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ESMAP-SME: Final Report on Bolivia PicoPV

Kilian Reiche – November 2009

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Contents…

I. PICO PV SYSTEMS: A NEW MARKET FOR BOLIVIA ........................................................... 4

1. DEMAND: THE BOLIVIA FIELD SURVEY ........................................................................................... 5 A. WHICH PRODUCT DID USERS PREFER? .................................................................................................. 8 B. WHICH PRICES DID USERS INDICATE? ................................................................................................. 12 C. HOW DID LAMPS PERFORM IN THE FIELD, UNDER REAL LIFE CONDITIONS? ......................................... 15 D. HOW MUCH TRADITIONAL FUEL MIGHT BE REPLACED?....................................................................... 16 2. SUPPLY .............................................................................................................................................. 18 A. GLOBAL SUPPLIERS: ARE PICOPV PRODUCTS WITH SUFFICIENT QUALITY? ........................................ 18 B. NATIONAL SUPPLY CHAIN: WHO WILL SELL THE PICOPV LAMPS? ....................................................... 22 3. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 27 A. QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................. 27 B. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY ................................................................................................................. 28 C. MARKET DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT OPTIONS ....................................................................................... 29

IV. OUTLOOK: PICOPV MARKET DEVELOPMENT TO BE FUNDED BY GPOBA, IDTR

AND GTZ ............................................................................................................................................. 30

IV. APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................... 31

BOLIVIA ESMAP SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 31 BOLIVIA ESMAP: FIELD SURVEY INSTRUMENTS (GTZ AND K. REICHE) .................................................. 33 BOLIVIA ESMAP: FIELD SURVEY MANUAL (CINER 2009) ...................................................................... 35 PICTURES ............................................................................................................................................... 42

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4

I. Pico PV Systems: A new Market for Bolivia

ESMAP/SME support was instrumental in initiating a new market segment for “pre-

electrification” in Bolivia: “Pico PV” systems.1 These small PV systems are powered by a

1-5 Wp solar cell and provide mostly portable lighting products with integrated connectivity

features (e.g., mobile phone charging point; capacity to power small radio).

The ESMAP project has (i) selected PicoPV prototypes of minimum quality based on a

parallel GTZ-funded Lab Test in 2008 (results were kindly shared under the Bolivia

cooperation) and (ii) implemented a field survey with local focus groups, household level

lamp tests and lamp auctions (to gauge consumer preference).

The results of this pilot activity have proven an interesting potential of PicoPV products in

Bolivia. This has led to new funding for actual market development activities by GPOBA,

IFC, IDA and GTZ – all with the aim to accelerate the diffucion of these promising low-cost

solutions for lighting and basic ICT to the lower income strata in Bolivia, while protecting

consumers from low quality products which are the rule rather than an exception in this

nascent PV market segment (see GTZ 2008 – Reiche et al).

1 The expression „Pico PV“ was coined by K. Reiche, D. Rysankova and C. Hellpap during the preparation of

the Bolivia small-scale lighting efforts funded by ESMAP and GTZ, to propose a new terminology for PV

Offgrid which would be similar to the established hydro generation terminology (which ranges from pico to

large hydro) and in order to point (i) to the special, modular and scalable character of PV as well as the attractive

consumer good aspect of the emerging PicoPV Products (for instance by allowing an association with the iPod

“nano”) .

5

1. Demand: The Bolivia Field Survey

The Field Survey which was implemented with ESMAP funding consisted of three main

instruments which were developed toigether with GTZ and implemented for the first time:2

(i) Focus Groups with users, authoroties and potential vendors in three different and

very distinct Eco Regions of Bolivia (Altipano, Valle, Cono Sur),

(ii) Household (HH) Rotations (user manual see figure below) where seven HH per

village would use seven different lamp types for 2 days each, one after the other, and

then compare their performance, as well as

(iii) PicoPV ”Dutch Auctions”, where villagers were allowed to buy the PicoPV lamps

(which were kindly funded by GTZ due to the difficulties of WB/ESMAP/GOB to

procure them in a timely manner).

