starfish  is a natural event.

Crayfish

Definition

A nocturnal freshwater crustacean that

resembles a small lobster and inhabits

streams and rivers.

Sample sentence

The predators feed on other fish, as well 

as small amounts of crab and crayfish .

Jellyfish

Definition

A free-swimming marine coelenterate

with a jellylike bell- or saucer-shaped

body that is typically transparent and

has stinging tentacles around the edge.

Sample sentence

Their nets are trapping jellyfish : giant, 

gelatinous,wobbly and worthless.

Seal

Definition

A diverse group of semi-aquatic

marine mammals many of which are

commonly called seals

Sample sentence

Crops will spread north as seal  hunters

 become farmers.

Whale

A very large marine mammal with a

streamlined hairless body, a horizontal tail

fin, and a blowhole on top of the head for

breathing.

Sample sentence

There is no eel so small but it hopes to

 become a whale .

Amphibians

Definition

A cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class

that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and

salamanders.

Sample sentence

There is some chemical that can get into

groundwater and it's bad for fish and

 amphibians.

Crocodile

Definition

A large predatory semi-aquatic reptile with

long jaws, long tail, short legs, and a horny

textured skin, using submersion and stealth

to approach prey unseen.

Sample sentence

Among others at risk: wild ginseng, 

orchids and the crocodile  newt.

Hippopotamus

Definition

A large thick-skinned semi-aquatic African

mammal, with massive jaws and large

tusks.

Sample sentence

They were found among stone tools 

and butchered hippopotamus  bones.

Salmon

Definition

A large edible fish that is a popular

game fish, much prized for its pink

flesh. Salmon mature in the sea but

Migrate to freshwater streams to spawn.

Sample sentence

Salmon  in all their varieties are a 

great resource for humanity.

Cod

Definition

Cod is the common name for the genus

Gadus of demersal fishes, belonging to

the family Gadidae.

Sample sentence

In the autumn the dried cod  was stored

 in depots and sometimes used as

 payment.

Tuna

Definition

A large and active predatory schooling

fish of the mackerel family.

Sample sentence

The fishing potential, mostly lobster 

and tuna , is not fully exploited.

Mollusks

Definition

An invertebrate of a large phylum that

includes snails, slugs, mussels, and

octopuses. They have a soft,

unsegmented body and live in aquatic

or damp habitats.

Sample sentence

All cephalopod mollusks  with three

 hearts are carnivorous.

Crustaceans

Definition

A n arthropod of the large, mainly

aquatic group Crustacean, such as a

crab, lobster, shrimp, or barnacle.

Sample sentence

Flamingoes, for instance, extract

 pink pigments from algae and

 crustaceans. 

Echinoderm

Definition

A marine invertebrate of the

phylum Echinodermata, such as a

starfish, sea urchin, or sea cucumber.

Sample sentence

It is an echinoderm  which have

 radial symmetry because of its

 embryonic development.

Kelp

Definition

A large brown seaweed that typically

has a long, tough stalk with a broad

frond divided into strips.

Sample sentence

Sea otters eat sea urchins and sea 

urchins eat kelp .

Herring

Definition

A silvery fish that is most abundant in

coastal waters and is of great

commercial importance as a food fish in

many parts of the world.

Sample sentence

In my view, juxtaposing these two

 choices is a red herring.

Anchovy

Definition

A small shoaling fish of commercial

importance as a food fish and as bait.

It is strongly flavored and is usually

preserved in salt and oil.

Sample sentence

Try the fried artichokes and a spicy

 anchovy bread sauce.

Flounder

Definition

Demersal fish found at the

bottom of coastal lagoons and

estuaries of the Northern Atlantic

and Pacific Oceans.

Sample sentence

Flounder are a group of

flatfish species.

Mullet

Definition

A chiefly marine fish that is widely

caught for food.

Sample sentence

Mullet are so profuse they will literally

 jump into a fisherman's boat.

Squid

Definition

An elongated, fast-swimming

cephalopod mollusk with ten arms,

typically able to change color.

Sample sentence

Feeding habits cobia feed primarily

 on crabs, squid and other fish.

Shrimp

Definition

A small free-swimming crustacean

with an elongated body, typically

marine and frequently harvested for

food.

Sample sentence

There is also a thriving fishing

 industry, providing shrimp

  and oysters.

Crab

Definition

A crustacean with a broad carapace,

stalked eyes, and five pairs of legs, the

first pair of which are modified as

pincers.

Sample sentence

No crab  has ever been attacked by a

 truck when standing outside its burrow.

Lobster

Definition

A large marine crustacean with a

cylindrical body, stalked eyes, and the

first of its five pairs of limbs modified

as pincers.

Sample sentence

There's no better way to enjoy lobster’s

 pure flavor than to have it boiled.

Oyster

Definition

Any of a number of bivalve mollusks

with rough irregular shells.

Sample sentence

Therefore the first preparation was 

made for the oyster .

Scallops

Definition

An edible bivalve mollusk with a

ribbed fan-shaped shell. 

Sample sentence

Tales of skate wings cut into circles

 and sold as scallops  are common.

Sardine

Definition

A young pilchard or other young or small

herring like fish.

Sample sentence

The looters may have found a few old 

sardine cans but not much else.

Biomass

Definition

The total mass of organisms in a

given area or volume.

Sample sentence

Conversion of biomass to bio fuel

can be achieved by different

methods which are broadly classified

into: thermal, chemical, and

biochemical methods.

Ecosystem

Definition

A biological community of

interacting organisms and their

physical environment.

Sample sentence

Wildebeests, also known as gnus, 

shape the ecosystem as they move.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing

Thank You