Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute EPPEI programme 2017.pdf · 2018-03-26 · are some of the...

Eskom Power PlantEngineering Institute

2017-2018 Programme

EPPEI

Eskom Academy of Learning Driving towards Engineering Excellence

Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd Reg No 2002/015527/30Issued by Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute – July 2017

Acknowledgements

Prof Alison Lewis – University of Cape Town

Prof Ian Jandrell – University of the Witwatersrand

Prof LJ Grobler – North-West University

Prof Sunil Maharaj – University of Pretoria

Prof Cristina Trois – University of KwaZulu-Natal

Prof Hansie Knoetze – Stellenbosch University

Are you interested in advancing your engineering career in Eskom through EPPEI? Below are the minimum requirements and how to apply.

The minimum requirements to apply for admission into the EPPEI programme for 2018 are:

• an Engineering or BTech degree (BSc or BEng)• must be interested in obtaining an MSc degree or MTech or MEng in one of the specialisation areas

listed in this document either at a University or a University of Technology (UoT)• an overall average final year mark of 60% and above

Candidates need to attend a short preparatory program at the Eskom Academy of Learning during August/September in 2017 prior to registration at a University or UoT. Candidates will be allowed to register at the University or UoT after successful completion of the screening exams.

The process for the intake of students for 2018 will start during June 2017. Keep an eye out for the advertisements primarily on Eskom’s intranet! Candidates are also invited to apply for the Postgraduate Qualification (PG-Q) stream to commence in 2018. Different courses are on offer at universities across the country which result in Postgraduate qualification relevant to the power industry.

In preparation for the application prospective students are required to submit the following documentation:

• certified copies of ID, degree and academic record• short description of your responsibilities and main outputs over the last six months• short resume and motivation for admission into the programme• a single colour passport size photo• a research topic title and description and possible industrial mentor

For further information please contact:

Carolynn KoekemoerEmail: [email protected]: +27 13 693 2032

How to join EPPEI

EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme

EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 1

Contents

1 Foreword by Titus Mathe 1

2 Phase I conclusion 2

3 Farewell to Robert Jones 3

4 The EPPEI team 4

5 Eskom EPPEI contract management team 5

6 EPPEI consortium management team 7

7 Specialisation Centre strategies 8

8 Specialisation Centre research focus points 9

9 Specialisation Centre academic representatives 10

10 Inter University Projects 18

11 Academic supervisors 22

12 Industrial mentors 23

13 Current students – research topics 24

14 Completed project summaries 78

15 EPPEI Junior Enterprise 90

16 Student workshop 92

17 Publication list 96

Foreword by Titus Mathe 1

The Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute (EPPEI) completed its fifth and final year of phase I in 2016. The first cohort of Eskom employees registered for masters and doctoral degrees in 2012. It has been an eventful and fruitful journey. We are very proud of the results obtained during the first phase of EPPEI. The success was made possible with the support of Government, Eskom and the Consortium of Universities. Eskom faced many challenges during Phase I which directly impacted EPPEI and the Power industry at large. Power shortages, budget cuts, skills shortages (students, engineers and academics) are some of the challenges faced by Eskom and EPPEI. Despite this, Eskom Management continued its unwavering support of EPPEI. Eskom leadership understands that strong collaboration between Eskom and Universities is a strategic imperative for Eskom to achieve its performance objectives sustainably. Throughout these challenges the EPPEI programme adapted and continued to add value to Eskom. To date, more than 250 students have enrolled on the programme and more than 100 students have already graduated at master or doctorate levels, including more than 60 Eskom graduates.

As the EPPEI programme enters Phase II, there are several improvements introduced that will further strengthen the collaboration between the power industry and academia and consequently realise greater benefits, not just for the power industry, but the country at large. During this phase, we plan to have a greater number of students enrolled and graduated on the research stream. We have introduced a coursework based postgraduate qualification and plan to make a significant contribution to the training of Operators, Maintenance and Engineering Practitioner (OM & EP). There will be a greater involvement of Universities of Technology within the existing EPPEI framework while introducing new specialisation centres as required. Additionally, the programme will aim to improve its gender representation within the student population.

Phase II will no doubt bring new challenges and opportunities, and together we will ensure that we adapt to the new challenges. We intend to continue delivering skilled engineers and top class research for the power industry in Africa.

Dr Titus MatheEPPEI Programme Director

“Thank you to all who have been instrumental in making Phase I a success and looking forward to your continued participation in Phase II.”

EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 32 EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme

Phase I conclusion2

The Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute was developed seven years ago as a collaboration between the power industry and universities on a national scale. Such collaborations existed but the programme formally identified areas of specialisation and relevant academic researchers to address real-time problems in Eskom. In January 2012, the first intake of Eskom employees enrolled as students at six South African universities in eight Specialisation Centres (SCs). Here they tackled problems through thorough academic research along with their academic supervisors as part of a postgraduate qualification. The corner stones were lain for a sound and extensive knowledge base within Eskom and academic institutions, ensuring skills development in the power generation sector.

To further increase the programme’s reach it was important to involve Universities of Technology (UoT). To date the Materials and Mechanics (UCT) and Asset Management (UP) SCs and their developing university partners DUT and NMMU have yielded very positive results. North-West University similarly has been very successful in building a strong working relationship with VUT within the field of emission control. Through the programme and its partners, various advantageous international collaborations have been established further strengthening the programme.

We have received excellent feedback from specialists within Eskom confirming that the collaborations formed through EPPEI have made a big difference. A clear indication of EPPEI’s value to Eskom is that the programme was extended to a second five-year phase during a tough financial climate. EPPEI continues to evolve to align with Eskom’s needs. Therefore, during Phase II, EPPEI governance will continue to improve. UoTs will play an even greater role in the existing collaboration framework. EPPEI will also train and upskill more black female engineers.

At the end of May 2016, EPPEI bid farewell to Mr Robert Jones when he retired from Eskom after 29 years of service.

Robert started his career as an apprentice in the late 1960s. After gaining some valuable experience, he entered the realm of teaching in 1976. He first worked at an industrial school and then transferred to a technical college (present day FET College) where he taught Mechano-techniques and a myriad of other subjects such as Mathematics, Engineering Science/Physics and Machine Design.

EPPEI students who interacted with Robert will not be surprised, given his fatherly nature, that he also served as a warden at a boys’ boarding school during this teaching season of his life.

In 1987, Robert was recruited to Eskom where he joined Kendal Power Station as a mechanical instructor in the Technical Services Department. From there, he moved to the Maintenance Department and was promoted to head of Maintenance Training. In this role he was responsible for all maintenance, apprentice and pupil technician training. He was the author of the Power Station Science N1, 2 and 3 textbooks and won a manager’s award. He was also nominated for a chairman’s award for this project. During his career, Robert, worked closely with Universities of Technology such as TUT, VUT and what was then called the Natal Technicon on the practical programmes for mechanical, electrical and control and instrumentation pupil technicians. In 2011, Robert moved to the C-Upper project (Skills Delivery Unit) in Generation where he was responsible for all technical training for Engineers, Technicians and other Eskom employees. While at the Skills Delivery Unit, he won a manager’s award.

Robert’s last assignment with Eskom was working for the EPPEI programme. He moved to EPPEI in 2011 and worked there until his retirement at the end of May 2016 and here also won a manager’s award while working in EPPEI. EPPEI was and will always be close to his heart as regarded it as the highlight in his Eskom Career. Now that Robert has retired, he plans to spend more with his wife and grandkids, do more woodwork and spend time at the West Coast. He also dreams to learn to play the piano and plans to write a few engineering science textbooks if time allows.

We wish Robert well in these endeavours. EPPEI will definitely miss him and we hope that he will pop in from time to time to check in on his EPPEI students!

Farewell to Robert Jones 3


Name Dr Titus Mathe

Position EPPEI Programme Director

Tel +27 11 800 5028

Email [email protected]

Name Ravi Moodley

Position Senior Manager – Eskom Academy of Learning – Technical Faculty

Tel +27 11 651 6218 / 6732


Name Roman Pietrasik

Position Contracts Manager

Tel +27 11 651 6978


Name Morakanele Thipe

Position Project Manager

Tel +27 11 651 6978


UCTMM

WitsHVAC

SUNRE

UCTEE

NWUEC

UKZNHVDC

UPAM

The launch of EPPEI Phase II has introduced a new governance and management structure. The Eskom Management team comprises of managers from Eskom who champion different responsibilities within the EPPEI structure. This team is responsible for the EPPEI contract management within the Eskom Academy of Learning (EAL). A newly appointed Consortium Management Team (CMT) was also formed within the new management structure and is hosted at the University of Cape Town.

The CMT’s role in EPPEI is an administrative and operational centre responsible for developing, maintaining and executing operational policies and procedures to govern EPPEI. It is also the CMT’s responsibility to ensure effective communication between the CMT, Eskom, the university consortium partners, other funding agencies and stakeholders.

EPPEI Consortium Management Team(CMT)

Eskom

EAL

EPPEIContract Management

Eskom EPPEI contract management team 5The EPPEI team4


Name Louis Jestin

Position Interim Consortium Director Mechanical Engineering (UCT)

Tel +27 21 650 3239


Name Bradley Oaker

Position EPPEI Consortium General ManagerTel +27 21 650 1932


Name Sara Booley

Position Consortium Administrative Officer

Tel +27 21 650 2043


Name Bernadene Minnaar

Position Consortium Administrative Officer

Tel +27 21 650 2037


Name Carolynn Koekemoer

Position Senior Advisor

Tel +27 13 693 2032


Name Paula Goatley

Position Senior Manager – Operating and Maintenance Centre of Excellence

Tel +27 11 800 5691


Name Zamaswazi Luswazi

Position University of Technology Co-ordinator

Tel +27 11 800 5003


Name Prof Saneshan Govender

Position Corporate Specialist Gas Turbines (Technical Advisor to EPPEI Gx)

Tel +27 11 800 2467


EPPEI consortium management team 6Eskom EPPEI contract management teamcontinued...