The overall field survey result is that PicoPV products are suited for Bolivia real life

working conditions, seem to be well received by potential users across all income strata – and

might be a very interesting option for the bottom of the income pyramid which may not profit

from GOB’s universal access programme over the next 10 years.

The most important survey result is an early indication that Bolivian households seem to

actually use the PicoPV lamps to a surprising extend: more than two thirds of the ex ante

energy expenditures for lighting were substituted by the PicoPV lamps! If this result were

confirmed by our next, larger field survey with GTZ, it would have radical implications for

the economics (consumer surplus), profitability (especially if carbon savings could be

activated) and energy policy (basic illumination for the lowest income strata, with potentially

stellar poverty targeting).

The sample sizes and household test durations were very small in order to keep the budget

and timeframe managable, so further research is warranted to allow for statistically

significant results. The field survey was supposed to provide first, quick (albeit qualitative)

indications on the possible demand response to PicoPV in Bolivia. The emerging findings are

summarized along our main four research questions:

2 Where possible, the questionnaires used questions that had been tried by the WBG LA initiative in order to

allow cross comparison between LCR and SSA. WE gratefully acknowledge the close cooperation with LA and

AEI!

6

Research Objectives for the PicoPV Country Surveys, ranked by priority:

Survey Objective

Research Questions Instrument proposed for Basic Country Survey

1. Consumer preference

Which lamp types / designs / sizes / colours / lighting modes are preferred by local customers?

2-5 half day FOCUS GROUPS, with ca 10-20 participants each: compare and discuss all lamp types at once (ca 5-9 types, 2-3 lamps per type). NB: focus groups will also cover Objective 2+3 with qualitative questions. Report immediately after focus groups; will be used to improve final questionnaire.

2. Field performance

How do the lamps perform when used over time in daily life of typical target groups regarding our main lab-test criteria (durability, functionality, light output, etc) and other relevant criteria we may not have thought of?

FIELD TEST: The most interesting 3-4 lamp types are disseminated to a sample of test users and user observations are collected with questionnaires in months every 2-4 months (tbd). First overall report on data analysis after ca six months. NB: field test survey will also include questions on 1, but sample size in Basic Module is too small for robust results.

3. Lighting behaviour

Which other lighting means are used before/after PicoPV and at which prices?

Mainly via field test questionnaire (consumer surplus section), but also covered by focus groups.

4. Impact Can evidence for socio economic impacts of the new lighting device on the user / household / area be found?

Not covered by proposed Basic Survey.

Village Rotation Manual

7

Short List of Lamp Types used for Bolivia:

Final Shortlist PicoPV products for field tests [blue text color = main criteria for field test; red text color = problem; pink cell color = check again later]

product provider price CIF

est.100

[US$]

PCU price Bol

[US$]

PCU price Nica

[US$]

Estimate AFR

GTZ wholesale

[€]

delivery time ISE/GTZ lab test

results

ICT? country firm

type

1 "Super BoGo" SunNight Solar 20 33 27 21 40+ days from Qindao

(500)

