ESM 14701POWER QUALITY IN ENERGY SYSTEMS AND HARMONICS

Lecture 1Introduction

Assoc.Prof.Dr.Bahtiyar DURSUNDepartment of Energy Systems Engineering

Simple Power System

Every power system has three major components

generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and frequency

load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value

transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor

What is a power system?

Jeneratör JeneratörYük

Yük

Jeneratör

A small power system

BÜYÜK SİSTEM

Enerji Dağıtımı-I

Üretim

İletim

Primer Dağıtım

Sekonder Dağıtım

Yükler

Güç Üretimi

0.4 – 34.5 kV

Yenilenebilir Enerji

0.4 – 34.5 kV

Güç Dağıtımı

0.4 – 34.5 kV

Complications

No ideal voltage sources exist

Loads are seldom constant

Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance and flow limitationsSimple system has no redundancy so power system will not work if any component fails

Notation - PowerPower: Instantaneous consumption of energyPower Units

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)kW – 1 x 103 WattMW – 1 x 106 WattGW – 1 x 109 Watt

Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person)Installed Turkey generation capacity is about 50 GW ( about 1,81kW per person)

Notation - Energy

Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power systemEnergy Units

Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh

Turkey 400kV Interconnections

Electric Systems in Energy ContextClass focuses on electric power systems, but we first need to put the electric system in context of the total energy delivery systemElectricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation

Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used

About 60% of Turkey energy is transported in electric formConcerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

Energy Sources

Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)

Water

Nuclear

Wind

Solar

Tidal

Chemical

The distribution of Turkey’s installed Electric Power in 2012

Sectoral energy consumption forecast for 2020

Energy EconomicsElectric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs

Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costsNatural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)Coal, wind, hydro are in between

Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricityPotential carbon “tax” seen as unlikely soon

Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2011

Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price

Course SyllabusIntroduction and review of phasors & three phaseTransmission line modeling

Per unit analysis and change of base

Models for transformers, generators, and loads

Power flow analysis and control

Short circuit analysis

Power Quality Problems

Harmonics

Brief History of Turkish Electric Power

The connection of a 2kW hydropower system in Tarsus

In 1913, Turkey has its first larger-scale power plant in Istanbul.When Turkish Republic was established in 1923, the whole capacity of the country was about 30MWThe electricity production was 45 GWh/year in those years and the electricity was only available in three cities, namely Istanbul, Adapazari and Tarsus.Kayseri and neighboring Turk Electricity Inc. was the first electricity company of Turkey which was established in 1926 with 48 power plants (74.8MW) producing 106.3GWh electricity and 6.2kWh per capita electrical consumption in the 1920s.

History, cont’dIn 1963, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey (MENR) was established which was responsible for Turkey’s energy policy. Afterwards, the Turkish Electricity Administration Commission (TEK) was founded. Thus, it’s created a monopoly in the Turkish electricity sector at all stages. By 1970, total installed capacity had increased to about 2235MW. From 1970 to 1980, with the increase of hydroelectricity capacity (725–2131MW) and the thermal capacity (1510–2988), the Turkey’s electrical capacity doubled from 2235 to 5199MW.In the years between 1970 and 1980, compulsory electricity disruptions were applied in Turkey because of the worldwide energy crisis.

History, cont’dThe supply–demand balance was spoiled due to largely outer-dependence on the fuel of thermal power plants. Despite to the above-mentioned inconveniences, Turkey’s installed capacity reached 5118.7MW in 1980, while power generation amounted to 23.3 billion kWh.The monopoly of TEK was lifted in 1984 and, thus, the private entities gained the opportunity to intervene generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

In 1993, TEK was split into two separate state-owned enterprises, namely ‘Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Co. (TEAS)’ and ‘Turkish Electricity Distribution Co. (TEDAS)’. Electricity Market Law No. 4628, issued in 2001, regulates the restructure of the energy sector.By means of this Law, a financially strong, stable,competitive, low cost and environmental friendly energy market is targeted. By the Decree of Council of Ministers in 2001, TEAS was divided into three state-owned public enterprises, namely Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS), Turkish Electricity Generation Co. (TEUAS) and Turkish Electricity Trading and Contracting Co.(TETTAS).