Name Abré le Roux

Position Technical Advisor – Tx/Dx

Tel +27 43 703 5484



Specialisation Centre (SC) strategies7 Specialisation Centre research focus points 8

Specialisation Centre

Hosting University

Industrial Coordinator

Academic Coordinator

Energy Efficiency(EE)

University of Cape Town

Kapil Sukhnandan

Assoc Prof Wim Fuls

Combustion Engineering

(CE)University of the Witwatersrand

Preeya SukdeoAdj Prof Walter

Schmitz

Emission Control (EC)

North-West University

Yokesh SinghProf Stuart

Piketh

Materials and Mechanics

(MM)University of Cape Town

Marthinus Bezuidenhoudt

Prof Robert Knutsen

Asset Management (AM)

University of Pretoria

Mark NewbyProf Stephan

Heyns

High Voltage Engineering

(HVAC)University of the Witwatersrand

Abré le RouxDr John van

Coller

High Voltage Engineering

(HVDC)University of KwaZulu-Natal

Abré le RouxProf Dave Dorrell

Renewable Energy (RE)

Stellenbosch University

Zama LuswaziProf Wikus van

Niekerk

Energy Efficiency • steady-state & dynamic process models for

complete integrated power plants, sub-systems & components

• impact of intermittent, transient and low load operation, develop mitigation strategies to improve plant availability, reliability, efficiency and safety

• tools & skills development for on-line process condition monitoring to support preventative maintenance and outage planning

• training through postgraduate research & course-based programs

Combustion Engineering • boiler design, operation & maintenance• primary energy control & impact on boiler

operation & maintenance• combustion component design, operation

& maintenance: fans, mills, heat exchangers• monitor & control of coal, air, water-steam,

flue gas paths• pollutant emissions control at boiler boundary• high efficiency units & biomass co-combustion

Emission Control• environmental legislation and compliance:

air, water & soils• monitor pollutant emissions & environmental

impact• materials handling of by-products• technologies for reduction and control of

environmental pollutants (dust, SOx, NOx, mercury, CO2)

• cost benefit assessment of emissions control

Materials and Mechanics • physical metallurgy of materials used in power

generation• effects of manufacturing, construction &

operation on materials• welding & heat treatment of metals• NDT technologies• damage mechanisms & failure investigations• component life management

Asset Management • engineering approach to asset management• optimised management of strategic spares• plant life cycle management• reliability centred maintenance• preventative & condition-based maintenance• vibration analysis

High Voltage Engineering • design, operation & maintenance of

electrical components in power generation • integrity of AC & DC main transmission • efficiency & reliability improvement• FACTS & Smart Grid studies• performance of transmission • environmental impact on transmission

& distribution • safety of electrical transmission

Renewable Energy • design, operation & maintenance of renewable

energy technology, specifically large wind & CSP systems

• viability of renewable energy sources in Southern Africa

• renewable energy connection to the South African power grid

• economic analysis of renewable energy technologies• governmental policies & commitments


EPPEI specialisation centre in Energy Efficiency at University of Cape Town

Name Igor GorlachPosition Professor & ChairDept Mechatronics (NMMU) Summerstrand Campus (North)Tel 041 504 3289Email [email protected]

Partner University:

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

Pieter RousseauProfessorMech. Eng. (UCT)PhD Mech. Eng. (UP)

021 650 [email protected]

NamePosition

DeptEducation

TelEmail

Priyesh GosaiProgramme ManagerMech. Eng. (UCT)MSc (UCT)Interests: Power Plant Condition Monitoring021 650 [email protected]

Wim FulsCoordinator, Senior LecturerMech. Eng. (UCT)PhD Nuclear Eng. (NWU) 021 650 [email protected] process modelling

NamePosition

DeptEducationTelEmailInterests

Name Walter SchmitzPosition Coordinator, ProfessorDept School of Mechanical Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering (Wits)Education PhD Mech. Eng. Tel 011 717 7047Email [email protected] Computational Fluid Dynamics

Name Reshendren Naidoo Position Senior LecturerDept School of Mechanical Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering (Wits)Education MEng Eng. Man. (UP) Tel 072 246 4233Email [email protected] Numerical Combustion

Partner University:

University of Johannesburg

EPPEI specialisation centre in Combustion Engineering at University of the Witwatersrand

Prof Andre NelHODMechanical Engineering011 559 [email protected]

NamePositionDeptTelEmail

EPPEI Specialisation Centre academic representatives

9


EPPEI specialisation centre in Emission Control at North-West University

Name Stuart PikethPosition Coordinator, ProfessorDept Unit for Environmental Science and Management and Chemical Resource BeneficiationEducation PhD (Wits) Tel 018 299 1582Email [email protected] Atmospheric and environmental impacts

Name Hein NeomagusPosition ProfessorDept School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering (NWU)Education PhD (University of Twente, NL) Tel 018 299 1535Email [email protected] Coal conversion and characterisation, reactor modelling, membrane processes

Name Dr Hilary Limo RuttoPosition Senior LecturerDept Chemical Engineering (VUT)Tel 016 950 9598Email [email protected]

Partner Universities:

University of Venda and Vaal University of Technology

Name Robert KnutsenPosition Professor, Head of DepartmentDept Mechanical Engineering (UCT)Education PhD (UCT) Tel 021 650 4959Email [email protected] Materials microstructure, electron microscopy

Partner University:

Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

EPPEI specialisation centre in Materials and Mechanics at University of Cape Town

Name Dr Johan WestraadtPosition Senior ResearcherDept Centre for High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (NMMU)Tel 041 504 2301Email [email protected]

Name Richard CurryPosition Research Project ManagerDept Mechanical Engineering (UCT)Education MSc. Eng. (UCT) Tel 021 650 2744Email [email protected] Mat characterisation, structural response, DIC, numerical modelling

EPPEI Specialisation Centre academic representatives continued...


EPPEI specialisation centre in Asset Management at University of Pretoria

Name Stephan HeynsPosition Coordinator, ProfessorDept Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering (UP)Education PhD (UP)Tel 012 420 2432Email [email protected] Machine and structural health monitoring

Name Dr Dawood A DesaiPosition Acting Section Head MechanicalDept Mechanical Engineering (TUT)Tel 012 382 5886Email [email protected]

Partner University:

Tshwane University of Technology

Name John van CollerPosition Coordinator, Senior LecturerDept School of Electrical and Information Engineering (Wits)Education PhDTel 011 717 7211Email [email protected] Power system modelling, high voltage engineering

Name Hugh HuntPosition LecturerDept School of Electrical and Information Engineering (Wits)Education MSc(Eng) Tel 011 717 7254Email [email protected] High voltage, lightning

Name Mr Jerry WalkerPosition Visiting ProfessorDept Power Engineering – Centre for Cable Research (VUT)Tel 016 421 5190Email [email protected]

EPPEI specialisation centre in High Voltage Alternating Current (AC) at University of the Witwatersrand

Partner University:

Vaal University of Technology



EPPEI specialisation centre in High Voltage Direct Current at University of KwaZulu-Natal

Name Dave DorrellPosition Coordinator, ProfessorDept Eskom CoE HVDC and FACTS (UKZN)Education PhD (Cambridge), MSc (Bradford), BEng (Leeds)Tel 031 260 2730 / 7024Email [email protected] Electrical machinery, renewable energy, power systems

Name Andrew SwansonPosition Senior LecturerDept Electrical, Electronic and Computer EngineeringEducation PhD (Wits) Tel 031 260 2713Email [email protected] High voltage engineering

Name Mr Eamon BussyPosition Senior LecturerDept Steve Biko CampusTel 031 373 2062Email [email protected]

Partner University:

Durban University of Technology

Name Wikus van Niekerk Position Coordinator, ProfessorDept Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (SUN)Education PhD Mech. Eng. (University of California, Berkley, USA) Tel 021 808 4277Email [email protected] Mechanical engineering, renewable energy

Name Frank DinterPosition Professor, Eskom Chair in CSPDept Mechanical and Mechatronic Eng. (SUN)Education Dr.-Ing (University GH Essen, DE) Tel 021 808 4024Email [email protected] Solar thermal power plants, CSP, storage systems, industrial heat, demand side management

Partner University:

Cape Peninsula University of Technology

EPPEI specialisation centre in Renewable Energy at Stellenbosch University

Name Dr Naim RassoolPosition Director SARETEC (CPUT)Tel 021 959 4231Email [email protected]



While the eight Specialisation Centres (SCs) continue research programmes concerning Eskom related technology areas during Phase II, EPPEI is launching Inter University Programmes (IUPs) to better and more efficiently address Eskom’s overarching and multi-disciplinary power system needs through collective research. The research projects included in the IUPs and the standalone SCs will contribute to the power system operation and development sustainability by addressing Eskom technology areas where more education and research is urgently needed. The IUPs will contribute to increase collaborative work between different disciplines in the EPPEI SCs and their partner institutions across the country.

There are currently eight established IUPs to take off during Phase II. Each is led by academic representatives and industry specialists as listed in the table below.

IUP Academic Strategic Lead Industrial Strategic Lead

Power Plant Performance & Testing (PP-P&T)

Adj Prof Walter Schmitz Jason Hector

Power Plant Condition Monitoring (PP-CM)

Prof Pieter RousseauYokesh Singh Tebogo Mokwana (electrical)

Environmental Protection (ENV)

Prof Stuart PikethEbrahim Patel Rudi Kruger (electrical)

Component Life Cycle Management (CLCM)

Prof Rob KnutsenYokesh Singh Raymond Kodi (electrical)

Plant Life Cycle Management (PLCM)

Prof Stephan Heyns Phuti Ngoetjana

Smart Grid #1 Dr John van Coller Dumisani Mtolo (electrical)

Smart Grid #2 – Transmission Prof Dave Dorrell Nishal Mahatho (electrical)

Power System Simulation (PSS) Prof Wikus van NiekerkGary De Klerk Dr Nhlanhla Mbuli (electrical)

Inter University Projects10

The key features of the IUP programmes are to:

• source expertise by utilizing the best research and engineering minds both locally and internationally

• closely interact with, and give feedback to Eskom stakeholders to ensure that all funded work is continually aligned for relevance

• have a strong technical component and essential project management facets to ensure effective and timeous execution

The great benefit of the IUPs is a shared vision between the academic institutions and the power industry on inter-disciplinary and over-arching power industry challenges to be tackled.

These will:• optimize the use of scarce high level resources at academic institutions and Eskom• better integrate single postgraduate projects to increase the level of understanding in the field of

each IUP• improve student and alumni co-operation

The specific objectives identified for each IUP to address various technology needs within Eskom are listed hereafter.

Power Plant Performance & Testing (PP-P&T)– Establish test and measurement systems to optimise operation and maintenance (existing and new-built plant).– Enhance measurement accuracy of control parameters.– Improve fundamental understanding and skills through specialised courses.– Collaborate with national and international organisations to produce top quality engineering and research outputs in measurement technology and plant performance testing.


Power Plant Condition Monitoring (PP-CM)– Identify key on-line measurements to support and enhance Process Condition Monitoring (PCM).– Develop and validate advanced component and process models and modelling methodologies.– Develop and apply innovative data analysis and statistical techniques and identify key plant and component performance metrics.– Develop predictive on-line PCM algorithms biased towards improving availability to support outage scoping and life cycle management decisions.– Implement research output to improve availability, reliability, efficiency and component and system safety, and improve training of engineers and technicians.

Environmental Protection (ENV)– Optimise the coal combustion process to minimise emissions and optimise boiler efficiency.– Design and implement mitigation strategies to minimise emissions to the atmosphere including low NOx burners, ESP and FFP operation and FGD design and operation. – Particulate Matter, NOx and SOx emission quantification from power station stacks.– Dispersion modelling impact assessments on air quality, human health and deposition.– Evaluate emissions offset possibilities with other sources that impact more directly on human health for example household solid fuel combustion.

Component Life Cycle Management (CLCM)– Determine appropriate maintenance strategies and inspection tools for critical components. – Improve or advance NDT methods, techniques and analysis.– Improve or advance welding methods, techniques and analysis.– Develop and identify new methods/techniques to determine and perform material characterisation.– Develop and validate plant component modelling; consider microstructural, mechanical, statistical and process data.– Recommend appropriate operational plans for at-risk components.

Plant Life Cycle Management (PLCM)– Scoping and identification of critical components. Define scoping criteria and important functions. – Identify critical, non-critical and run-to-failure components.– Performance monitoring and corrective action.– Continued equipment reliability improvement.– Preventive maintenance implementation.– Long-term planning and life cycle management.

Inter University Projectscontinued...

Smart Grid #1 and Smart Grid #2 -Transmission– Determine the impact of smart grid technologies on large scale renewable energy resources. – Create a roadmap of the impact of smart grid technologies on distributed energy resources. – Identify technology trends and best practices on Intelligent sensors, grid operations; work and asset management, AMI and demand response.– Develop and understand landscape architecture enablers (WAN, wireless, GPRS, fibre on MV, Cigre, protocols). – Research cyber security impact on smart grid.– Leverage PMU applications for grid visibility, stability and resilience.– Monitor Smart Grid Standards to understand new developments.

Power System Simulation (PSS)– Determine the network impact from large scale penetration of renewable and non-renewable generation.– Develop a costing methodology and identify alternative methods of getting ancillary services.– Develop and implement long-term and operational plans for the power system.