ISE L2 OK,

GTZ Bol OK

1 torch, one-

piece

US small

firm

2 Solux-LED-50 Solux eV 36 62 51 39 4 weeks good 2 torch, two-

piece

D ngo

3 “Aishwarya” NEST-6543 Noble Energy Solar

Technologies Ltd

55 94 77 59 2 weeks good 4 lantern, two-

piece

In small

firm

3b “Aishwarya” NEST-65105JR Noble Energy Solar

Technologies Ltd

64 109 90 69 4 weeks improved on above 4 lantern, two-

piece

radio FM/AM

4 “Mighylight” 3040+ improved version

Doering >4,5Ah

Cosmos Ignite 55 94 77 59 4 weeks OK (with new battery) 2 torch, two-

piece

In small

firm

4b MightyLight 3050 improved version

Doering >4,5 Ah

Cosmos Ignite 65 111 91 70 4 weeks improved on above - but

only 3040 tested for now

2 idem cell charger +

adapter

5 Solux-LED-100 Solux eV 117 199 164 126 > three months very good (1,7) 4 lantern, two-

piece

D ngo

5b idem - KIT Solux eV 84 143 118 91 ca 8 weeks? kit depends on local! 4 idem

6 Solar 2007-1 Solarprojekt Freilassing eV 122 207 171 131 > three months good (2,1) 4 lantern, two-

piece

D ngo

6b idem - KIT Solarprojekt Freilassing eV 79 134 111 85 ca 8 weeks? kit depends on local! 4 idem

7 GLOWSTAR GS 7 SOLLATEK 110 188 154 119 online can order only

4 pieces?!

has problems (4,1) 4 lantern, two-

piece

UK small

firm

8 SL9100WLED GMT 80 136 112 86 Old version has problems

(4,0)

New version to be tested

12-08

3 lantern one

piece

radio US

9 LR-L002 Tecnosol 35 49 38 ? Check stock locally not tested 4 lantern, two-

piece

China

9b LR-H001 Tecnosol 7 10 8 idem not tested 1 torch, one-

piece

idem

10 Sun X-Set Mobile Würth Solergy 500 850 700 538 very good (1,2) 5 SHS + 2

lanterns

D large

firm

Main Lamp Types

one piece two pieces (module+lamp) remarks

torch 1 2 Lumina and LUTW have other lamp tapyes on top of this (task lights flood lights etc)

lantern 3 4 the dominant lamp type amongst our lab test "winners" is 4

Others 5 for instance if battery can be separated from lamp and charged seperately in a grid

PicoPV types:

variable typical distinct variable values

1 price <30, 30-50, 50-100, >100

2 integration fully modular (pico SHS) VS two piece (lamp+module) VS one piece

3 traditional reference lantern, torch, task light, flood light, candle, helmet light

4 bulb type cfl, led

5 services lighting, ICT, other

6 light use number of spots, light beam angle (task light VS full room), spectrum, indoor/outdoor

7 looks color, size, material, form, etc

8 others more detailed write-ups and typologies are in works

lamp type

8

A. Which product did users prefer?

In Bolivia, unlike most SSA countries surveyed by the SSA LA Radiance study, there was no

clear preference for any of the lamp types, as can be seen in the table below. However, each

focus group had their own champions, as could be seen during the auctions. For the next

survey it will be interesting to see if the preferences are correlated with Eco Region and/or

cultural, social or ethnic characteristics- which are all very distinct in Bolivia.

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10

11

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B. Which prices did users indicate?

WTP indications by users are chronically unreliable, because of several psychological and

measurement biases – even where larger samples can be implemented. However, the survey

has applied four different – simple” – methods to get an indication of market expectations and

possible user reactions to price signals. Here are the main results for our Bolivia pilot sample,

they seem to indicate a surprisingly high WTP: while the LA imitative and GTZ expect a

huge demand only for PicoPV lamps below 30$, Bolivian users seem to be willing to pay

more than twice this amount for lamps they like!

In this context, it should be noted that producers will have a strong incentive to introduce

different products for different market segments, to capture more of the consumer surplus. On

the other hand, donors tend to quote prices for which they expect a strong elasticity in BOP

demand. This needs to be factored in when designing appropriate market info and potential

market development schemes!

© GTZ

13

© CINER

© GTZ - Goda

14

WTP indications by Lamp

Super Bogo

De los 18 participantes de la rotación comunitaria que comprarían la linterna Super Bogo, el 83,33%

mencionó que pagaría menos de 200 Bs y el 11,2% pagaría entre 201 a 350 Bs.

