ESL-English as Second Language

8/12/2019 ESL-English as Second Language

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IntroductionThis is a course of lessons and practice on the system of English. It is divided into eighty-six sectEach section covers an area of basic grammar and contains a number of exercises. The exercisenot all the same length. Some exercises have only five questions, but others have up to questions. This is because some areas of grammar are more important than others. This course your knowledge of English grammar and, more importantly, it gives you practice in using

knowledge to make correct and appropriate sentences. When you do the exercises, you will seegrammar is not just a game. Grammar has meaning - if you change some of the grammar sentence, you also change its meaning.

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Table of Contents PageA. The Basic Sentence (Units 1-7) 05 - 2B. Questions (Units 8-13) 21 - 3

C. Verbs (Units 14-41) 38 - 1

D. The Passive (Units 42-44) 109 - 1

E. The Noun Phrase (Units 45-60) 117 - 1

F. Types of Sentences (Units 61-63) 152 - 1

G. Adjectives and Adverbs (Units 64-67) 162 - 1

H. Comparison (Units 68-70) 169 - 1

I. When? (Units 71-73) 176 - 1

J. Where? (Units 74-79) 186 - 1

K. How and Why? (Units 80-82) 200 - 2

L. Connecting Ideas (Units 83-86) 208 - 2

M. Appendices 218 - 2A. The Basic Sentence (Unit 1-7)

1. The Basic Sentence,ex.1.1

2. The Subject,ex.2.1,2.2

3. The Verb,ex.3.1

4. Subject and Verb,ex.4.1,4.2

5. Negative Sentences,ex.5.1

6. Short Forms,ex.6.1

7. Word Order,ex.7.1,7.2

B. Questions (Unit 8-13)8. Question Words,ex.8.1,8.2

9. Making Questions,ex.9.1,9.2

10.What can you ask?,ex.10.1

11.Short Answers,ex.11.1,11.2

12.Tag Questions,ex.

13.Making Questions,ex.13.1,13.2
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C. Verbs (Unit 14-41)14.Verb Forms,ex.14.1,14.2,14.3

15.Using the Verb Forms,ex.15.1,15.2

16.The Verb Be,ex.16.1

17.Auxiliary Verbs: Do/Have/Be,ex.17.1,17.2

18. Imperative ,ex.18.1

19.Present Simple -- Formation,ex.19.1,19.2

20.Present Simple -- Use,ex.20.1

21.Past Simple,ex.21.1

22.Present Continuous,ex.22.1,22.2

23.Past Continuous,ex.23.1,23.2

24.Present Perfect -- Formation,ex.24.1

25.Present Perfect -- Use,ex.25.1

26.Past Perfect,ex.26.1,26.2,26.3,26.4

27.Modal Verbs,ex.27.1,27.2,27.3,27.4

28.Can

29.Could,ex.29.1

30.May and Might,ex.30.1,30.2

31.Will and Shall,ex.31.1

32.Would,ex.32.1

33.Must and Should,ex.33.1,33.2

34.Have to/Need to/Needn't,ex.34.1

35.Necessity and Advice,ex.35.1,35.2

36.Other Modal Constructions,ex.36.1,36.2

37.Be Going to,ex.37.1,37.2,37.3

38.Used to,ex.38.1,38.2

39.Verbs and Present Time,ex.39.1,39.2

40.Verbs and Past Time,ex.40.1,40.2,40.3

41.Verbs and Future Time,ex.41.1,41.2

D. The Passive (Unit 42-44)42.Passive Sentences,ex.42.1,42.2

43.Passive Verb Formations,ex.43.1,43.2,43.3

44.Using the Passive,ex.44.1,44.2

E. The Noun Phrase (Unit 45-60)45.Nouns & Noun Phrases

46.Plurals of Unit Nouns,ex.46.1,46.2

47.Mass Nouns,ex.47.1

48.Proper Nouns and Verbal Nouns,ex.48.1,48.2
http://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit14.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit14.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit14.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit14.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit15.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit15.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit15.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit16.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit16.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit16.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex16.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex16.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit17.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit17.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit17.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit18.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit18.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit18.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex18.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex18.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit19.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit19.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit19.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit20.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit20.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit20.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex20.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex20.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit21.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit21.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit21.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex21.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex21.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit22.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit22.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit22.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit23.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit23.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit23.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit24.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit24.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit24.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex24.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex24.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit25.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit25.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit25.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex25.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex25.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit26.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit26.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit26.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit27.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit27.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit27.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit28.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit28.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit29.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit29.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit29.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex29.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex29.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit30.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit30.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit30.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit31.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit31.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit31.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex31.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex31.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit32.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit32.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit32.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex32.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex32.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit33.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit33.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit33.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit34.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit34.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit34.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex34.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex34.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit35.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit35.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit35.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit36.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit36.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit36.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit37.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit37.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit37.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit38.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit38.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit38.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit39.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit39.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit39.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit40.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit40.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit40.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit41.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit41.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit41.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit42.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit42.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit42.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit43.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit43.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit43.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit44.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit44.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit44.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit45.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit45.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit46.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit46.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit46.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit47.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit47.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit47.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex47.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex47.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit48.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit48.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit48.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex48.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit48.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex47.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit47.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex46.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit46.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit45.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex44.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit44.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex43.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit43.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex42.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit42.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex41.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit41.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex40.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit40.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex39.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit39.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex38.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit38.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex37.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit37.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex36.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit36.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex35.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit35.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex34.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit34.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex33.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit33.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex32.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit32.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex31.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit31.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex30.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit30.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex29.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit29.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit28.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex27.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit27.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex26.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit26.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex25.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit25.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex24.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit24.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex23.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit23.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex22.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit22.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex21.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit21.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex20.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit20.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex19.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit19.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex18.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit18.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex17.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit17.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex16.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit16.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex15.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit15.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex14.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit14.php