Cape Peninsula University of Technology

Prof Gary Atkinson-Hope

North-West University

Dr Dawie Branken Prof Roelof Burger Dr Rupert Gouws Prof Albert Helberg Louis le Grange

Stellenbosch University

Dr Thorsten Becker Dr Johan Beukes Prof AC BrentPaul Gauché Dr Nathie Gule Dr Jaap Hoffmann

Tswane University of Technology

Dr David Delport Prof Rotimi Sadiku

University of Cape Town

Assoc Prof Hennie Mouton

University of Johannesburg

Dr Daniel Madyira

University of KwaZulu-Natal

Dr Leigh Jarvis Prof Bruce Rigby Dr Akshay Saha

University of Pretoria

Dr Johann Wannenburg Prof Jasper Coetzee Prof Schalk Kok

University of the Witwatersrand

Prof Rosemary Falcon Prof Tong Kim Dr Hamed Roohani

Academic supervisors11 Industrial mentors 12

Note: The academic supervisors that have already been listed as coordinators or members of the specialisation centres are not included in this section.

Eskom

Hamresin Archary Adam Bartylak Marthinus Bezuidenhout Norman Crowe Manny de Sousa Philip Doubell Chris Du Toit Christiaan Erasmus Saneshen Govender Ravendra Govindsamy Naushaad Haripersad Frans Havinga Mike Lander Noel Lecordier Arnoud Madlener Avinash Maharaj Dr Marubini Manyage Dr Nad Moodley Matthew Muller Dr Thabo Modisane Sidwell Mtetwa Alton Naidoo Bonny Nyangwa Sandile Peta Dr Thobeka Pete Carel Potgieter Priven Rajoo Dr Joe Roy-Aikins Ronnie Scheepers Kobus Smit Nico Smit Riaan Smit Preeya Sukdeo Dr Christopher van Alphen Christo van der Merwe Willem van der Westhuizen Chris van Tonder Christo van Wyk Leon van Wyk Kobus Vilonel Logan Reddy Thomas Will

Industry

James Sproule – Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyDr Graeme Chown – PPA Energy, UKDavid Tarrant – Rotek EngineeringThomas Will – University of Cologne, Germany

Note: The mentors that have already been listed as coordinators are not included in this section.


CE2: University of the WitwatersrandAn investigation of fouling in cooling tower fill materials 54 CE3: University of the WitwatersrandImproved flame monitoring in PF boilers 56 CE4: IUP / Environment Protection ENV – University of the Witwatersrand 58Effect of air heater performance on SO3 injection and ESP collection performanceCE5: University of the Witwatersrand 60De-sanding of high ash pulverised fuel in coal mills

3. Asset Management 64

AM1: University of Pretoria 62Reliability, Availability and Maintainability Analysis of Grootvlei Power Station Water Treatment Plant under Life Extension and Varying Load ConditionsAM2: IUP / PLCM – Configuration Management – University of Pretoria 64Techno-Economic RAM Model of FGD Installation at Kendal Power StationAM3: IUP / PLCM – University of Pretoria 66Rigorous Multi-Criteria Model for Optimisation of Spare Parts Provisioning

4. Materials and Mechanics 72

MM1: Stellenbosch University 68Measuring mechanical properties using digital image correlation: Extracting tensile and fracture properties from a single sample MM2: Stellenbosch University 70Creep Damage Characterisation of Thermal Power Plant Steel using Digital Image Correlation – PhD

5. High Voltage Engineering (AC) 78

HVAC1: IUP / Smart Grids #1 – University of the Witwatersrand 72Applying and implementing Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) features on a Real MV NetworkHVAC2: University of the Witwatersrand 74The estimation of the temperature profile within the layers of high voltage conductors HVAC3: IUP / Smart Grids #1 – University of the Witwatersrand 76Interaction between diesel generators and PV panels 86

Current students: Research topics13

1. Energy Efficiency 26

EE1: University of Cape Town 26Low Load Operation of Boiler Feed Pump TurbinesEE2: IUP / PPCM – University of Cape Town 28A methodology for integrated thermofluid modelling of radiant superheaters in steady state and transient operations – PhDEE3: University of Cape Town 30Thermal Resistance Evaluation of Fouling on Feedwater Heater TubesEE4: IUP / PPCM – Nelson Mandela University 32Study of the behaviour of the critical boiler control parametersEE5: University of Cape Town 34Component development of a high-fidelity transient engineering simulator of a power plant using Flownex SEEE6: IUP / Stellenbosch University 36Investigation into the effect of wind on fan performance in an ACCEE7: IUP / Stellenbosch University 38An investigation of evaporative cooling tower fill performance sensitivity EE8: University of Cape Town 40A stage-by-stage steam turbine process model based on nozzle theoryEE9: University of Cape Town 42Online Condition Monitoring of Boiler Heat ExchangersEE10: University of Cape Town 44Integrated process and control modelling of water re-circulation in once-through boilers during low load and transient operationEE11: University of Cape Town 46Dynamic process modelling of the HPS2 solar thermal molten salt parabolic trough test facilityEE12: University of Cape Town 48Impact on heat rate and subsequent emissions due to varying operation of coal fired power plantsEE13: IUP / PPCM – University of Cape Town 50System level model of heat transfer in coal-fired boiler furnaces based on a zonal approach

2. Combustion Engineering 52

CE1: IUP / PP-P&T – University of the WitwatersrandSecondary Air Flow Measurement in a Pulverised Coal Burner mounted in a Common Windbox 52


• propose an optimal pressure following curve/rate based on above findings and typical response times of the various plant systems

• collect information on constraints limiting low load operation of BFPTs across the Eskom fleet, with an emphasis on Tutuka Power Station

• investigate and propose process related solutions to the above

Expected deliverables

• an overview of load following using sliding boiler pressure control with reference to the Eskom fleet

• steady state net cycle efficiency of BFPT vs EFP and fixed pressure vs sliding pressure• a validated transient model of Tutuka capable of predicting the effects of load

following and low load operation at fixed pressure• proposal for a sliding pressure control methodology for potential application at Tutuka• overview of constraints preventing or limiting BFPT operation at low loads at Eskom• recommendations for effective operation of BFPTs at low loads• quantified discussion of the impact of poor BFPT availability

EE1: University of Cape Town

Low Load Operation of Boiler Feed Pump Turbines

Subject background

With the growth in the renewable sector of Eskom’s energy generation mix, the need has grown for coal-fired plants in the fleet to run at minimum generation in a sustainable and efficient manner. A significant number of these power stations utilise boiler feed pump turbines (BFPTs), which utilise bled steam from the main turbine to pump feedwater to the boiler. Electric Feed Pumps (EFPs) serve as standby capacity for these BFPTs but their use is generally undesirable as it results in increased auxiliary power consumption. The BFPTs are constrained with respect to the minimum loads at which they can remain in service, and there are implications for overall cycle efficiency and life cycle costing as to the best way in which to operate these BFPTs in response to changing system requirements.

Applicability/Benefit to Eskom

• useful models will be produced for these systems• recommendations for operating strategies and proposals for plant modifications

will emerge from the findings• these recommendations will promote more efficient and reliable operation of the

feed pump systems under changing system requirements

Proposed research

Although this research will focus on Tutuka Power Station, it will also incorporate the rest of Eskom’s fleet as far as is practical. The following will be key research activities:

• collect information on other plants doing load following using sliding pressure control (across the Eskom fleet and potentially also at other utilities)

• develop a process model of the Tutuka Power Station system, potentially expanding this to include other stations in the fleet

• use steady state heat and mass balance methods to determine:a. the net efficiency for operation with BFPT vs operation with EFPs at various loadsb. the net efficiency for fixed pressure operation vs modified sliding pressure

operation at various loads

StudentJohn ClarkCell: 078 802 8147Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorGary de KlerkEmail: [email protected] Willem van der WesthuizenEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorA/Prof Wim FulsEmail: [email protected]


characterise the thermal stresses induced in the superheater headers. These models should provide inputs to online conditioning monitoring models.


The envisaged contributions of this PhD project include the following:• a detailed study of appropriate space- and time-wise discretisation required to

model the steam side of the superheater heat exchanger• a one dimensional pipe network approach to model the three dimensional flue

gas flow within the tube bundle based on the distributed resistance concept• a zonal method to model both the short and long range radiation in the convection

pass, including the radiation from/to the water walls enclosing the superheaters• the appropriate interpretation to arrive at an integrated process model that

accounts for the major phenomena that governs the performance of a superheater in a typical coal-fired power plant

• validation of the integrated process model with the aid of measured data on a real power plant for both steady state and transient conditions

• integration of the detailed heat exchanger model with a high level model of the entire plant in order to evaluate the effects of operational transients

EE2: IUP / PPCM – University of Cape Town

A methodology for integrated thermofluid modelling of radiant superheaters in steady state and transient operations – PhD

Subject background

Boiler tube failures are a leading cause of unplanned capacity losses in coal-fired power plants. The most prevalent causes of superheater tube failures are creep (long-term overheating), fatigue, ash corrosion, hydrogen damage, weld failures, high temperature (short-term overheating), erosion, oxygen pitting, caustic attack and stress corrosion cracking. Overheating may inter alia be caused by gradual build-up of oxide scales on the inner tube surfaces or by reduced coolant (steam) flow or creep damage of headers, header stubs, tubes and branches. Boiler headers are primarily designed against creep but the increasing need for load changes and low load operation implies increased risk of failure from thermal fatigue and creep–fatigue where creep and fatigue mechanisms interact during thermal transients, resulting in ligament cracking. In superheater outlet headers the primary cycle responsible for creep-fatigue damage is ‘downshock’, which is characterised by a heating ramp followed by a quenching transient, as found during attemperation. Internationally more intermittent renewable energy sources are introduced into the electricity supply grid forcing coal-fired plants to change the mode of operation from base load to two-shifting or low load variable operation. This is also the case in South Africa where times of intermittent surplus capacity amid weaker demand are becoming more prevalent. Therefore, operating challenges associated with low load and transient operation will become more acute going forward.


This project aims to develop a methodology to model radiant superheaters in both steady state and transient operations. This methodology can then be applied across the Eskom coal-fired fleet in developing models to be used with online condition monitoring algorithms as part of predictive and preventative maintenance.

Proposed research

The research aims to develop a better understanding of the relationship between operational conditions and metal temperatures through modelling of thermofluid processes of superheater heat exchangers in steady state and transient operations. Developed models should provide input to finite element analyses models used to

StudentExcellent GwebuCell: 083 459 4043Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorProf Louis Jestin Email: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Pieter RousseauEmail: [email protected]


These physical measurements will be combined with the following research:

• study current fouling factors and methods used in the design and determine the industry standards for fouling considered for power plant condensers and feedwater heaters

• develop and build a test rig at the Eskom RT&D facilities in Rosherville• measure the thermal resistance of fouling using the test rig


• A thorough literature study on fouling factors and design methods to reduce fouling used and accepted by industry.

• Recommendations for the best fouling factors and design methods for feedwater heaters.

• A thermal resistance test rig at Eskom RT&D in Rosherville. The test rig will be a permanent testing facility and will be available for future testing in this field.

• A comprehensive set of test results taken from fouled tubes removed from service.• A comparison of the measured as well as industry standard fouling factors.


Thermal Resistance Evaluation of Fouling on Feedwater Heater Tubes

Subject background

Fouling of heat exchangers can have severe effects on the performance of heat exchangers in feedwater heater tubes. During the design process of heat exchangers provisions are made for the effects of fouling by incorporating certain fouling factors into the design of the system. The fouling factors that are considered for Eskom power plants are available in heat exchanger standards and are typically specified by Eskom in the works information for new heat exchangers. The fouling factors used by Eskom are considered over conservative and usually lead to over sizing of heat exchangers. According to the VDI Heat Atlas (Section C4, 1.5.1) fouling factors used on average result in 30% oversized heat exchanger which results in up to 25% increase in costs. The need therefore exists to determine which fouling factors are necessary in order to design heat exchangers that are not oversized in order to lower costs.