Solux Led-100

En cuanto a la lámpara Solux Led-100, de los 21 entrevistados un 47,6% señaló que por este modelo

pagaría menos de 200 Bs. y solamente un 23,8% acotó que cancelaria entre 201 a 350 Bs.

Solux Led-50

El 70 % de los participantes que comprarían la linterna Solux Led-50 señalaron que pagarían menos de

200 Bs. por ella y solo el 20% pagarían entre 201 a 350Bs.

Solar 2007-1

El 38,1% de los interesados en comprar la lámpara Solar 2007-1 estarían dispuestos a pagar menos de

200 Bs por ella y el 33,3 % más de 501 Bs.

Aishwarya 65105JR

En relación a la lámpara Aishwarya 65105JR, el 57,9 % de los interesados en adquirir esta lámpara

estarían dispuestos a pagar menos de 400 Bs por ella y el 26,3 % entre 401 a 550 Bs.

SL 9100 WLED

Respecto a la lámpara SL 9100 WLED, el 72,22% de los interesados pagarían menos de 400 Bs por

dicho modelo y el 16,67% entre 401 a 550 Bs.

Mighty Light

Finalmente por la lámpara Mighty Light, el 83,33% de los interesados por este modelo pagarían

menos de 400 Bs. por ella y el 11,11% entre 551 a 700 Bs.

© CINER

15

C. How did lamps perform in the field, under real life conditions?

(i) Bolivian users seem top be more careful: Uganda, Nicaragua broken lamps, in Bolivia

much less so!

(ii) The Aishwarya seems to heavy for carrying to the field (lead battery problem).

(iii) Lamps were be charged about 7h on average, more than necessary!

© CINER

16

D. How much traditional fuel might be replaced?

The most important survey result is clearly the (early) indication that Bolivian households

seem to actually use the PicoPV lamps to a surprising extend: more than two thirds of the ex

ante energy expenditures for lighting were substituted by the PicoPV lamps!

If this result were confirmed by our next, larger field survey with GTZ, it would have radical

implications for:

(i) the underlying economics (consumer surplus from replaced lighting of about 60$ per

year compared to LCC of only 20$ per year!),

(ii) profitability (especially if the carbon savings from CO2 and black sooth of up to 2$

per year over up to 5 years could be activated!) and

(iii) energy policy (basic illumination for the lowest income strata, with potentially stellar

poverty targeting due to access bias, inferior good & simple progressive scheme

option).

© CINER

17

© CINER

© Hystra

18

2. Supply

A. Global Suppliers: Are PicoPV products with sufficient quality?

Torches and lanterns that obtain their energy from sunlight could replace environmentally

damaging kerosene lamps in many developing countries and supply high quality light to a

large proportion of poor households. To meet this end, the products must be well-made and

priced within the reach of the poorest. A lab test implemented by GTZ and Fraunhofer ISE in

2008 and 2009 shows that there are too few solar lanterns that meet both criteria. The main

results were as follows:

1. Five lanterns failed even test level one and six lanterns passed level two. Only three of

those are affordable for the target households in developing countries.

2. The quality of solar lanterns on the market is mixed, and prices are still too high for them to

sell in great numbers in view of the low saving rates of poor households.

3. We expect prices to drop below 50 % of 2008 values over the next few years, which will

make solar lanterns clearly more economic than kerosene lamps. As they offer higher quality

lighting, better handling, environmental advantages and sometimes radio or mobile phone

charging, massive market growth can be expected in the near future.

4. In light of the mixed test results, informing potential consumers about lantern quality will

be of great importance for a healthy market development.

Lab Test Results of LEDs by Fraunhofer ISE (Pfanner et al 2009)show that PicoPV lamps

can lose 90% of their light output after less than half a year. Field results with cheap lamps

show that some fail already after a few weeks!

19

Lab Test Results of first PicoPV-LED Lab Test by GTZ/Fraunhofer ISE (GTZ 2009).