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3

49.Genitive,ex.49.1,49.2,49.3

50.Personal Pronouns,ex.50.1

51.A/An/Some/Any,ex.51.1,51.2,51.3

52.The

53.Nouns Without The or A

54.The Correct Article,ex.54.1,54.2,54.3,54.4

55.This/That/These/Those,ex.55.156.Mass and Unit in Sentences,ex.56.1,56.2

57.Quantity,ex.57.1,57.2,57.3

58.Both/Either/Neither,ex.58.1

59.One,ex.59.1,59.2

60.Relative Clauses,ex.60.1

F. Types of Sentences (Unit 61-63)61.Empty Subjects,ex.61.1

62.Simple Sentence Types,ex.62.1,62.2

63.Complex Sentence Types,ex.63.1,63.2,63.3

G. Adjectives and Adverbs (Unit 64-67)64.Adjectives and Adverbs

65.Position of Adjectives

66.Position of Adverbs,ex.66.1

67.Some Important Adverbs,ex.67.1,67.2

H. Comparison (Unit 68-70)68.Forms for Comparison,ex.68.1

69.Comparing Two,ex.69.1,69.2,69.3

70.Comparing Three or More,ex.70.1

I. When? (Unit 71-73)71.Adverbs of Time,ex.71.1,71.2,71.3

72.Prepositions of Time,ex.72.1,72.2,72.3

73.How Often?,ex.73.1,73.2

J. Where? (Unit 74-79)74. In the World,ex.74.1,74.2

75. In a Town,ex.75.1,75.2

76.Outdoors,ex.76.1,76.2,76.3

77. Indoors,ex.77.1

78. In a Room

79.Objects and People,ex.79.1,79.2,79.3

K. How and Why? (Unit 80-82)80.How?,ex.80.1

81.Purpose and Use,ex.81.1,81.2

82.Reason and Consequence,ex.82.1,82.2,82.3
http://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit49.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit49.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit49.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit50.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit50.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit50.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex50.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex50.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit51.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit51.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit51.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit52.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit52.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit53.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit53.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit54.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit54.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit54.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit55.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit55.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit55.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex55.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex55.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit56.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit56.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit56.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit57.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit57.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit57.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit58.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit58.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit58.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex58.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex58.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit59.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit59.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit59.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit60.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit60.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit60.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex60.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex60.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit61.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit61.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit61.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex61.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex61.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit62.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit62.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit62.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit63.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit63.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit63.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit64.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit64.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit64.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit65.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit65.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit66.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit66.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit66.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex66.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex66.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit67.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit67.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit67.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit68.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit68.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit68.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex68.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex68.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit69.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit69.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit69.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit70.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit70.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit70.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex70.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex70.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit71.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit71.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit71.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit72.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit72.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit72.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit73.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit73.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit73.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit74.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit74.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit74.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit75.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit75.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit75.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit76.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit76.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit76.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit77.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit77.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit77.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex77.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex77.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit78.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit78.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit79.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit79.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit79.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit80.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit80.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit80.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex80.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex80.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit81.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit81.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit81.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit82.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit82.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit82.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex82.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit82.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex81.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit81.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex80.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit80.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex79.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit79.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit78.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex77.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit77.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex76.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit76.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex75.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit75.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex74.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit74.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex73.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit73.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex72.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit72.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex71.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit71.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex70.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit70.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex69.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit69.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex68.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit68.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex67.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit67.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex66.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit66.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit65.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit64.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex63.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit63.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex62.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit62.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex61.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit61.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex60.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit60.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex59.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit59.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex58.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit58.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex57.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit57.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex56.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit56.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex55.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit55.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.4.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex54.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit54.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit53.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit52.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex51.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit51.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex50.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit50.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.3.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.2.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/exercise/ex49.1.phphttp://www.eslau.ca/lesson/unit49.php


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4

L. Connecting Ideas (Unit 83-86)83.Similar Ideas,ex.83.1,83.2,83.3

84.Opposite Ideas,ex.84.1,84.2

85.Sequence of Events,ex.85.1,85.2,85.3

86.Conditions,ex.86.1

M. Appendices APPENDIX 1: THE ALPHABET

APPENDIX 2: USING CAPITAL LETTERS

APPENDIX 3: BASIC PUNCTUATION

APPENDIX 4: SPELLING AND SPEAKING

APPENDIX 5: SPELLING: -s FORM OF VERBS AND NOUNS

APPENDIX 6: SPELLING: -ing FORMS

APPENDIX 7: SPELLING: -ed/-er/-est FORMS

APPENDIX 8: SPELLING: -ly ADVERBS

APPENDIX 9: NUMBERS

APPENDIX 10: IRREGULAR VERBS FOR REFERENCE

APPENDIX 11: IRREGULAR VERBS FOR LEARNING

APPENDIX 12: TELLING THE TIME

APPENDIX 13: DATES

Source code for this project can be downloadedhere

Acknowledgements Sponsors:Canadian Council on Learning,Alberta Science and Research Authority,Canad

Foundation for Innovation,Athabasca University,Canadian Virtual University,NationalAdult Literacy Database

Author: Dr. James O'Driscoll

Project Directors: Dr. Rory McGreal, Dr. Mohamed Ally, Steve Schafer

Team members: Billy Cheung, Colin Elliott, Mattana Chan, Maureen Hutchison, ReginaWasti, Shubhash Wasti, Tony Tin, Tracey Woodburn, Yang Cao

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A.The Basic Sentence (Unit 1-7)

Unit 1: THE BASIC SENTENCEEvery sentence has a subject and a verb.