The study will investigate and produce more accurate fouling factors specifically applicable to the operating conditions experienced by feedwater heaters in Eskom’s coal-fired power plants. The findings will be used to:

• improve the design of new heat exchangers by either saving costs in the cases where conservative fouling factors are used or to ensure performance in cases where the fouling factors used are too low

• predict performance of current heat exchangers as there is very little information available of the fouling on current feedwater heaters which make modelling and performance prediction inaccurate.

Proposed research

This project is directly aligned with significant maintenance being conducted at existing power plants. Eskom is currently replacing feedwater heaters and re-tubing condensers on a regular basis. A number of actual fouled tube samples that have been in service have been made available for testing. These parts will be collected from the various sources and used to determine the exact thermal resistance of the fouling on the inside and on the outside of the tubes during service.

StudentNicolaas HallattCell: 084 588 7708Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorDr Francois du PreezEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorA/Prof Wim Fuls Email: [email protected]


PI SQC software, to determine factors behind large set point fluctuations and identify variables, parameters and controllers, which contribute to set points deviations. The analysis results will be used to develop an optimisation strategy to improve boiler controller performance.


During the literature search, plant data related to the critical parameters will be collected using PI SQC and other available sources. The data will be structured in a database for processing and analysis. Additional information will be obtained from the process and control engineers related to controller performance and possible limitations.

Various techniques, such as Root Cause Analysis, Pareto Analysis and Statistical tools will be applied to analyse the data in order to identify trends, relationships, critical parameters and other important characteristics. Application of various software programmes for the analysis is envisaged. Based on the results, an optimisation strategy will be developed to improve efficiency and/or availability of boilers from a control point of view. This optimisation strategy can be applied for tuning of controllers and adjusting physical equipment.

EE4: IUP / PPCM – Nelson Mandela University

Study of the behaviour of the critical boiler control parameters

Subject background

A typical coal power plant has 56 controllers, which provide process control to generate power at various conditions according to grid demand. Critical process parameters that determine the boiler operation include load, boiler fuel flow, boiler air flow, steam flow, feed water flow, steam temperature, boiler drum pressure, boiler drum level / attemperator, feed-water temp, boiler furnace pressure and oxygen. These parameters are maintained and controlled as set points by several controllers on different levels in the control architecture. The control system is typically tuned for normal process conditions. However in reality coal quality, moisture level and ingress air may vary causing the controllers to find an optimal solution.

Historic plant data shows that some set points have large fluctuations indicating that controllers and / or executing systems cannot keep set points within required limits leading to losses, lower efficiency, trips and unnecessary stoppages.


Poor combustion contributes greatly to low efficiency of many Eskom power stations. The combustion process inefficiency can be partially attributed to the performance level of control systems. Therefore, it is important to improve control system efficiency to enhance overall power station efficiency. The proposed project will identify critical parameters affecting key plant and component performances related to boiler control, and find a way to benchmark identified parameters. Development of an additional function to monitor the duty cycle of all process actuating equipment is critical to benchmark the reliability of these components. Therefore, it could greatly benefit Eskom and provide a real time display of the performance of these parameters.

Proposed research

The research aims to identify critical boiler control parameters, to improve availability, reliability and efficiency of power plants by means of controller optimisation. The critical boiler parameter behaviour at different power stations will be studied, using

StudentChristopher John HowellCell: 083 937 8393Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorCarel PotgieterEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Igor GorlachEmail: [email protected]


• validate these components and ensure that they respond to dynamic behaviour in a manner that is to be expected

• complete a network for a large coal-fired power station by using the newly built components

• validate the network with steady state and dynamic plant data


• a Flownex SE model of each of the key components of the steam cycle of the coal-fired power station

• a manual that accompanies each key component that compromises of theory, operational inputs and results chapters

• a complete network of the steam side of a large coal-fired power station together with validation and verification cases


Component development of a high- fidelity transient engineering simulator of a power plant using Flownex SE

Subject background

Large coal-fired power stations have been the dominant source of power generation for South Africa. Yet, the exact behaviour of these plants under certain off-design load conditions are unknown and very much unexplored. Computer-based dynamic modelling, from a system’s perspective, provides an economic and consistent method to evaluate these plants under these load conditions. In the past, computer aided model generation was used but had the limitation of only being steady state and was limited largely due to inadequate computer resources. This means that the model was not time dependent and monitoring the power plant over time due to certain changes in the cycle could not be done. It is now possible to run large dynamic models, where Flownex Simulation Environment (SE) provides a suitable platform for such development, over time with a moderate to high degree of accuracy. Methodologies have also been developed which enable the use of very few input parameters and still be able to retrieve an accurate result.


• an Easy to use and accurate power plant model which will enable Eskom to embark on future research to gain a better understanding of how large coal-fired power stations work under certain off-design load conditions

• the power plant model will be able to respond to any scenario which might occur on the national grid, and predict how this might influence the plant characteristics in terms of involvement, availability, and remaining life cycle

• the model may also be used as a tool to train operators and technicians

Proposed research

The following research will be done in order to build a dynamic Flownex SE model which will be used as a tool for further research in the coal-power industry:

• investigate previously built Flownex SE component models• use the methodologies in these previously built component models to build

new components which will be user-friendly and compatible with the complete network

StudentWillie le GrangeCell: 082 463 7451Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorBennie du ToitEmail: [email protected]



• use the configuration with the best results to investigate the effect of wind on both ACC and fan performance

• investigate the effect of fan speed on both ACC and fan performance under different wind conditions


• detailed literature study of previous work done on the topic• a 64-fan CFD-model of an ACC• results indicating the performance of different fan configurations on the

performance of this ACC• results indicating the effect of wind on the performance of this ACC• results indicating the effect of fan speed on the performance of this ACC• conclusion regarding the most favorable ACC configuration in terms of ACC

performance

EE6: IUP / Stellenbosch University

Investigation into the effect of wind on fan performance in an ACC

Subject background

Due to a limited water supply in South Africa, all of Eskom’s new generation coal-fired power stations employ a so called “dry” main cooling system, in the form of an Air Cooled Condenser (ACC). The ACC operates by forcing ambient air over the outside surface of finned-tube heat exchangers, through the use of a large number of axial fans. As the air flows over the outside heat exchanger surface, heat from the heat exchanger is transferred to the ambient air, while the steam condenses inside the tubes. The performance of the large axial flow fans is critical to the ultimate performance of the ACC and thus the power station. These fans are constantly exposed to cross-flow conditions at the fan inlets, due to the inherent design of the ACC and during low wind conditions, but especially so during windy conditions. Typical effects of these distorted inlet flow conditions include a reduction in ACC performance, power station unit load losses and in extreme cases unit trips.


It is well known that windy conditions can be severely detrimental to the performance of an ACC. The possibility of negating this effect and thereby improving plant availability by installing different fan configurations at different locations within an existing ACC will be investigated.

Proposed research

The project aims to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of installing different fan and condenser unit designs at different locations within the ACC and the effect of wind conditions on the performance of these units. The project is a progression of an existing MSc project. The objectives of this project are to:

• develop a model for a large-scale, 64-fan, ACC in CFD (isolated plenums)• identify the installation effect of different fan configurations at different locations

within the ACC on both ACC and fan performance at zero wind (fan configurations to be specified by Eskom)

StudentDaniel LouwCell: 084 484 8168Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorO AugustynEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf J van der SpuyEmail: [email protected]


Proposed research

The project will determine the performance characteristics of several different fill materials. The tests will be conducted using a custom-made fill performance test apparatus. The sensitivity of the fill performance to parameters including, but not limited to, water distribution, fill height and layer orientation will be investigated.


• a detailed literature survey on previous fill performance characterisation as well as sensitivity studies

• experimentally determined fill performance characteristics for several different available fills

• expressions describing the effects of the investigated parameters on fill performance• recommendations regarding the replacement of fills in Eskom’s evaporative cooling

towers

Subject background

Fill materials are used in evaporative cooling towers to increase the heat transfer performance of these systems. The fill materials firstly increase the water surface area exposed to the passing air which results in an increase in heat transfer rate. Secondly the fill materials increase the duration of air-water contact which results in greater exploitation of the potential energy uptake by the air.

Fill material performance typically degrades over time and fills need to be replaced periodically to maintain cooling tower performance. A wide variety of fill materials are available for use in cooling towers and fill development is ongoing. These developments mean that fill performance is frequently improving as new fill materials become available. Choosing the best fill for an existing plant is however difficult as fill performance characteristics are typically given for specific operating conditions. These conditions are not always realizable at existing plants.

Information regarding the sensitivity of the performance of various fill materials to certain parameters such as water distribution, fill height and layer orientation for example, is necessary for cooling tower users to evaluate the potential effectiveness of a fill material for specific applications.


Eskom is planning to replace the fill material in many of their evaporative cooling towers in the near future. The information generated in this study will enable Eskom to critically evaluate the suitability of various commercially available fill materials for specific plants. Finding and using the ideal fill for a specific plant will maximize plant performance and return on investment.

StudentLucas MabuzaCell: 082 451 9555Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorFrancois du PreezEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorMichael OwenEmail: [email protected]

EE7: IUP / Stellenbosch University

An investigation of evaporative cooling tower fill performance sensitivity



• a review on turbine design and process modelling• a stage-by-stage process model in Flownex based on nozzle theory• development of scripts to aid the model in accurate solving of turbine design

characteristics such as velocity triangles, stage efficiencies and loss coefficient• development and application of a calibration procedure for the nozzle model with

the aid of the existing fundamental one dimensional row-by-row process model• construction of a steam turbine case study to be used for verification purposes• description the applicability of the nozzle model and how to analyse various

anomalies• demonstrate the practical applicability of the nozzle model by applying it to an

actual Eskom power plant HP or IP turbine, including part-load performance and modelling of various anomalies


A stage-by-stage steam turbine process model based on nozzle theory

Subject background

In a previous study a row-by-row axial turbine thermofluid process model was developed based on a fundamental one-dimensional network methodology. The model was implemented in Scilab and was verified, validated and applied to show its applicability in practice to identify and analyse various anomalies occurring in industrial turbines. The success of this project spurred the idea that such a model could be employed as a steam turbine process modelling tool which can produce results to pro-actively identify anomalies. However, access to such detailed geometrical data required to configure such a model is uncommon. An alternative to this therefore, is a stage-by-stage process model based on nozzle theory which can be tuned to emulate a real turbine without the need for all the detailed geometrical data.


Having access to a stage-by-stage process model that can be calibrated to model real turbines without the need for detailed geometrical data will facilitate the development of a steam turbine process modelling tool. This tool can be used to pro-actively identify anomalies and thereby support outage scoping and life cycle management decisions. Additionally, a calibrated stage-by-stage process model can be used for analysing the effects of off-design modifications allowing for the prediction of performance, expected pressures and temperatures.

Proposed research

The objective of this project is to develop an equivalent stage-by-stage steam turbine process model in Flownex. The model will be based on nozzle theory in order to develop a calibration methodology with the aid of the fundamental one-dimensional process model and to show the applicability of the nozzle model to analyse real-life anomalies.

StudentAlton MarxCell: 071 383 5888Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorGary De KlerkEmail: [email protected]



states. Deviations from the expected correlation between the process measurements can then be detected with methods founded on the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) multivariate data analysis technique. Characteristic patterns in these residuals will be used to develop fault signatures for different types of damage that cause boiler tube failure.