These results have been used to pick the lamps for our Bolivia field survey.

20

Lab Test Uni Ulm (Prof. Adelmann)

Results of Students Lab Test at Uni Ulm (Prof. Adelmann)

21

Lab at Uni Lima (picture by Prof. Horn: 9-2009)

22

B. National Supply Chain: Who will sell the PicoPV lamps?

© Hystra

NOMBRE EMPRESA CORREO ELECTRONICO INFO GENERAL

Aplitec aplitecind@entelnet.bo 214 5512 241 7461 706066317

Comecial Electrica Arnez jarnez@supernet.com.bo Tel (4) 458 2000 Fax: (4) 425 9611

COMSI Ltda mdavila@comsiltd.com Tel: +591-3-3413060Fax: +

Energética - Energía para el Desarrolloenergetica@energetica.org.bo

miguel@energetica.org.boTel: 591 42 53647/55806Fax: 591 42 43825

ENERGIA SOLAR ANDINA S.R.L. esandbo@gmail.com Tel: 591 2 2229626Fax:

Enersol S.A.elozada@enersol-sa.com

juanita@enersol-sa.comTel: 3 355 2828Fax: 3 5840 77

Falk Solar falk_solar@hotmail.com 24 19913 725 56541 - 725 56505

Grupo Larcos Industrial SRL larcos@entelnet.bo (2) 22201808 - 222 6407 Fax: 222 0085

Helios helios@helios.com.bo (3) 3492603(3) 3475498

Heliotérmica f_riosblanco@entelnet.bo 211 1955 231 0439 725 13172

Hover Bolivia lmanjon@hoverbolivia.com Tel: +2285436Fax: +79106134

Ingenieros Consultores Alvarez lutel@entelnet.bo Tel 211 4902 - Fax: 211 1515

ISOFOTON BOLIVIA S.A. isofotonbolivia@isofoton.com.bo Tel: 591 3 3596160 - 6060Fax: 591 3 3596100

Khana Wayra kwrichard.beckett@gmail.com Tel: +2483307Fax: +71226073

NEO ENERGY dcguti@gmail.com T: 591.2.211.4639 M: 591.775.58959 591.2.279.1003 Calle G.R. Moreno esq. Ferrecio # 1295.

PHOCOS tec02@entelnet.bo 717 22719 42 86002

PROSOL prosol@supernet.com.bo Tel: 591-4-4235953Fax: 591-4-4235953 - 717 64881

SECONSEL mgarzon@entelnet.bo tel 241 1358 - 241 5039 Fax: 212 8583 - Cel 715 46954

Sercoin Ltda. sercoin@ceibo.entelnet.bo Tel: 231 1470-231 2651Fax: 2 31 1734

Servicios Integrales de Energia S.A. (SIE S.A.) siesae@entelnet.bo Tel: 447 2997 - 447 3456

SOLARCOM AMS Ingeniería Electrónica amejías@solarcomoline.com Tel/Fax (2) 24197062419500 © GOB and own elaboration

23

24

Pictures © W. Klinghammer

25

© Hystra and Total

26

© Hystra

27

3. Policy Recommendations

A. Quality

Provide Information to Consumers, to avoid wrong expectations or bad products in a

typical asymmetrical information situation!

Where providers get support, assure that warranty includes in situ office for

replacements.

Establish PicoPV Test Labs across LCR: cost is only about US$20k per Lab!

28

B. National Energy Policy

Governments need to decide where they put an emphasis for the national access

policy: basic Lighting or Electrification

Also, need to decide if focus of PicoPV market development will be (i) poor strata or

all (Including early adopters), and (ii) only rural or also urban.