Subject andverb

worksis not a sentence because we do not learn who or what works; there is a verb, but no subjecJohnis not a sentence; there is no verb.John worksis a sentence; there is a subject (John) and a verb (works).John, the manager of the storeis not a sentence; there is no verb. We do not learn how John and tmanager of the store go together.

Here are some sentences:

[s]:Subject, [v]:Verb

[s] John [v] is the manager of the store.

[s] John [v] works for the manager of the store.

[s] John [v] is talking to the manager of the store.

[s] The mountains of Nepal [v] are the highest in the world.

[s] The house on the hill [v] is very old.

Word order

If a sentence tells us something (a statement), the verb goes after the subject. If a sentence asks usomething (a question), one word of the verb goes before the subject.


STATEMENT [s] John [v] is riding a bicycle.

QUESTION [v] Is [s] John [v] riding a bicycle?


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Exercise 1.1: The SentenceLook at the words below. Are they sentences or not? Answer Trueor False.

Example: She student. Answer: False.

1.John a manager.

True False2.John is a manager.

True False3.Works six days a week.

True False4.He works six days a week.

True False5.Are you a student?

True False6.I a student.

True False

7.I work

True False8.He very happy about it.

True False9.Is he happy about it?

True False

Exercise 1.1: The SentenceLook at the words below. Are they sentences or not? Answer Trueor False.

Example: She student. Answer: False.1.John a manager.Correct.The correct answer is False.

2.John is a manager.Correct.The correct answer is True.

3.Works six days a week.Correct.The correct answer is False.

4.He works six days a week.Correct.The correct answer is True.

5.Are you a student?Correct.The correct answer is True.

6.I a student.Correct.The correct answer is False.7.I work.Correct.The correct answer is True.8.He very happy about it.Correct.The correct answer is False.

9.Is he happy about it?Correct.The correct answer is True.


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Unit 2: THE SUBJECTThe subject of every sentence is either SINGULAR (= one) or PLURAL (= two or more).

The subject of a sentence is always one of these (with examples):

1st person

SINGULAR:IPLURAL:we, John and I

2nd person

SINGULAR:youPLURAL:you, you and Maria

3rd person

SINGULAR: he, she, it, John, Mrs Jones, the manager, the managerof the bookshop, the manaof the store on the corner, a friend, oneof my friends, money, swimming, EnglandPLURAL: they, Mr andMrs Jones, people, the women, someof my friends from the store,swimming andriding, France andEngland, money problems

The subject can be one word or more than one word.

With 3rd person, it is important to know if the subject is singular or plural because the form of thverb is sometimes different (Unit 4). Only one word of the subject tells you the answer. For exam

one in "one of my friends" is singular.

problems in "money problems" is plural.

subjects with and are plural.

NOTICE:We use I, you, we, theyfor both men and women.
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Exercise 2.1: The SubjectFind the subject in the sentences below.Example:The new factory is opening tomorrow.Subject: The new factory1. The Nile is the longest river in Africa.

Subject: Correct.The Nile2. My luggage has been lost.

Subject: Correct.My luggage

3. Oranges and apples are both very cheap here.

Subject: Correct.Oranges and apples

4. Maria is working at the factory.

Subject: Correct.Maria

5. The factory makes spare parts for cars.

Subject: Correct.The factory

Exercise 2.2: Singular or PluralFind the word that decides whether the subject is singular or plural.Example: One of my days at schoolThe Word: One1. One of the best students in the class

Word: Correct. One

2. Money problems

Word: Correct. Problems

3. The result of yesterday's matches

Word: Correct. Result

4. Tomorrow's program

Word: Correct. Program

5. The doors of the car

Word: Correct. Doors

6. The company's employees

Word: Correct. Employees

The Nile

My luggage

Oranges and apples

Maria

The factory

One

problems

result

program

doors

employees


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Unit3: THE VERBThe verb of a sentence can be:

one word - He worksin an office

two words - He is workingin the office

three words - He has been workingin the officeor even four words - He must have been workingin the office

In the sentences above, work(worksand working) is an example of a LEXICAL VERB. Lexicaverbs give basic information. Every simple sentence has one lexical verb in it.

In the sentences above, the words between Heand workare examples of AUXILIARY VERBS.There are not many auxiliary verbs. They are: do, have, be, can, could, will, would, shall, should,may, might, must.

They are very important because we can use them together with lexical verbs. For example:

[a]:AUXILIARY[l]:LEXICAL

Where [a] shall I [l] meet you?

[a] Is John [l] coming to the party? No, he [a] is not.

He [a] does not [l] like parties, [a] does he?

[a] Have they [l] finished? Yes, they [a] have.

We use auxiliary verbs to:

make a negative sentence (Unit 5)

make a question (Unit 9)

give a short answer (Unit 11)

make a tag question (Unit 12)

make passive sentences (Unit 43)

show what we feel about what we are saying (Unit 27)

and in continuous and perfect verb formations (Unit 15)

To learn about do, have, beas auxiliaries, look atUnit 17.