• investigation of the potential damage mechanisms in CFPP boiler heat exchangers to identify the mechanisms which could be detected through analysis of process measurements

• simulation of a CFPP boiler model through states of healthy as well as damage affected operation

• a methodology for online condition monitoring of boiler heat exchangers using PCA

• validation of the methodology by using historic plant data to diagnose faults and compare the diagnosis with inspection reports


Online Condition Monitoring of Boiler Heat Exchangers

Subject background

Boiler tube failures are one of the major causes of unplanned capability losses in Eskom’s coal-fired power plants (CFPP). Conventional condition monitoring of boilers employs periodic offline Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) methods while online measurements are used to ensure operation within design limits. Because of the large area of boiler heat exchangers, the tight outage schedules, limited resources as well as access restrictions, NDE inspections are not always exhaustive.

Any variations in operating conditions influence the distribution and rates of damage. These condition variations during operation therefore further impede failure prevention through periodic offline monitoring. Some damage mechanisms, however, have an impact on heat transfer in boilers and consequently influence the behaviour of the process parameters. These process parameters can be monitored using online process measurements and the possibility therefore exists to attain information on boiler condition during operation.


This study aims to support the current boiler reliability improvement program by using existing online process measurements. The measurement results will be used to gain insight into the condition of coal-fired power plant boilers during operation. Such insight presents a very valuable prospect of early detection of damage, identification of events that trigger damage and failures. This will further enable the evaluation of damage accumulation rates and ultimately the optimisation of the maintenance interventions as well as operational practices for improved boiler reliability.

Proposed research

The research project will investigate a methodology for online condition monitoring of boiler heat exchangers. A CFPP boiler process model will be used to generate data for healthy operation. Applicable damage mechanisms will then be imposed on this model to observe the response of the process measurements during different operational

StudentGerto PrinslooCell: 062 1679480Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorCarel Potgieter Email: [email protected]




• literature review of once-through boiler operation, startup recirculation systems and controls

• review of collecting vessel level measurement and assessment of the accuracy under startup conditions

• selection of an appropriate case study (most probably Majuba and/or Medupi) and collection of geometrical and operational data that will serve as input for the development of a process model

• development of a detailed integrated system process model in Flownex• verification and validation of the process model• integration of the controls with the process model in Flownex• analysis of a range of low load and transient operational conditions with the aid

of the new model• proposals for the improvement and optimisation of operational procedures

or potential system retrofits to ensure stable operation at low loads as well as quicker start-up and shut down transients


Integrated process and control modelling of water re-circulation in once-through boilers during low load and transient operation

Subject background

During low load operation and transients such as start-up and shutdown the required water flow rate through the evaporator tubes of once-though boilers must be significantly higher than the evaporation rate. This is necessary to protect against overheating of the tubes until the ‘Benson’ point is reached. The downstream superheater heat exchangers are protected from liquid carry-over using water separation and collection vessels. The from these collection vessel is re-circulated through the economizer and evaporator tubes. The water level in the collection vessel must be controlled without negatively affecting the feed water loop operation of the boiler while minimizing the loss of expensive demineralized water via the drains and protecting the tubes from overheating and thermal fatigue.


Enhanced requirements for flexibility in plant operation emphasize the importance of accurate modelling and dynamic simulation as a design and optimisation tool. The ability to model the thermofluid processes and associated controls of the water re-circulation loop will facilitate detailed transient analysis and optimisation of the complete integrated system. This will ensure stable operation at low loads and quicker start-up and shut down transients while minimizing the risk of water carry over, component damage, unnecessary trips and wastage of demineralized water.

Proposed research

The purpose of this research project is to develop a detailed integrated system process model. This model will be combined with controls in Flownex that can be used to analyse and optimize the operational procedures applied during low load operation and start-up and shut down transients of once-through boilers.

StudentPieter RossleeCell: 079 499 8736Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorGary de KlerkEmail: [email protected]



• verification and validation of the integrated model by inter alia comparing the results with the measurements conducted on the pilot test facility

• application of the integrated model to study a variety of transient operational scenarios in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed concept


• literature review of concentrated solar power plants with thermal storage • an integrated dynamic process model of the molten salt storage system combined

with the steam generator and cooling system in Flownex • a collection of data from the prototype test facility including uncertainty analysis • verification and validation of the dynamic process model developed• application of the model to demonstrate one or more applicable dynamic

operating scenarios


Dynamic process modelling of the HPS2 solar thermal molten salt parabolic trough test facility

Subject background

In conventional parabolic trough power plants, sunlight is concentrated onto an absorber tube in which a heat transfer fluid (typically oil) is heated up. If thermal storage is incorporated, this fluid transfers heat to a storage medium (typically molten salt) capable of storing the heat for later use, even when there is no thermal energy being supplied from the sun. When utilizing the stored energy, the storage medium transfers heat back to the heat transfer fluid, which transfers the heat to a steam/water cycle. The High Performance Solar (HPS) 2 test facility will use molten salt as both the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium. This will substantially reduce the complexity of the plant and therefore provide solar thermal storage capability at lower costs.


Eskom is a partner in the HPS2 research project which includes the development and operation of a test facility for which it will provide the operating staff. The process model that will be developed here will enhance the understanding of the plant performance and operation under varying demand and atmospheric conditions. This will therefore support the operation of the prototype test facility.

Proposed research

The purpose of this project is to develop an integrated dynamic process model of the HPS2 prototype test facility that is being developed by an international consortium of which Eskom is a partner. The study will include:

• the development of the thermofluid process model in Flownex of the molten salt storage system combined with the steam generator and cooling system

• integration of the dynamic solar field model that is currently being developed by another partner

StudentRobert Temlett Cell: 071 641 1192Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorGary de KlerkEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Pieter Rousseau Email: [email protected]


• propose generic steady state model(s) to predict the heat rate of CFPPs operating at steady part load conditions

• investigate the steady state and dynamic behaviour of steam boilers and its efficiency under part load and cycling operating modes

• propose generic transient state model(s) to predict heat rates and combustion efficiency of CFPPs operating under increased load cycling conditions

• develop a methodology for quantifying the impact of variable load operations on the uncontrolled emissions rates of a fleet of grid connected CFPPs with REPGs


• generic model(s) for steady state heat rates prediction of different categories of CFPPs• generic model(s) for steady state emissions rates prediction of different categories

of CFPPs• generic model(s) for transient state heat rates prediction of different categories

of CFPPs• generic model(s) for transient state emissions rates prediction of different

categories of CFPPs• methodology for cycling grid connected CFPPs at different ramp rates and ramp

levels for reduced emissions


Impact on heat rate and subsequent emissions due to varying operation of coal fired power plants

Subject background

Grid integrated Renewable Energy Power Generation (REPG) is becoming increasingly popular as a method for reducing emissions from fossil based generators. However, the increased penetration of REPG systems on the grid causes a lot of operational concerns for fossil based generators, especially Coal-Fired Power Plants (CFPPs). These concerns include increased part load and cycling operations. The effect of plant cycling on heat rate and emissions of CFPP have been studied. Most REPG emissions impact studies are done by using emissions factors evaluated at steady-state full load operation point or at annual average emissions rates. It is inaccurate to quantify emissions rates of a CFPP undergoing cycling with a single emission factor obtained at steady state operation. Furthermore, there are no clear quantitative evaluation of the effects of grid connected REPG systems on heat rate and emissions of CFPPs. So, for the successful grid integration of REPG, these variations need to be properly analysed and quantified, such that predictive models can be formulated.


The outcomes of this research will:• provide guidance on improved control strategies for gaseous emissions control

systems and heat rate improvement strategies of CFPPs operating at low load and cyclic mode

• influence policy regarding existing and near future coal power plant operations• develop emissions models used for Energy Mix (EM) optimisation modelling • determine heat rate degradation related cost used for production cost simulation

during transient operations of CFPPs• develop transient models to conduct other studies such as life consumption or

ramp rate improvements

Proposed research

The aim of this PhD research is to further the knowledge on the effect of CFPP cycling by quantifying the changes on heat rate. The research objectives are to:• examine the impacts of grid integrated REPG systems on the heat rate and

emissions rate of CFPPs and review research methodologies used

StudentPatrick Udeme-obong AkpanCell: 073 067 9151Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorPravin MoodleyEmail: [email protected]




The project aims to further the capabilities of an integrated system level process model through a thermal-fluid network approach to model both the water to steam cycle and coal and air to flue gas cycle. This project proposes a zonal approach to model radiation heat transfer, combined with a burnout model for flame heat generation. CFD will be used to generate characteristic mass flow maps on which the combustion model is superimposed to predict flame geometry and position. Specific deliverables are:

• develop, implement and test a zonal approach for a generic furnace enclosure suitable for integration in the Flownex® thermal fluid network analysis code

• a methodology to derive suitable lumped parameter heat source terms to emulate flame behaviour

• a software program/tool which integrates mass flow field, heat source terms, radiation characteristics and exchange areas into a single computer code

• investigate the ability and limits of applicability of the resultant zonal furnace model to address various challenges encountered in furnace operation

EE13: IUP / PPCM – University of Cape Town

System level model of heat transfer in coal-fired boiler furnaces based on a zonal approach

Subject background

A thermo-fluid processes model for Coal-Fired Power Plants (CFPP)s can be a useful tool to assist system engineers and operators to improve availability, efficiency and safety and reduce emissions and ultimately minimizing overall production cost. This usually necessitates a compromise between the requirements and priorities set by power station managers and owners. Therefore, it is necessary to have an integrated system process model where all relevant subsystems are coupled and interdependencies between different subsystems can be ascertained. Such a model will be a useful process condition monitoring tool during power plant operation.


The proposed tool will model the furnace of a pulverised fuel power plant to predict furnace exit temperature within reasonable time. Effects such as coal quality, pulverised fuel fineness, pulverised fuel distribution, burner tilt and ingress air can be investigated during boiler operation.

Proposed research

Due to the interdependency of parameters and variables influencing primary system objectives in a CFPP, the most plausible approach is an integrated model that captures all significant phenomena and processes. The hypothesis is that a suitable systems level process model of a coal-fired boiler furnace can be developed with sufficient detail of operational parameters and variables which can be a valuable tool in optimising the important objectives in power station operation. The research will focus on developing an appropriate furnace model applicable to process condition monitoring applications. The important parameters taken into consideration are flame behaviour, furnace temperature distribution (especially focussing on the FEGT), slagging and fouling propensity, excess air variations and changes in coal quality.

StudentWillem van der MeerCell: 073 021 6871Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorProf Louis JestinEmail: [email protected]



The secondary objective is to calibrate the air flow measurement device installed within several burners in-situ in the common windbox with the minimum of dismantling of equipment, and without requiring access into the furnace. Since the calibration can only be carried out under cold conditions it is proposed that the cold calibration result can be corrected mathematically to hold true for hot operating conditions.


• design of flow measurement device mounted within the secondary air cross section of the PC burner

• design of a 5-hole velocity probe device which fits into the burner without the requirement for furnace access

• calibration of the 5-hole probe in a low speed wind tunnel for high yaw and pitch angles

• calibration testing of the burners using the 5-hole probe• data analysis and synthesis to yield a calibration curve showing flow rate as a

function of measured DP

CE1: IUP / PP-P&T – University of the Witwatersrand

Secondary Air Flow Measurement in a Pulverised Coal Burner mounted in a Common Windbox

Subject background

Three old Eskom coal-fired power stations which had been mothballed for approximately 15 years were to be refurbished and returned to service. The original Pulverised Coal (PC) burners were mounted in a common wind-box supplied with high temperature secondary air (240oC) for combustion from two forced draught fans blowing air through two regenerative air heaters. To adequately control the combustion process and ensure safe, efficient and stable combustion over a wide boiler load range, and control NOx emissions, the air to fuel ratio in each burner must be controlled. A measurement system must be developed for controlled admission of air to the furnace through each pulverised coal burner installed in the common wind-box. The method of measuring the secondary air flow rate through each burner must control the position of the airflow control damper based on the required firing rate of the individual burner. This device must operate under extremely harsh conditions of varying temperature, varying wind-box pressure and traces of ash in the airflow.