< 5 %

< + 1 5 %

< + 2 5 %

> 5 0 t o 6 0 %

c a s h s a l e s

m i c r o c r e d i t

l e a s i n g

s u b s i d i e s

< 5 %

< + 1 5 %

< + 2 5 %

> 5 0 t o 6 0 %

< 5 %

< + 1 5 %

< + 2 5 %

> 5 0 t o 6 0 %

c a s h s a l e s

m i c r o c r e d i t

l e a s i n g

s u b s i d i e s

Why Subsidies: AEI or LAI?!

Barefoot 2009

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C. Market Development Support Options

Six possible market support schemes have been identified with support from ESMAP and will

be pursued with GTZ and/or Bank Group funding:

1. Market Intelligence and info campaigns (asymmetrical information)

2. Training + kiosks and/or Coupons

3. Container + commission

4. Aggregate Carbon Rights

5. Include in SHS subsidies: (IDTR, GPOBA) – obligation, right; fixed or per Wp

6. Distribute for free to schools and clinics: Teachers serve as opinion leaders and

multiply the information; distortion of subsidy minimized due to the fact that private

users won’t expect to receive same service as public institution.

© CINER

30

IV. Outlook: PicoPV market development to be funded by GPOBA, IDTR and GTZ Based on the field survey, the following market development activities have been decided to

date:

1. GTZ EnDev Bolivia will distribute PicoPV systems to repeat the field test with focus

groups and rotations and a larger N. In a next phase, systems will be sold to HH via

private agents, possibly profiting from GTZ container imports from which small

retailers can buy small lamp quantities at GTZ cost.

2. GPOBA Bolivia will include the right to PicoPV subsidies and a partial obligation in

the next SHS tender.

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IV. APPENDIX

Bolivia ESMAP Summary

Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America; and electricity coverage is among the

lowest at about two thirds national coverage and less than one third rural coverage (the second

lowest in the LAC region, after Nicaragua). Its sparse population (8 people per km²), low per

capita income and difficult topographic conditions often cause rural communities to suffer

from considerable isolation. The provision of infrastructure services to rural Bolivia is

therefore particularly desirable, but also very costly. More than a third of the non-electrified

rural households are too far from the national grid to permit grid extension. Their

electrification requires innovative offgrid technologies and new supply schemes to match

demand in a flexible and cost effective manner. Local Coops and MSME could play an

increasing role in future service supply, but need strengthening.

A Universal Access Strategy has been launched by Bolivia’s “Viceministerio de

Eelectrificacion y Energías Alternativas” to meet this challenge, aiming at universal

electricity access in urban and rural areas by 2025. The operational rules for this strategy

and a sustainable long-term funding scheme are currently being developed.

The ESMAP Bolivia Project “Strengthening Small-Scale Off-grid Energy Suppliers”

supports the Government’s new strategy by providing technical assistance to the Ministry

and to local MSME and cooperatives in order to increase their role in rural energy supply.

The project has three components:

(i) Strengthening of SHS supply chain. The national SHS market will be improved by

introducing new players, strengthening existing players and improving quality control.

(ii) Launching of Pico PV. Pico-PV, a new market segment for “pre-electrification”, will

be jump-started in Bolivia. Rural MSMEs will sell or lease affordable PV modules from 2 to

20 Wp to households in the lowest income strata, who cannot afford larger, more expensive

SHS. These small systems will provide mostly portable lighting products with integrated

connectivity features (e.g., mobile phone charging point; capacity to power small radio).

The project will select locally appropriate prototypes based on intensive local focus groups

and test sales (to gauge consumer preference) and an “investment prospectus” will be

presented to potential national retailers, to raise awareness of Pico PV advantages and

limitations on demand side and supply side.

(iii) TA for Small Scale Village Grid Suppliers. Existing village suppliers and utilities will

benefit from a proposal for a Government-led scheme for technical assistance and output-

based subsidies with the aim of improved performance in adding new users and grid

operation.