The other auxiliaries are called MODAL VERBS. You can learn about them inUnit 27.
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Exercise 3.1: The verbFind the verb in the sentences below.Example:The factory is opening tomorrow.The Verb: is opening1. Are you a student?

Verb: Correct. Are2. Yes , I am.

Verb: Correct. Am

3. John plays football.

Verb: Correct. Plays

4. He has been playing football the whole afternoon.

Verb: Correct. Whole

5. I like coffee.

Verb: Correct. Like

6. I would like some coffee now.

Verb: Correct. Would like

7. I have seen that film three times.

Verb: Correct. Have seen

8. My wallet has been stolen.

Verb: Correct. Has been stolen

9. We often think about you.

Verb: Correct. Think

Are

am

plays

whole

like

would like

have seen

has been s tolen

think


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Unit 4: SUBJECT AND VERBWith past tense verbs, the formation of the verb is the same for all subjects. But in the present tenthe first word of the verb changes for 3rd person singular (Unit 2). However, the verb beis differ

All verbs except bePRESENT TENSE

3rd person singular (Unit 2)-- use the s form(Unit 14):She likeshot weather.This heater usesgas.The game hasfinished.Does he play tennis?

All other persons -- use base form(Unit 14):

Ilikehot weather.These heaters usegas.The games havefinished.Doyou play tennis?

NOTICE:Only the first word of the verb changes.

We say: The game has finished. (NOT has finisheds)Does he playtennis? (NOT does he plays )

NOTICE:Modal verbs (Unit 27)do not have an sform.

We say:He willcome. (NOT wills come )

PAST TENSE

We use the past form(Unit 14)for all persons.

The verb be1ST PERSON SINGULAR:

Present:I amtired.Past:I wastired.Present:I amgoing home.Past:I wasgoing home.

3RD PERSON SINGULAR:

Present:Maria istired.Past:Maria wastired.Present:She isgoing home.Past:She wasgoing home.

ALL OTHER PERSONS:

Present:You aretired.Past:You weretired.Present:We aregoing home.Past:We weregoing home.Present:They aresleeping.Past:They weresleeping.

NOTICE:The other forms of be(be, been, being-Unit 16)are the same for all persons.
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Exercise 4.1: Agreement with the verb "be" - present tense

Fill in the blank with am, isor are.Example: Where ____ the children?Answer: Where arethe children?

1. We __are__ very happy.

Correct.

2. My friend John __is__ there with me.

Correct.

3. __Are__ Maria and you coming to the party this evening?

Correct.

4. Sorry, __am__ I taking your seat?

Correct.

5. We __are__ computer technicians.

Correct.

Exercise 4.2: Agreement with the verb "be" - past tense

Fill in the blank with wasor were.Example:Where ____ the children yesterday?Answer: Where werethe children yesterday?

1. I __was__ born in 1966.

Correct.

2. We __were__ good students.

Correct.

3. The company's employees __were__ not very rich.

Correct.

4. The car doors __were__ locked

Correct.

5. One of the players __was__ very good.

Correct.

are

is

are

am

are

was

were

were

were

was


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Unit 5: NEGATIVE SENTENCESWe put notafter the first word of the verb. In speaking, we often use the short form (n't).

With the verb be

Iam nota thief.

Theyaren'tcoming.It wasn'tvery cold there.He is nota teacher.

With one-word verb formations

Put the correct form of the verb do(Unit 15)before not.

[A]:AFFIRMATIVE, [N]:NEGATIVE

[A] Heworkson Fridays.[N] Hedoes not workon Saturdays.

[A] These shopssellfood.

[N] They do not sellfood.

[A] They arrivedby bus.[N] They didn't arriveby train.

With other verb formations

Put notafter the first auxiliary verb.

I haven't seenhim for five years.Our team has not been beatenthis season.He wouldn't have goneif he had known.They aren't doingmath this term.

Word agreement

Look at the different words in AFFIRMATIVEand NEGATIVEsentences.

[A] John is going somewherebut[N] Maria isn't going anywhere.

[A] John has got somemoney but[N] Maria hasn't got anymoney.

[A] They have got a lot ofmoney but[N] we haven't got muchmoney.

[A] I've got a lot offriends but[N] he hasn't got manyfriends.

[A] John and Maria havealreadyleft but[N] we haven't leftyet.

[A] John is leavingtooand[N] Maria isn't stayingeither.


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Exercise 5.1: Sentences with "not"

Complete the sentence in Column Aby choosing the correct phrase from Column B. Type the let

of the sentence you choose in the numbered box.

Question 1

Column A

1. These shops sell food but they _E___.2. Maria passed the math exam but she _D___.3. She knows Mario but she _A___.4. I went to Italy but I _C___.5. It has been raining but it _B___.

Column B

A. does not know John.B. has not been snowing.C. did not go to France.

D. did not pass the physics exam.E. do not sell drinks.

Answer:

1: 2: 3: 4: 5:E D A C B


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Unit 6: SHORT FORMSWhen people speak, they usually make some words shorter. We can show this in writing with anapostrophe: ('). Here are some important examples.

Notisn't-- is notaren't-- are not

wasn't-- was notdon't-- do notcan't-- cannotdidn't-- did notwouldn't-- would nothasn't-- has nothaven't-- have notNOTICEESPECIALLY:won't = will notNOTICE:We say: I'm not, NOT amn't.

Be

I'm-- I amshe's-- she isyou're-- you areit's-- it ishe's-- he isthey're-- they areNOTICE:We can shorten beor notbut not both together. For example, we can say it's notor itisn'tbut NOT it'sn't.