The research will identify and develop an appropriate air flow measurement technology which is both low cost, easy to install and maintain as well as being sufficiently accurate for boiler firing system control. The burner air flow measurement device will be maintainable within the budgetary constraints of the power utility, while at the same time providing the highest possible plant availability and reliability.

Proposed research

The objective of this research is to design a robust and accurate device based on static pressure measurements for air flow measurement in a PC burner mounted in a common wind-box. The secondary air flow measurement device must be designed to be mounted in each burner and be capable of measuring airflow with an acceptable accuracy in spite of a highly irregular and swirled air flow within the burner.

StudentWarwick HamCell: 082 882 6414Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorDr Christian StormEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Walter SchmitzEmail: [email protected]


Proposed research

Online fill fouling tests will be carried out at a custom built on-site test facility at a participating power station during normal operation. Several fill materials will be tested over a period of one year. The mass of the fills will be monitored continuously over time (ideally for a one year period) in order to determine the extent of fouling accumulation. In this manner the sensitivity of the various types of fill materials to fouling can be quantified. The test facilities will include sufficient measurements to evaluate the thermal performance of the fill to quantify the effect of fouling on the thermal performance.


• a detailed literature survey• a detailed report on the thermal and fouling performance relating to the cooling

water quality at the power station of choice• a technical paper suitable for journal publication detailing the test methodology

and without disclosing the identity of the fills tested

CE2: University of the Witwatersrand

An investigation of fouling in cooling tower fill materials

Subject background

Eskom is planning to replace all the current asbestos cement cooling tower fills by 2032. In order to realise a maximum benefit from the fill replacement, Eskom needs to know what fill materials and types are best suited to the specific plants as well as the associated operating conditions. Declining cooling water quality has negatively affected cooling tower performance in numerous Eskom power plants that are cooled by natural draft wet cooling systems.

One of the important considerations when evaluating the cooling tower fill material is the issue of fouling. The rate at which a specific fill fouls/scales is an important characteristic as it affects the thermal performance of a cooling tower over the long term. It also affects the integrity of the pack weight accumulation during the fouling process. Fouling depends strongly on the fill configuration (materials, flow paths, velocities) in conjunction with the cooling tower operation (flow rates and temperatures) and the water quality at a specific plant. On-site tests are therefore necessary to determine the expected nature and severity of fouling development over time.


Most of Eskom’s wet cooling towers in operation are due for refurbishment. New cooling tower pack installations have to be less susceptible to fouling or if fouled should not suffer from declining thermal performance. The information generated in this study will enable Eskom to critically evaluate the suitability of various commercially available fill materials for specific plants and thereby maximize plant performance and return on investment.

StudentGontse MathibediCell: 078 800 5663Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorFrancois du PreezEmail: [email protected]



Proposed research

• conduct a literature survey regarding flame monitoring types and operation. This must include flame monitoring equipment for PF and oil flames

• current flame monitoring equipment at selected stations will be assessed and analysed in conjunction with the effect of coal quality, PF and air supply stability

• new, state of the art flame monitoring technology will be identified and its possible improvement potential in Eskom boilers will be investigated


• improve knowledge of current flame monitoring in the Eskom specific context• identify the effect of poor coal quality, fuel and air supply on the effectiveness on

current flame monitors• better knowledge of new and emerging flame monitoring equipment and its

suitability to Eskom boilers• comprehensive literature survey and final dissertation on flame monitoring

equipment and practices with recommendation for possible improvements to safe boiler operation in Eskom


Improved flame monitoring in PF boilers

Subject background

Eskom’s boilers are supplied with a variety of low grade coal which exhibit poor ignition properties that could cause flame instabilities leading to complete flameouts. This is in some cases aggravated by unevenly distributed Pulverised Fuel (PF) and air supplies to the individual burners. Traditionally Pyrometer or Thermopile flame monitoring equipment is used to safeguard boilers during flame failure conditions in the furnaces and to prevent the risk of explosions. Individual fuel oil burner flames are protected by flame scanners using an ultra violet spectrum of the flame to indicate a “healthy” or “unhealthy” flame in the furnace.

Some boilers in Eskom’s fleet are also fitted with separate (or dual) flame scanners on the individual PF/fuel oil burners. Although the fuel oil flame scanners are used to its full potential, the PF flame scanners are only used in two power stations. These PF scanners use the infra-red spectrum of the PF flame to indicate if the PF flame at the burner mouth is “healthy” or “unhealthy”. However (apart from the two cases mentioned above), this equipment is not connected to the Boiler Protection System to create a mill trip should one or more PF burners indicate an unhealthy flame, mainly due to its unreliable behaviour caused by poor visibility of the PF flame and/or changing flame flickering frequencies caused by coal quality or operational changes.

To improve boiler safety and prevent total flameouts in furnaces, a need exists to investigate the suitability and applicability of the PF flame monitoring systems again to stop fuel form entering the furnaces when combustion instabilities are identified on one or more individual PF burners by tripping the associated mill(s).


Flame monitoring equipment is used throughout Eskom’s coal-fired fleet. An improvement in this area will benefit many of Eskom’s power stations: • improved boiler operation• improved boiler safety• decreased downtime (tripping of single mills instead of boiler or multiple mills)

StudentLonke NkunjanaCell: 083 457 8742Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorChristo van WykEmail: [email protected]



Proposed research

• conduct a thorough literature survey to investigate air heater behaviour under load changing conditions

• study the effect of changing load conditions on particulate emissions• the study will include the effect of flue gas dew point occurrence in combination

with SO3 injection operation • simulate the system behaviour of air heaters and ESPs under load changing

conditions• carry out measurements on an actual plant to verify dew point behaviour at the

outlet of an air heater


• development of a simulation tool to model the effects of load changes on particulate emissions

• validation of the developed simulation tool• a completed study for the Lethabo power station in the form of a final MSC

dissertation

CE4: IUP / Environment Protection ENV – University of the Witwatersrand

Effect of air heater performance on SO3 injection and ESP collection performance

Subject background

The generation load requirements from Eskom’s coal-fired power plants is changing with the growth in the renewable energy sector. The introduction of these renewable generation sources into the power gird necessitate coal-fired plants to operate at variable generation loads. During load changes the air heaters of a coal-fired power plant are subjected to changes in performance. Such changes can lead to the occurrence of dew point at the outlet of the air heater. For power plant systems using SO3 injection for Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) performance improvement this can impact on the SO3 injection.

The closer the gas temperature approaches that of the acid dew point of the gas the more likely it is that it will impact the operation of the SO3 injection system. Should the air heater gas exit temperature approach the acid dew point the SO3 injection plant will have to shut down in order to avoid corrosion in the ducts and ESP’s. A shutdown will negatively affect the collection performance of the ESPs.


Particulate emissions are a product of the power generation process of coal-fired power plants. Increasingly stringent emission legislation requires better control of emissions. This holds true for variable load conditions which are becoming increasingly prevalent with the introduction of renewable energy into the power grid. With the emergence power generation from renewable energy sources Eskom’s coal-fired plants experience load transients. Such situations that occur due to variable load conditions could lead to particulate emissions increasing above the levels allowed under emissions legislation. The proposed study will investigate methods to reduce or avoid these emission excursions.

StudentCharmaine NtanziCell: 071 874 2244Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorLeon van WykEmail: [email protected]



Proposed research

• coal mineralogy – batch grinding and sieving together with petrographic analysis of the samples will be performed to investigate if the mill can effectively liberate minerals from coal during the grinding process

• fluidised bed – a fluidised bed experimental setup will constructed to monitor typical fluidised bed variables to study particle separation based on density. A CFD model will also be analyzed and compared to the experimental results


• a better understanding of how coal from a given seam breaks up during grinding and to what extent minerals can be liberated from the coal

• a fluidised bed experimental setup to show the extent to which high density particles can be separated from low density particles under various operating conditions

• a comparative CFD model that can be used for potential full scale designs of a de-sander


De-sanding of high ash pulverised fuel in coal mills

Subject background

Most of the coals used in Eskom coal-fired plant contains a high ash content, some even as high as 50%. The high ash content accounts for high percentages of high density minerals and sand particles like quartz, pyrites, and alumina that cause erosion and abrasion damage to plant. High-density particles are likely to cycle through the mill causing excessive wear on the grinding elements and other mill internals and on burner internals and boiler tube banks. Coal de-sanding in coal mills is a new technology that enables plants to utilize high ash coal.

Inside a coal mill, coal gets reduced in size due to grinding and attrition. During this process high density particles start to liberate from the low-density carbon rich particles, depending on the structure of the coal. Attaching a fluidised bed technology to the classifier of the coal mill, high density material (or minerals) will start to separate from low density material (or carbon). The high-density material can then be extracted from the mill and the low-density material can be re-introduced to the mill grinding and separation cycle. The product (or Pulverised Fuel (PF)) sent to the boiler will be lower in ash content.


The majority of the Eskom fleet are coal-fired power stations with the need to grind coal. A coal de-sander will allow Eskom to use high ash coal with reduced damage to plant equipment (mills, burners, and boilers etc.). Other advantages include:

• increased robustness of the plant towards variable coal supply• improved coal quality or Calorific Value (CV) seen by the boiler (or increased

boiler efficiency)• reduced ash formation in the boiler, decreasing the strain on the ash handling

systems• potentially reduce SOx emissions

StudentCornelis ZwaanCell: 072 851 0608Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorMr Pierre GoosenEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Walter Schmitz Email: [email protected]


Once the baseline RAM model has been developed the project will further develop optimisation strategies to maximise availability, reliability and maintainability of the power plant in these scenarios. These optimisation strategies will be developed to facilitate minimising of life cycle costs. To achieve this, factors such as plant criticality, failure modes, maintenance and operating decision making, spares management and potential requirement for increased plant capacity will be considered.


• a literature search covering utility experience with optimisation of maintenance strategies to bring about reliability improvements

• a RAM model for the Water Treatment Plant at the Grootvlei Power station• analysis of the developed RAM model under life extension and varying load

conditions• recommendations for optimising plant reliability, availability and maintainability

under life extension and varying load conditions. (Cost-benefit analysis)• strategies for applying RAM model to other power stations and other systems

Subject background

Life extension as well as probable changes in the future operating philosophy related to two-shifting and using power station units for cold reserve is anticipated. These changes are expected to be implemented at the Grootvlei Power Station which will likely have significant impacts on the Water Treatment Plant. The expected changes will directly influence the reliability, availability and maintainability of the water treatment facility connected to the power station. Quantifying and assessing these impacts is of great importance as it will be beneficial to Eskom. An in-depth understanding of these impacts will facilitate effective planning and will minimise costs related to increased life cycle extension and change in the operating philosophy while still maximising the performance of the water treatment plant.


The proposed research will facilitate optimised reliability, availability and maintainability of the Water Treatment Plant at Grootvlei Power Station specifically under life extension and varying load conditions.

Proposed research

The project aims to develop a baseline Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) model for the Water Treatment Plant at the Grootvlei Power Station using the Visual SPAR predictive platform together with alternative discrete methods. The project will assess the impact of using the Grootvlei Power Station as a two-shifting or cold reserve station (for cold and hot starts). In order to do so, the life extension of the plant will be considered. Furthermore, the developed RAM model will be used to determine the effect of the abovementioned scenarios on the plant’s Life Cycle Cost (LCC) as well as the plant’s ability to deliver required performance.