The project has successfully initiated pilots that will be operated by MSMEs. The project

benefited from close linkages with an ongoing World Bank project and the activities of

other donors active in the field. The full impact of DFID support will come over time once

the project team starts large-scale dissemination of PicoPV lamps, implements densification

tender, launches the second phase of GPOBA SHS tender, and resolves IDTR SHS supply

shortages.

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All three approaches have been accepted for scale-up under the national access program “Electricidad para Vivir con Dignidad,” beyond the demonstration stage currently in

process.

Funding has been secured for all pilot schemes that have been developed with ESMAP

contributions. Funding for two Pico PV Pilot schemes for 3,000+ users and for an improved

SHS tender have been secured from (i) GPOBA/DFID and (ii) the DGIS/BMZ funded

EnDev Bolivia project. In addition, a large densification component will be funded by the

Government’s IDTR project. All these are coordinated by the Ministry responsible for the

new Universal Access Programme.

The design of all demonstration pilots have been finalized. In spite of a challenging country

climate, implementation has started for the innovative PPP approaches proposed by the

ESMAP project:

Pico PV: A complete set of field survey instruments has been developed (4

questionnaires) and agreed with GOB, GTZ and GON. The pilot focus groups, test

sales and household surveys have been completed, using PicoPV lamps procured by

GTZ and a consultant firm paid by the ESMAP activity. Interviews and dissemination

activities with local MSME have been started by two international ESMAP

consultants and GOB. The implementation scheme for GPOBA has been drafted.

IDTD has tendered 900 lamps. EnDev will take up important elements of the national

PicoPV approach.

SHS: Several workshops for local SHS technicians and MFI; new analysis of national

SHS subsidy lessons. Tender for improved SHS supply scheme (Medium-Term

Service Contracts – MSC) has been launched in late 2008. ESMAP funding helped

finalize the MSC design. Supply shortages in local SHS market and local costs of

IDTR SHS providers have been analyzed against international benchmarks.

Village coops and Densification: With GPOBA funding, significant grid densification

subsidies have been bid out in late 2008 and are awaiting signature.

For the Pico PV Component, intensive donor cooperation has yielded results in 2009:

survey tools, lessons and methodologies (TORs, test results, questionnaires) have been

developed together with the following programs: (i) World Bank Group Lighting Africa

Initiative, (ii) GTZ LET Initiative, (iii) a related study in Nicaragua (part of the ESMAP-

SME program); (iv) the DGIS/BMZ-funded EnDev programmes in Bolivia, Nicaragua,

Honduras, Mozambique, Senegal and Uganda; (v) the ESMAP-funded Africa Electrification

Initiative (AEI) and (vi) GPOBA and ESMAP/IFC Bolivia.

Lighting Africa, the Nicaragua ESMAP-SME study and GTZ EnDev have coordinated their

focus group methodologies and questionnaires with the Bolivia study in order to increase

efficiency and compare results. In addition, the Government’s first and second technical

workshop for SHS providers and installers in 2007 and 2008 has profited from results of an

ESMAP-funded SHS supply chain analysis.

The PicoPV early lessons have been accepted for oral presentation at several international

conferences: Ulm Offgrid PV Symposium; AEI Maputo workshop; Hamburg EUPVSEC.

33

Bolivia ESMAP: Field Survey Instruments (GTZ and K. Reiche)

Option One of Two: Minimum Version = without community rotations No Instrument File

Name

When? Duration Activity

(i) “Focus Group

Consumer.doc”/

“Focus Group

Vendor.doc”

1st week 1week 1. Invite two men-only groups, two women-only

groups, one retailer group and one expert group

(12 participants each)

2. Conduct these six focus group sessions as

described in the Instrument

3. If you have enough lamps, conduct an auction of

the demonstrated Pico PV lamps either directly

inside the focus group or in the whole village

(ii) “Expert

Interview.doc”

1st week 2 weeks 1. Conduct interviews with local authorities

(iii) No Community Rotation in this version

(iv) Organise sales of Pico PV lanterns

“Ex Ante.doc”

plus “Baseline

Questionnaire.doc”

2nd

week 1 month 1. Over the whole sales period you will need one

enumerator at each point of sale.