WillI'll-- I willthey'll-- they will

WouldI'd-- I wouldyou'd-- you would

HaveI've-- I haveit's-- it hasI'd-- I hadthey've-- they havehe's-- he hasyou'd-- you had

NOTICE:'scan be isor hasor GENITIVE(Unit 49)Examples: Maria's goingor Maria's goneor Maria'spenNOTICE:'dcan be hador wouldExamples: He'd goneor He'd goNOTICE:We always use short forms in tag questions (Unit 12), but we do not use them inaffirmative short answers (Unit 11), or in questions asking for yes or no or when we want to saysomething strongly(I am sorry = I'm very sorry).
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Exercise 6.1: Short forms - reading

What are the full forms of the underlined words?Example:What'syour name?Answer: is

1. This exercise isn't very difficult.

Correct. Not

2. It's easy.

Correct. Is

3. It won't take much time.

Correct. Will not

4. I think I'll be finished in five minutes.

Correct. I will

5. I've answered four questions already.

Correct. Have

6. John's already done all of them.

Correct. Has

7. He's going home now.

Correct. Is

8. He's got a new car.

Correct. Has

not

is

will not

I will

have

has

is

has


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Unit 7: WORD ORDER

These two sentences have opposite meanings:

Brazil beat Spain 4-2. Brazil won and Spain lost.

Spain beat Brazil 4-2. Spain won and Brazil lost.

The form of the words in these sentences cannot help us to understand that their meanings aredifferent. Only the order of the words tells us the meaning. Word order is very important in EngliHere are some basic rules.

In statements, the subject always comes before the verb.


[s] John [v] woke up.

[s] He [v] could not sleep after that.

Each night[s] he [v] had the same problem.

[s] The airport [v] was nearby.

[s] The planes [v]used to make a terrible noise.

In questions a part of the verb must come before the subject (Unit 9).

Only adverbs (Unit 64)can go between subject and verb, especiallyA. frequency adverbs(Unit 73):

[s] They never[v] have time to watch TV.

B. these words: almost, already, also,just, nearlyand still

[s] They also[v] work in the evenings.

No other kind of word can go in this position.

If subject and verb alone are not enough to complete the sentence, the other part of the sentence gafter them (never before them).

For example: John was, John bought, John gave, John put

are not good sentences by themselves. They need something else to complete them.

[C]:CORRECT, [W]:WRONG

[C] John wasa student.[W]John a student was.[W]A student John was.

[C] John bought a book.[W]John a book bought.[W]A book John bought.

[C] John gaveMaria the book.[WJohn Maria the book gave.[W]Maria the book John gave.
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[C] John put the book on the table.[W]John the book on the table put.[W]The book on the table John put.

NOTICE:Different verbs need different kinds of words to complete a sentence (Units62and63

If we want to put in some extra information about the sentence, it must go at the beginning or the

(not anywhere in the middle).

[E]:EXTRA, [B]:BASIC

[B] John was a student [E] in Vancouver for five years.

[E] In the town [B] John bought a book [E] to give to Maria.

[B] John gave Maria the book [E] for her birthday.

[B] John put the book here [E] last night.

[E] In November [B] the weather became cold.

[E] In the end [B] I found the book [E] in the bedroom.
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Exercise 7.1: Subject and verbFind the word or words which form the subjectand the word or words which form the verb.

Example:My cousin has always had good luck in life.Answer: Subject: My cousin, Verb: has...had1. Do you like football?

Subject: Correct. YouVerb: Correct. Do.like2. Why don't you try it some time?

Subject: Correct. You

Verb: Correct. Donttry3. The bank opened at nine o'clock.

Subject: Correct. The bank

Verb: Correct. Opened

4. Ten minutes later, the robbers arrived.Subject: Correct. The robbers

Verb: Correct. Arrived5. The bank clerks gave the robbers all the money.

Subject: Correct. The bank clerks

Verb: Correct. Gave

Exercise 7.2: Word orderChange the order of the words or groups of words to make a correct sentence.Example:

1. am2. very happy3. I

Answer:312

Question 11. is2. terrible3. the weather today

Correct order: Correct. 3. the weather today 1.is 2.terrible Question 2

1. stronger and stronger2. getting3. the wind4. is

Correct order: Correct. 3. the wind 4. is 2.getting 1.stronger and stronger

you

Do...like

you

don't...try

the bank

opened

the robbers

arrived

the bank clerks

gave

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Question 31. all ferryboats2. been3. cancelled4. have

Correct order: Correct. 1. all ferryboats 4.have 2. been 3.cancelled

Question 41. feeling2. the passengers3. were4. very sick

Correct order: Correct. 2. the passengers 3.were 1.feeling 4.very sick

Question 51. on that boat2. travelling3. was

4. ICorrect order: Correct. 4. I 3.was 2. travelling 1.on that boat

Question 61. not2. enjoy myself3. I4. did

Correct order: Correct. 3. I 4.did 1.not 2.enjoy myself

Question 71. had

2. I3. been feeling well4. not

Correct order: Correct. 2. I 1.had 4.not 3.been feeling well

Question 81. after the journey2. much worse3. felt4. I

Correct order: Correct. 4. I 3.felt 2. much worse 1.after the journey

Question 91. by2. bad weather3. never travel4. boat in

Correct order: Correct. 3. never travel 1.by 4. boat in 2.bad weather

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How long ... (for) ?He saved to buy it forovertwo months.

How far ...?It's five kilometresto the electronics store.

How often...?John goes there three times a week.

What kind of ... ?

This is a way to ask about something so that we can tell it from other types of the same thing.

What kind ofMP3 player ...?It's a small, 10-gigabyte memory one.

What kind ofcar ...?It was a Toyota sport-utility vehicle.