StudentAlida AuretCell: 083 349 5674Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorPhuti NgoetjanaEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Stefan HeynsEmail: [email protected]

AM1: University of Pretoria

Reliability, Availability and Maintainability Analysis of Grootvlei Power Station Water Treatment Plant under Life Extension and Varying Load Conditions


The sorbent is a function of local availability so finding countries with similar sorbent limitations to South Africa will be difficult but close comparisons should be possible. Once the literature survey is complete and the costs and technical implications are well understood a RAM model will be developed to simulate the dynamics involved in South Africa and through stochastic modelling it should be possible to deliver statistically rigorous estimations of all parameters and costs.


A literature survey initially followed by modelling of impacts and costs of FGD installations at various sites. Transfer of knowledge to postgraduate or undergraduate students through related exercises. Modelling of impact of future FGD modifications on plant performance, and hence costs. Modelling of impacts will define risks and opportunities. Close co-operation with UCT on efficiency and condition monitoring and NWU on emissions controls will be necessary to ensure integration of efforts.

Subject background

Eskom needs to install Flue-Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) at specified sites. At this stage Medupi, Kendal and potentially Matimba Power Stations are indicated to have FGD. Although Kusile will have FGD the operational challenges of this plant are currently unknown. Once Kusile is operational the dynamics for other plants will be plant specific because issues such as sorbent, water resources and operational specifics are different for each site.


Eskom is committed to doing whatever is required to satisfy legislation on environmental effects. It is however strongly felt that the need in South Africa is regionally differentiated and also the practicality of installation in each case is specific to the location due to sorbent and water limitations (especially in the Waterberg). For this reason it is proposed that a Reliability Availability and Maintainability (RAM) model of the implications of FGD installations at Matimba and Kendal would assist Eskom in justifying the usefulness and practicality of installation. It will be necessary to compare techno-economic impacts across the various options. An area of specific interest would be the comparison of experience related to implantation at Kusile and potential implantation at sites such as Kendal.

Proposed research

It is proposed to study the applicability of a new FGD installation through development of a RAM model or models. It will first be necessary to assess international experience with back fitting of FGD and the costs associated with this implementation. This experience is huge in terms of total number of installations, so engineering experience will be easy to access, however specific constraints such as water limitations and local sorbent availability will significantly reduce relevant benchmarks. There are examples of FGD installations in water restricted environments, which could provide examples for South African installations.

StudentCarel LouwCell: 082 748 4972Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorEbrahim PatelEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Stephan HeynsEmail: [email protected]

AM2: IUP / PLCM – Configuration Management – University of Pretoria

Techno-Economic RAM Model of FGD Installation at Kendal Power Station



• perform a thorough literature search on the methods various industries use to perform spare parts provisioning and compare these with methods that are currently used by Eskom

• an investigation of the world’s best practice methods used for spare parts provisioning would also be included in the literature search phase of the project

• develop a multi criteria model for spare parts provisioning using tools such as Visual SPAR and other Monte Carlo tools in collaboration with standard discrete methods

• model Eskom plant specific or similar scenario’s relevant to Eskom’s Strategic or Critical Spares while investigating the economic effects

• propose spare-part provisioning recommendations based on results

Subject background

Currently the spares holding across the Eskom fleet is based on empirical assessments, tradition or experience. In many cases it is not known why specific spares are being held, and whether the holding of such spares is economically justified. Course work at universities in areas such as risk, reliability and techno-economics teach various methods which can be utilised to optimise and review spares holding of critical and strategic spares. Recommendations on spares provisions based on mathematical and statistical justifications can thus be accomplished.


Eskom currently holds large amounts of spares in stores throughout the country. As is often the case with Eskom and most major large capital businesses, when failure occurs, the availability of spares becomes a major talking point because spares are often not available. On the other hand, however, many spares are held for extensive periods of time without ever being used. It is proposed that for major strategic and critical spares it would make good business sense to have defined strategies with regards to spares holding. Furthermore, recommendations based on the degree to which specific chosen spares strategies would affect business economic concerns is always of paramount interest.

Proposed research

Several algorithms and models exist which can be used to optimise spares holding, these typically include discrete and Bayesian inference models used in Monte Carlo simulations for software programs such as Visual SPAR. It is envisioned that this Inter University Project (IUP) will help develop these algorithms in such a way that they can be implemented and used in plant specific maintenance logistic systems which will ultimately aim to yield an increase in economic dividends.

StudentLeon OberholzerCell: 082 887 9994Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorLogan ReddyEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Stefan HeynsEmail: [email protected]

AM3: IUP / PLCM – University of Pretoria

Rigorous Multi-Criteria Model for Optimisation of Spare Parts Provisioning


This approach utilizes the Virtual Fields Method (VFM) to obtain Young’s modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (v). These tensile stiffness properties (E and v) are then put into a non-linear least squares Field Fitting (FF) approach, which is used to obtain the critical stress intensity factor (K_ff) associated with a crack or notch in a material.


The overall project deliverable is an experimental and analysis approach that permits the extraction of both tensile and fracture properties from surface displacement data captured on a suitable linear elastic sample using 2D DIC. The M.Eng examination process for this project has been successfully completed in April 2017.

Journal submissions: • The application of full-field techniques to estimate both tensile and fracture

properties: An investigation into modifications to standard sample geometries

Subject background

Material properties of in-service equipment change over time due to the operational environment, a phenomenon that directly influences equipment failure. Accurate knowledge of the changed material properties and the material’s damaged state is required to improve equipment reliability estimates. Multiple material properties are required to perform such structural integrity assessments and reliability estimates. Conventional material characterisation testing approaches do not cater for the testing of in-service equipment, and therefore ‘near-non-destructive testing’ approaches, in particular the small punch test (SPT), are preferred. The SPT, while capable of determining multiple material properties from a single small sample, does have limitations both in terms the complexity in analysing the resulting data, and the accuracy of the measured properties. These limitations may be addressed through full-field surface displacement analysis techniques facilitated by Digital Image Correlation (DIC).


Through the first successful estimation of tensile and fracture properties from 2D displacement fields measured with DIC on a single sample demonstrated in this project (assuming a linear elastic isotropic material), the foundation for the further development of this approach has been laid. This project strongly motivates for the development of the approach to accommodate out-of-plane deformations measured through DIC and to extract properties from ductile metallic materials. It is envisioned that this will be addressed in future work, which could lead to the methodology being applied directly to the SPT, thereby aiding in the accurate measurement of current material properties in in-service equipment.

Proposed research

This project aims to develop a combined approach to extracting multiple material properties from in-plane (2D) surface displacements, measured on a single sample through DIC, assuming an isotropic linear elastic material.

StudentRichard HuchzermeyerTel: 021 808 4045Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorMarthinus BezuidenhoutEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorDr Thorsten BeckerEmail: [email protected]

MM1: Stellenbosch University

Measuring mechanical properties using digital image correlation: Extracting tensile and fracture properties from a single sample


Longer term tests (<2000 hours) will be conducted in collaboration with the Open University in the United Kingdom to establish the effect of the time parameter on the prediction of damage parameters from the proposed model. Small disk punch tests will then be conducted using the advanced microscope facilities of the University of Bristol to establish the microstructural aspects of creep through a combined DIC-SEM technique.


Journal publications on: • damage characterisation using short term creep tests • damage characterisation using long term creep tests • small punch creep testing for damage characterisation of X20 on a micro scale

It is expected to attend an international conference on each of the three outputs above. The overall project deliverable is a technique that employs DIC data to extract initial damage parameters of ex-service X20 from the Oruganti model in a reliable manner in both short and longer creep tests as well as on a microstructural level using small punch creep methods.

Subject background

The rapidly expanding industrial sectors in South Africa require a stable supply of electricity from the country’s fleet of coal-fired power plants. As existing power plants are operated beyond their design lives to match energy demands, the need for reliable monitoring of the material integrity of critical components becomes apparent. This is due to the degrading effect of creep on the material properties and useful life of these plant structures, such as X20 steel steam piping, as they are exposed to high temperatures and loads for prolonged periods of operation.

One measure for improving power plant reliability is the remnant life prediction critical component materials in order to guide station maintenance schedules. Currently, methods used for creep damage quantification involve a surface replication technique, that involves calculating the area density of voids formed during diffusional creep using a microscope. The need to improve the accuracy of life predictions, however, requires more comprehensive models that take micro-mechanisms of creep damage and microstructural evolution into account. These models, however, often require significant amounts of experimental data for the calibration of damage-indicating parameters. Such high-density data can be obtained from the full-field technique known as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) applied during short-term creep tests.


Model predictions from the proposed research provides enhanced confidence in the remaining life estimations of critical components through relatively short term creep tests. This will guide the cost-effective replacement and repair of station parts and will also result in fewer incidences of unplanned shut downs for component maintenance.

Proposed research

This project aims to adapt an Oruganti model to predict initial damage parameters from DIC data obtained from short term creep tests (<10 hours). The initial damage parameters will be compared to the void-counting damage characterisation of new and ex-service X20 steel.

StudentMelody van RooyenTel: 021 808 4045Email: [email protected]


Academic supervisorDr Thorsten BeckerEmail: [email protected] Mahmoud MostafaviEmail: [email protected]

MM2: Stellenbosch University

Creep Damage Characterisation of Thermal Power Plant Steel using Digital Image Correlation – PhD


Proposed research

• determine the data, equipment and network characteristics FLISR needs to function

• develop a method for choosing and prioritising the feeders• use the developed method to pilot FLISR features on two real networks in the

Mpumalanga Operating Unit• model expected improvements and monitor the actual performance to compare

it with predicted benefits on the two pilot feeders• report the correlation between expectations and actual outcomes


• identify and clear roadblocks to implementation of automated FLISR features• implement the automated FLISR features and study of the network performance • network performance and reliability Improvement on a poor performing overhead

MV feeder and Urban Cable feeder in Eskom

Subject background

Today’s electric distribution systems depend on intelligent field devices and control systems to maintain maximum efficiency, reliability and performance while improving safety and protection of distribution assets. Hence, efforts should be devoted to achieve a highly reliable energy delivery to customers. A large proportion of power system outages (especially unplanned) occur in the medium voltage network. The FLISR mechanism is efficient in many traditional distribution systems for remotely controlling the operation of circuit breakers.

Self-healing is one of the features of a smart grid, and FLISR is an important technology implementing self-healing. This will assure the self-reconfiguration of medium voltage feeders when a fault occurs on a certain section of a feeder. The FLISR mechanism will help to reduce the impact of a fault, thus improving network performance. Multiple components, such as fault detection, communication, protective relay and remote control, are involved in feeder automation, so the quality of self-healing will influence the operation reliability.


FLISR will minimise the number of customers affected by a fault which will ultimately minimise the number of customer hours interrupted, thereby improving key performance indicators like System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI). It can also help to lessen Operating Expenditures (OPEX) by reducing the amount of time crews are required to try and manually locate faults on the distribution network. Functionality to automate the service restoration process can restore many customers before the 5 minute limit, enabling reduction in both SAIDI and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI).

The FLISR self-healing function will automatically restore service to as many customers as possible as quickly as possible. The outcomes of this research will be to install automated devices that enable the function of FLISR on poor performing rural feeder and poor urban cable line in the Eskom distribution network as a start to see system performance and reliability by using these function features.

StudentFundiswa MthethwaCell: 073 899 8678Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorKenneth BrownEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorDr John van CollerEmail: [email protected]

HVAC1: IUP / Smart Grids #1 – University of the Witwatersrand

Applying and implementing Fault Location, Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) features on a Real MV Network


Proposed research

The primary purpose of this research topic is to derive and test thermal models of the stranded conductors for a wide range of currents, wind velocities and solar radiation.