2. The enumerator interviews each buyer of each

Pico PV lamp (i) directly at the shop or (ii) even

better at his household, using the “Ex Ante”

Questionnaire directly followed by the “Baseline

Questionnaire”. Pico PV lamps shall not be sold

without applying these two questionnaires

upon sales (that is, the very same day)!

“Baseline

Questionnaire.doc”

plus “Ex Post

Check.doc”

4th

/ 8th

month

1 month 1. Revisit all households that purchased a Pico PV

lamp after ca 3 and after ca 6 month of purchase

and administer the Baseline Questionnaire

followed by the Ex Post Check

“Response Sheets”

(example see

“Response Sheet

Baseline.xls”)

5th

/ 9th

month

1 week 1. Enter data into Excel response sheets as shown in

the example of the Response Sheet Baseline.

34

Option Two of Two: Extended Version = with community rotations no Instrument File

Name

When? Duration Activity

(i) “Focus Group

Consumer.doc”/

“Focus Group

Vendor.doc”

1st week 1week 4. Invite two men-only groups, two women-only

groups, one retailer group and one expert

group (12 participants each)

5. Conduct these six focus group sessions as

described in the Instrument

6. If you have enough lamps, conduct an auction

of the demonstrated Pico PV lamps either

directly inside the focus group or in the whole

village

(ii) “Expert

Interview.doc”

1st week 2 weeks 2. Conduct interviews with local authorities

(iii) Rotations

“Ex Ante.doc” plus

“Baseline

Questionnaire.doc”

2nd

week 1 month 1. Distribute to each selected household one Pico

PV lamp type for the community rotation.

2. Interview the household with the Ex Ante and

the Baseline Questionnaire: Pico PV lamps

are distributed only together with the

questionnaires!

“Ex Post

Check.doc“3

2nd

to 4th

week

1. Change Pico PV lamp types after 2-4 nights

until all households have tested all lamp types.

2. Interview the household after each rotation

with the “Ex Post Check”. The Ex Post Check

must be done for each lamp: Pico PV lamps

are rotated only together with the

questionnaire!

“Ex Post Check.doc”

and “After

Rotation.doc”

4th week 1. After all households tested all lamp types,

interview households with the Ex Post Check

for the last lamp and then apply the “After

Rotation” questionnaire which compares all

lamps.

(iv) Organise sales of Pico PV lanterns

“Ex Ante.doc” plus

“Baseline

Questionnaire.doc”

2nd

week 1 month 3. Over the whole sales period you will need one

enumerator at each point of sale.

4. The enumerator interviews each buyer of each

Pico PV lamp (i) directly at the shop or (ii)

even better at his household, using the “Ex

Ante” Questionnaire directly followed by the

“Baseline Questionnaire”. Pico PV lamps

shall not be sold without applying these two

questionnaires upon sales (that is, the very

same day)!

“Baseline

Questionnaire.doc”

plus “Ex Post

Check.doc”

4th

/ 8th

month

1 month 2. Revisit all households that purchased a Pico

PV lamp after ca 3 and after ca 6 month of

purchase and administer the Baseline

Questionnaire followed by the Ex Post Check

“Response Sheets”

(example see

“Response Sheet

Baseline.xls”)

5th

/ 9th

month

1 week 2. Enter data into Excel response sheets as

shown in the example of the Response Sheet

Baseline.

3 Please note that the same instrument “Ex Post Check” is to be used in the household survey as Ex Post questionnaire as well

as in the community rotation as a Check List after each rotation. The same accounts for the Ex Ante and the Baseline. This

modular use of multifunctional instruments was chosen to allow for a cost effective, flexible and simple adaptation to the

differing country preferences.

35

Bolivia ESMAP: Field Survey Manual (CINER 2009)

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An end to darkness!