What ... like?

This is a way to ask for a very general description.

Whatis the weather likethere?It's hot and humid.

Whatis John like?He's a very friendlyperson.


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Answer: 312Question 11. are you going2. ?3. where

Correct order: Correct. 3.where 1. are you going 2.?

Question 21. were they doing2. what3. last night4. ?

Correct order: Correct. 2.what 1. were they doing 3. last night 4.?

Question 31. university2. did he go to3. ?4. which

Correct order: Correct. 4.which 1.university 2. did he go to 3.?

Question 41. does that painting cost

2. ?3. much4. how

Correct order: Correct. 4.how 3.much 1. does that painting cost 2.?

Question 51. like2. is the weather3. ?4. what

Correct order: Correct. 4.what 2. is the weather 1.like 3.?

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Exercise 8.2: Using question words

Look at the part of the sentence in italics. This part is the answer to a question. How does thequestion begin? Choose your answer from the choices provided for each question.Example:That car can go at 200 km/h.Answer: How fast...?

1. He is at least seventy years old.Correct. How old.?

2. He was born a very long time ago.

Correct. When.?

3. He had threebrothers and two sisters.

Correct. How many.?

4. He went to elementary school in Vancouver.

Correct. Where.?

5. Vancouver is 800 kilometresfrom Edmonton.

Correct. How far.?

How old...?

When...?

How many...?

Where...?

How far...?


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Unit 9: MAKING QUESTIONS

Question formation is usually different from the formation of statements. We either change the worder or use do.

With be(Unit 16)

Put the verb before the subject.

[S]:STATEMENT, [Q]:QUESTION

[S] They areFrench.[Q] Arethey French?

[S] His father's name isPatrick.[Q] What ishis father's name?

With one-word verb formations

Put the correct form of the verb dobefore the subject.

Present tense: 3rd person singular (Unit 2)

[S] She works in a bank.[Q] Doesshe work in a bank?

Present tense: all other persons

[S] They live near the airport.[Q] Where dothey live?

Past tense:[S] They left last week.

[Q] When didthey leave?

NOTICE: After do, use only the base form of the verb.We say:Does he work?NOT does he worksDid she go?NOT did she goes

NOTICE: Docan also be the lexical verb (Unit 3)of a sentence. For example:We say:What doyou do?What doeshe do?What didshe do?
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With other verb formations

Put the first word (only) of the verb before the subject.

[S] They are watching television.[Q] Aretheywatchingtelevision?

[S] I can see the plane.

[Q] Canyou seethe plane?

[S] She has gone to England to study.[Q] Why hasshe goneto England?

[S] The new airport will be built here.[Q] Where willthe new airport be built?

[S] It has been snowing for two hours.[Q] How long hasit been snowing?

NOTICE:It does not matter how many words there are in the subject. One word of the verb always before it.

We say:Dothe people who live on the corner haveanother house?When willthe new terminal for the Toronto Airport be finished?

BUTif the question word is also the subject, we do not put anything before it (Unit 10).

Word agreement

We normally use 'negative words' (Unit 5)with questions:

Have you got anymoney?NOT some

Have you finished yet?NOT already

But if we think or hope that the answer to the question will be yes, we can use 'affirmative words

Have you got somemoney?You are my friend, and I want to borrow some from you.

Have you finished already?It seems to me that you are finished, but this surprises me.

It is better to ask Would you like somecoffee? Because we hope the answer will be yes. It is frie
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Answer: 312

Question 11. ?2. like3. you4. tomatoes5. do

Correct order: Correct. 5. do 3.you 2.like 4. tomatoes 1.?

Question 21. does2. belong to3. that car4. ?5. who

Correct order: Correct. 5. who 1.does 3. that car 2. belong to 4.?

Question 31. you2. do3. ?4. when we arrive5. know

Correct order: Correct. 2. do 1.you 5.know 4. when we arrive 3.?

Question 41. where he is2. ?3. you4. know5. do

Correct order: Correct. 5. do 3.you 4.know 1. where he is 2.?

Question 51. you2. have3. been doing4. ?5. what

Correct order: Correct. 5. what 2.have 1.you 3.been doing 4.?

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Exercise 9.2: Making questions

Complete the questions in Column Aby using phrases from Column Bto fill in the blanks. Typeletter you choose in the numbered box.

Question 1

Column A

1. Where __E__ go yesterday? I went to school.2. __C__ come to the party? Yes, I will if I have time.3. When __B__ up this morning? I got up at half past six.4. Why __A__ driving so slowly? There's a police car behind us.5. Why __D__ finish that report? Because I was too tired.

Column B

A. are youB. did you getC. Will you

D. didn't youE. did you

Answer:

1: 2: 3: 4: 5:E C B A D


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Exercise 10.1: What can you ask?Please make correct sentences using the words below.

Question 11. which2. are arriving3. teams

4. tomorrow?Correct order: Correct. 1.which 3.teams 2. are arriving 4.tomorrow?

Question 21. many2. how3. arrived late?4. students

Correct order: Correct. 2.how 1.many 4. students 3.arrived late?

Question 31. did

2. who3. Carrie4. meet?

Correct order: Correct. 2.who 1.did 3. Carrie 4.meet?

Question 41. Carrie2. met3. at the station?4. who

Correct order: Correct. 4.who 2.met 1.Carrie 4.at the station?

Question 51. what2. in the3. happened4. classroom?

Correct order: Correct. 1.what 3.happened 2. in the 4.classroom?

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Unit 11: SHORT ANSWERSWe can use short answers to answer (1) questions which ask for 'yes' or 'no' and (2) subject quest(Unit 10). The verb of a short answer contains only the first auxiliary (Unit 3).