History, cont’d

Turkey’s electricity generation by primary energy resources (2012)

Renewable energy development in Turkey (2012)

Annual variation in the cumulative installed capacity of renewable energy

Turkey’s energy targets in 2023(Turkey will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the republic)are presented as follows [9]: 30% of total electricity production from renewable resourcesinstalled capacity for wind energy 20,000MW

installed capacity for solar energy(min)3000MW

installed capacity for geothermal energy 650MW

the whole economically usable hydropower potential of Turkey will be provided for electricity generation until 2023

Renewable energy resource potential of Turkey

Renewable energy laws Law on utilization of renewable energy sources for the purpose of generating electrical energy (Law No.5346)passed in 2005.

This law is to expand the utilization of renewable energy sources for generating electric energy,to benefit fromtheseresourcesina secure,economicandqualified manner,toincreasethediversifica-tion ofenergyresources,toreducegreenhousegasemissions,to

Wind energy potential in TurkeyWind energy is actually a promising energy source that can meet the energy demand of Turkey in the future.Turkey has a significant wind energy potential in compared to some of the other European countries.Turkey has the highest share of technical wind energy potential in Europe

The annual wind power density at a height of 50 m in Turkey

Energy Converters

Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:

Burners: Chemical energy Thermal energy

Boilers: Thermal energy Mechanical energy

Turbines:Mechanical energy Kinetic energy (KE)

Rotating machines: KE Electrical energy

With today’s technology, overall conversion efficiency

of a thermal power plant can approach 33%

Power Transmission

Power Transmission

Transmission networks are needed to :

Connect generating plants to consumption points

Create large power pools for increased reliability

High voltage AC transmission offers:

Higher transmission capacity / Km

Lower line-voltage drop / Km

Lower transmission losses / MW transfer

Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer

Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer

Power Transmission EquipmentTransformers

Step-up transformers

Voltage Regulators

Phase Shifters

Step-down Transformers

Transmission Lines & Cables

Circuit Breakers & Disconnects

Shunt & Series Reactors & CapacitorsStatic Var Compensators

FACTS Devices

Etc.

Power Distribution

Power DistributionReceives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at bulk power delivery pointsSupplies energy to customers:

At standard voltage levels

Single phase and/or three-phase

Is made up of the following main equipment:

Distribution transformers (DXF)

Feeder sections (including underground cables)

Switches, fuses, reclosures

Automatic load transfers

Etc.

BulkPowerPoint

34.5/15DXF

15/5DXF

5/0.21DXF

HV / MVNetwork

34.5 KV 15 KV 5 KV208V

IndustrialCustomers

ResidentialCustomers

Commercial& MunicipalCustomers

LargeIndustrial

Customers

….Power Distribution

Power SystemOperation/Control

Key Operational Goals

Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced with demand

Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)

System Security: Equipment power flows must not exceed equipment ratings, under normal or a single outage condition:

|pij(t)| < pij max

Pg1(t) Transmission

&DistributionNetworks

Pd1(t)

Pg2(t)

Pgn(t)

Pd2(t)

Pdm(t)

T&DNetworksPG(t) PD(t)

200MW lık bir jeneratör rotorunun tamiri

Bir hidro-jeneratörünün statoru

Hydro-jeneratörün montajı

660MW lık bir jeneratör

Bir elektrik istasyonu

Kesici ve ayırıcılar

Bir kesicinin açılması

400kV:275kV lık bir transformatör

Bir transformatörün taşınması

oops!

Ark, Ark Ark

Temmuz 2002

Ve Aralık!

3 Şubat 2003:- Hindistan Bihar Eyaleti