With the verb be

[Q]:QUESTION, [A]:SHORT ANSWER

[Q] Arethey students?[A] Yes, they are.

[Q] Ishe at home?[A] No, he isnot.

[Q] Who wasthe winner?[A] John was.

With present and past simple (Units19,21)

[Q] Doeshe drive a Mercedes?

[A] No, he doesn't.[Q] DidJohn meet Maria at the airport?[A] Yes, he did.

[Q] Who gaveyou all that money?[A] My father did. NOT my father gave

[Q] Who livesin that house?[A] John does. NOTJohn lives

NOTICE: Question: Does he drive a Mercedes?

CORRECT ANSWERS:

Yes.Yes, he does.Yes, he drives a Mercedes.

WRONG ANSWERS:Yes, he drives.

Yes, he does drive.

With other verb formations[Q] Arethey having a party?[A] Yes, they are.

[Q] WillCanada win the World Cup?[A] No, they won't. (will not)

[Q] Haveyou been working hard?[A] No, I haven't.

[Q] Who hasgot a light green car?[A] John has.

NOTICE: We normally use the short form of not(n't) in short answers.
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Exercise 11.1: Short answers

Answer the questions in column Awith a short answer. Match the questions with a suitable answfrom the choices provided in column B.

Question 1

Column A

1. Are you a student? (C)2. Was English difficult for you at first? (A)3. Who first taught you English? (E)4. Can you help me, please? (B)5. What's your favourite subject at school? (D)

Column B

A. Yes, it was.B. Yes, I can.C. Yes, I am.D. Geography is.

E. My teacher did.

Answer:

1: 2: 3: 4: 5:

Exercise 11.2: Short Answers

Choose the correct short answers to the questions below.

1. Are they having a party?

Correct. Yes, they are

2. Does she work here?

Correct. Yes, she does

3. Will you drive me home?

Correct. No, I wont

4. Who usually sits here?

Correct. Cathy does

5. Who has got my book?

Correct. I have

C A E B D

Yes, they are.

Yes, she does .

No, I won't.

Cathy does .

I have.


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Exercise 12.1: Tag questions

Complete the sentence in column Ausing a 'tag question' to fill in the blank. Match the questionswith a suitable answer from the choices provided in column B.

Question 1

Column A

1. It was a wonderful match, __E__?2. They're the best in the country, __D__?3. She couldn't have arrived already, __C__?4. He doesn't like studying English, __A__?5. You spent five years in China, __B__?

Column B

A. does he?B. didn't you?C. could she?D. aren't they?

E. wasn't it?

Answer: 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:E D C A B


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Unit 13: INDIRECT QUESTIONS AND 'NON-

QUESTIONS'

Direct and indirect questions

Where is the bank? is a DIRECT QUESTION.

Do you know where the bank is? is an INDIRECT QUESTION. It is a polite way of gettinginformation.

Do not use question formation (Unit 9)after the question word because you have

already used it before the word.

Could you tell me how much it costs? (NOT does it cost)

Do you know where the toilets are? (NOT are the toilets)

Can you ask him when we can leave? (NOT can we leave)

Could you tell me what they are doing? (NOT are they doing)

For an indirect question without a question word, use if:

Could you tell me if the flight from New York has arrived?

Do you know if the flight to New York has left yet?

Reported questions

These questions tell us about questions, but they do not ask them. They are REPORTEDQUESTIONS.

She wants to know when the course begins. (NOT does ... begin)

He wants to know where he can smoke. (NOT can he smoke)

Statements with question words

Here are some more statements with question words:

I can't remember where I have put them. (NOT have I put)

I'd like to know what you saw there. (NOT did you see)

They haven't decided where they will go. (NOT will they go)

Exclamation

An exclamation shows interest or surprise. They use question words but, again, they are not

questions.

What a beautiful day it is! (NOT is it)

Look how fast they are going! (NOT are they going)


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Exercise 13.1: What can you ask?

Make a suitable question for each situation described below. Make a suitable question from thefollowing choices.

1. You are looking for the bank. You ask somebody on the street.

Correct. Can you tell me where the bank is?

2. You are making a drink for a friend.

Correct. Would you like tea or coffee?

3. You want to meet with Maria. You ask her.

Correct. Can we meet on Friday?

4. You have just given your opinion. You want to know if other people agree with you or not.

Correct. What do you think?

5. Your friend has bought a beautiful new dress. You want to compliment her

Correct. What a pretty dress?

Can you tell me where the bank is?

Would you like tea o r coffee?

Can we meet on Friday?

What do you think?

What a pretty dress !


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Exercise 13.2: Indirect Questions and Non-questionsChange the order of the words or groups of words to make a correct sentence.Example:1. ?2. could3. me, please

4. you helpAnswer:2431

Question 11. do you know2. where3. the bank4. ?5. is

Correct order: Correct. 1. do you know 2.where 3. the bank 5.is 4.?

Question 21. where he2. can3. to know4. he wants5. smoke

Correct order: Correct. 4. he wants 3. to know 1.where he 2.can 5.smoke

Question 31. ?2. tell me3. how4. could you

5. to spell that

Correct order: Correct. 4. could you 2.tell me 3.how 5. to spell that 1.?

Question 41. I2. haven't decided3. will4. when I5. leave

Correct order: Correct. 1. I 2. haven't decided 4. when I 3.will 5.leave

Question 51. who is coming2. ask3. can you4. with him5. ?

Correct order: Correct. 3. can you 2.ask 1. who is coming 4.with him 5.?

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C.Verbs (Unit 14-41)

Unit 14: VERB FORMSEnglish verbs have very few forms. Most verbs are REGULARand have four forms. It is easy tomake these forms because they all change in the same way. But some important verbs are

IRREGULAR, and we make their forms in different ways. Only the verb be(Unit 16)has more five forms.

Base form

This is the form you can find in a dictionary.

EXAMPLES:work/ hurry/ do/ live/ have/ cut

-s form

HOW TO FORM IT:Add s

PROBLEMS:Verbs ending in ch/ sh/ o/s/ y/ zchange spelling (Appendix 5).

EXAMPLES:works/ lives/ cuts/ hurries/ has/ does

-ing form

HOW TO FORM IT:Add ing

PROBLEMS:Verbs ending in eor 1vowel + 1consonant change spelling (Appendix 6).

EXAMPLES:working/ living/ cutting/ hurrying/ having/ doing

Past form

HOW TO FORM IT:Add ed

PROBLEMS:Verbs ending in eor ychange spelling (Appendix 6).Irregular verb forms are different (Appendix 10).

EXAMPLES:worked/ lived/ hurried/ cut/ had/ did

Past participle

HOW TO FORM IT (REGULAR VERBS):With regular verbs, use the same as the past form(ed).

EXAMPLES:worked/ lived/ hurried/

HOW TO FORM IT (IRREGULAR VERBS):Irregular verb forms are sometimes the same astheir past forms and sometimes different (Appendix 10).

EXAMPLES:cut/ had/ done
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Unit 15: USING THE VERB FORMSUnit 14tells you the names of the different forms and how to make them. This unit tells you wheuse them.

Base form

IN PRESENT TENSE (except for 3rd person singular)

EXAMPLES: We livenear you.Haveyou lived here long?Doyou live here?

AFTER AUXILIARY VERB DO (Unit 17)

EXAMPLE: Did you livethere?

IN IMPERATIVES (Unit 18)

EXAMPLE: Havea seat!

AFTER TO

EXAMPLE: I wanted to gohome.

AFTER MODAL VERBS (Unit 27)

EXAMPLE: You must hurry.

-s formUse only in third person singular (Unit 2)of present tense.

EXAMPLES: He livesnear you.Hashe lived here long?Doeshe live here?

Past formUse only in past tense.

EXAMPLES: They livednear you.He hadlived with them.Didyou live here?

-ing formIN CONTINUOUS FORMATIONS (Units22,23,24)

EXAMPLES: He is livingwith them.She has been swimming.

AS A NOUN (Unit 48)

EXAMPLE: Livinghere is very nice.

Past participleIN PERFECT FORMATIONS (Unit 24)

EXAMPLE: He has livedin many places.

IN PASSIVE FORMATIONS (Unit 43)

EXAMPLE: Tea is drunkeverywhere.

NOTICE: The forms of beand their uses are inUnit 16.
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Exercise 15.1: Word orderChange the order of the words or groups of words to make a correct sentence.Example:1. have2. working hard3. been

4. IAnswer: 4132

Question 11. stronger and stronger2. getting3. the wind4. is

Correct order: Correct. 3. the wind 4. is 2. getting 1.stronger and stronger

Question 21. feeling2. the passengers3. were4. very sick

Correct order: Correct. 2. the passengers 3.were 1. feeling 4.very sick

Question 31. not2. enjoy myself3. I4. did

Correct order: Correct. 3. I 4.did 1.not 2.enjoy myself

Question 41. gone2. have3. I should4. by plane

Correct order: Correct. 3. I should 2.have 1.gone 4.by plane

Question 51. give2. some advice3. let me4. you

Correct order: Correct. 3. let me 1.give 4. you 2.some advice

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Exercise 15.2: The correct verb form

Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.Example: I have ____ (go) to lunch.Answer:I have goneto lunch.

1. Dinosaurs were some of the biggest animals that have ever __lived__ (live) on the earth.

2. Scientists have __discovered__ (discover) a lot about these creatures.

3. They are always __finding__ (find) new information.

4. Lately, scientists have been __studying__ (study) a new idea.

5. The idea is that dinosaurs might have __had__ (have) warm blood - just like us!

lived

discovered

finding

studying

had


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Unit 16: THE VERB "BE"The verb beis unusual because it has eight (8) forms.

We use the base form be . . .

IN IMPERATIVES (Unit 18)

EXAMPLES: Bequiet! I can't hear.

AFTER TO

EXAMPLES: Try to bequiet, please.

AFTER MODAL VERBS (Unit 27)

EXAMPLES: You must bequieter than that.They will bemade here soon.

We use three (3) forms,am/ is/ are, for present tense

EXAMPLES: I amtrying to be quiet.

He isvery quiet.These cars aremade in Japan.

We use two (2) forms, was/ were, for past tense

EXAMPLES: I wastrying to be quiet.He wasvery quiet all the time.They weremade very well.

NOTICE:If you are not sure about which form to use (amor isor areor wasor were), look atU4.

We use being . . .IN CONTINUOUS FORMATIONS (Unit 22)

EXAMPLES: You are beingvery quiet.They are beingmade here now.

AS PART OF THE SUBJECT

EXAMPLES: Beingquiet is hard for children.

We use been . . .

IN PERFECT FORMATIONS (UnitsUnit 24,Unit 26)

EXAMPLES: He had beenquiet for a long time.They have beenmade here for years.We've beenmaking them quickly.

NOTICE: Every passive formation (Unit 43)has a form of the verb bein it.

NOTICE:Unit 17tells you more about beas an auxiliary verb.
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