• measurement of the surface temperature of stranded conductors used in high voltage transmission lines as well as wind velocity and solar radiation values

• a thermal model of the stranded conductor using the measured values to determine the temperature of the steel core and consequent line sag

• the developed model will be able to predict the core temperature based on a given combination of current range, wind velocity and solar radiation

Subject background

The Eskom Main Transmission System (MTS) comprises of lines operating at high voltages, high currents and high powers. High voltages are typically categorised between 132 kV and 765 kV. These lines operate at a wide range of weather conditions (winter and summer) and temperatures.

The temperature of the steel core of the stranded conductors is very important as it largely determines the sag of the conductor. This conductor sag must not exceed the value corresponding to the mandatory minimum height at mid-span of the transmission lines.

The intention behind this research topic is to determine whether measurements of the surface temperature in combination with a thermal model of the stranded conductor and wind and solar measurements will allow the estimation of the temperature of the steel core.


This research topic is part of ongoing thermal management research which is being conducted by Eskom and the nominated universities in South Africa. The Eskom research group will use the findings of this research to gain a better understanding of thermal behaviour of the conductors. Student

Ndoda NcubeCell: 078 814 0345Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorArthur BurgerEmail: [email protected]


HVAC2: University of the Witwatersrand

The estimation of the temperature profile within the layers of high voltage conductors


Proposed research

Develop a system model of an MG comprising of a diesel generator, energy storage system and photovoltaic panels. The model will be used to improving the performance of the MG.


• a master’s thesis on the behaviour of off-grid systems • simulations of a MG system• practical implementation and tests using the simulation results from the systems

model

Subject background

South Africa is currently facing energy problems due to an increase in energy demand. This is caused by growing communities and fossil fuel depletion. To combat energy problems, the country has to exhaust its resources to find alternative, long term solutions that are a reliable means of producing electricity. The country has an abundance of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), however their intermittent nature and ability to produce low could present a problem. These, if properly investigated using existing Microgrids (MGs) can lead better, long-term and reliable renewable technology. The advantages of using renewable technology are its accessibility, the fact that it is economical and that it does not emit harmful gases. Renewable technologies consequently are environmentally friendly. Another advantage of renewable energy generation is its efficiency since no losses associated with transmission and distribution are incurred.

MGs are sensitive and in islanding mode can be regarded as being connected to a finite bus. A change in load at a feeder changes the bus voltage hence, leading to an unstable MG. This implies that MGs are more sensitive to loads. The opposite can be argued to be true for the main grid which assumes an infinite bus. A utility grid can be viewed as being sufficiently large that integrating Distributed Generations (DG)s becomes insignificant thus does not affect the grid. However, an increase of DGs in the network eventually becomes significant leading to instability, and voltage fluctuations in the grid if a contingency plan is not implemented. To combat this issue, the voltage, frequency and power factor can be regulated downstream. A better understanding of off-grid systems is also required to be able to deal with MG issues.


A thorough study of be behaviour of off-grid systems in order to improve the Eskom’s understanding of the grid and how it is changing due to the introduction of renewable energy sources.

StudentMohlalakoma Therecia Ngwako Cell: 082 402 6085Email: [email protected]

Academic supervisorsDr John van CollerEmail: [email protected] Otis NyandoroEmail: [email protected]

HVAC3: IUP / Smart Grids #1 – University of the Witwatersrand

Interaction between diesel generators and PV panels

EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 7978 EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 79

1. Emissions Control

EC1 - Reduction of wet flue gas desulphurisation water consumption through heat recovery 79

2. Materials & Mechanics

MM1 - Influence of heat treatment on the stress corrosion cracking properties of low pressure turbine blade steel FV520B 80

3. Asset Management

AM1 - High Pressure Feedwater Heaters Optimisation 81AM2 - Development of a compensated capacitance sensor for solid mass flow measurement in pneumatic conveying systems 82 4. High Voltage Engineering (AC)

HVAC1 - Investigation of paper insulation thermal ageing estimation using the Arrhenius equation and other methods for generator transformers 83HVAC2 - Analysis of medium voltage vacuum switchgear through advanced condition monitoring, trending and diagnostic techniques 84

5. High Voltage Engineering (DC)

HVDC1 - Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System 85HVDC2 - Dynamic Analysis of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) Network 86HVDC3 - Technical Performance and Stability Analysis of Eskom Power Network using 600 kV, 800 kV, and 1000 kV HVDC 87HVDC4 - Investigation of the effect of rotationally shifted insulator arcing horns on a sub-transmission 132 kV system 88

6. Renewable Energy

RE1 - Geographical location optimisation of wind and SPV power capacity in South Africa using mean-variance portfolio theory and time series clustering 89

Completed project summaries14 EC1Reduction of wet flue gas desulphurisation water consumption through heat recovery

Wet Flue Gas Desulphurisation (WFGD) systems are the largest consumers of water in power plants fitted with dry cooling technologies, (60% of total water consumption). Flue gas cooling upstream of the WFGD plant can result in water savings. A techno-economic assessment for cooling options with heat integration for existing power plant systems was conducted to evaluate the application feasibility at Power Station X options. Flue gas cooling through heat recovery options evaluated include: flue gas reheating and boiler feed water (FW) heating. A WFGD process model (WPDM) was developed and the outputs of the technical assessment were used to develop capital and operating cost estimates.

The findings showed that implementation of flue gas cooling options would result in 28% - 30% water savings (from 0.21 l/kWh to ≈ 0.15 l/kWh for WFGD) making the WFGD water consumption comparable to that of conventional semi-dry FGD systems. The implementation of flue gas cooling options will incur significant capital and operating costs. The flue gas cooling through FW heating was found to have the least life-cycle cost. However, the life cycle assessment of the options was extremely sensitive to the outage time requirements for the modification and the cost of water.

GraduateCandice StephenEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorDr Stefan BinkowskiEmail: stefan.binkowski@ steinmueller.com

Academic supervisorProf Ray EversonEmail: [email protected]

EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 8180 EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme 80 EPPEI 2017-2018 Programme

GraduateLee NaickerEmail: [email protected]


Academic supervisorProf Rob KnutsenEmail: [email protected]

An investigation was conducted to examine the effect of heat treatment condition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) properties of a LP turbine blade material, FV520B, used in the steam turbines of coal-fired power stations. In this study, the precipitation hardening heat treatment temperature was varied between 430-600°C to investigate the effect on the material and SCC properties while exposed to a 3.5% NaCl environment maintained at 90°C.

The presence of reverted austenite in the higher tempered specimens was shown to adversely affect mechanical strength and hardness which decreased with increasing precipitation hardening temperature. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed the presence of Cr-rich precipitates along the Prior Austenite Grain Boundaries (PAGB’s) in all tested heat treatment conditions; the propensity, quantity and size of which increased as the specimen temper temperature increased. SCC susceptibility was shown to be dependent upon yield strength and decreased as precipitation hardening temperature increased. Analysis of fracture surfaces revealed crack propagation along PAGB’s in all test heat treatment conditions indicating intergranular SCC as the dominant cracking mechanism.

MM1Influence of heat treatment on the stress corrosion cracking properties of low pressure turbine blade steel FV520B

AM1High Pressure Feedwater Heaters Optimisation

Widespread uncertainty exists regarding the ideal replacement time of installed feedwater heaters in coal-fired power plants. Previous work has failed to quantify the unique nature of the rate of tube failures, which varies for individual heaters. A framework was developed to optimise the High Pressure (HP) feedwater heater replacement age in Eskom’s coal-fired power plants. This entailed identifying the most significant cost factors involved in the lifecycle of HP heaters and determining how they evolve over time by conducting a case study. Minimum Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for an actual HP heater was calculated in the case study based on failure data and cost information supplied by the power plant. Even though similarities exist, each feedwater heater has a unique Rate of Occurrence of Failure (ROCOF) of tubes which can increase, decrease or remain constant. There is thus no indication of a universal exponentially increasing trend in tube failures following the initial failure. This optimisation of replacement time can realise significant savings in annualised LCC compared to current practice. A data collection and analysis tool was devised to assist engineers in making optimised replacement decisions in future.

GraduateJC PieterseEmail: [email protected]


Academic supervisorProf Jasper CoetzeeEmail: [email protected]


HVAC1Investigation of paper insulation thermal ageing estimation using the Arrhenius equation and other methods for generator transformers

Generator transformer ageing is directly related to ageing of insulating paper inside the generator transformer. Different methods are used to measure ageing. During paper sampling the transformer tank is opened to take paper insulation samples. This method expensive and it requires that the transformer is taken out of service. Furan level measurement is an indirect method of estimating the degree of paper insulation ageing whereby an oil sample from the transformer is laboratory tested to detect Furan compounds in the oil. This method is less expensive but is susceptible to human error. The project investigated an alternative method of estimating the degree of paper insulation ageing using the Arrhenius equation that relates to time and temperature to the degree of organic materials degradation. The reliability of the Arrhenius estimation method is assessed by comparing Degree of Polymerisation (DP) values estimated from the transformer temperature and period of operation with the DP values estimated from the measured Furan levels and paper insulation samples. The result showed a reasonable correlation between the estimated Arrhenius equation DP values and the measured furan levels DP values.

GraduateMT MetebeEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorMr R Cormack (Retired) Email: [email protected]


GraduateJacobus Christiaan (Tiaan) SmitEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorHenk FourieEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProfessor PS HeynsEmail: [email protected]

Spent fuel handling in many fossil fuel power stations in South Africa is changing as slurry pump systems are replaced by pneumatic conveying systems. The implementation of these systems generally improves overall plant efficiency and running costs, but also introduces significant uncertainties with respect to spent fuel mass flow estimation and hence the quantification of the actual plant handling performance. This can have significant life cycle costing implications. These uncertainties are due to wide variation flow conditions and flow regimes. A need exists for a robust solid mass flow rate measurement methodology that can be used over a wide range of operating conditions.

This work investigated the identification of different flow regimes in solid flow environments using multiple capacitive sensors and a decision tree based on support vector machines, to reduce errors associated with non-homogeneous flow through a pipe. The study included an investigation to establish an electrode setup that provides information regarding the flow distribution and orientation. Mass flow compensation according to the identified regime was implemented by means of using nonlinear fraction curves determined through calibration experiments and optimisation.

AM2Development of a compensated capacitance sensor for solid mass flow measurement in pneumatic conveying systems



HVDC1 Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System

Wind energy has proven to be a competitive and environmentally friendly renewable resource for generating electricity. In this research investigation, a 690 V, 2 MW wind turbine-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator is modelled to be integrated into a local 33 kV AC grid via three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source converters. Three control schemes were implemented, namely: pitch-angle controller, generator-side converter controller, and a grid-side converter controller to optimize the system performance. The proposed subsystems and the control schemes were implemented in PSIM software package to evaluate the overall system performance. The simulations were carried out on the model and it was concluded that the grid-side converter controller ensured maximum power point tracking when the wind speed was lower than the wind turbine (WT) rated wind speed. Conversely, as the wind speed exceeded the WT’s rated wind speed, the pitch-angle controller was activated. Furthermore, the DC-link voltage was stabilized within the allowable limits to ensure a continuous flow of active power from the WT to the grid and the reactive power transfer between the grid-side converter and the AC utility grid was maintained to a minimum to ensure a unity power factor.

GraduateEster HamatwiEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorsProf IE DavidsonEmail: [email protected] MN GitauEmail: [email protected]


GraduateJan-Thomas O’ReillyEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorNico SmitEmail: [email protected]


Electrical utilities are tasked with managing large numbers of assets that have long useful lives and are fairly expensive to replace. With emphasis on medium voltage vacuum circuit breakers, a key challenge is determining when circuit breakers are close to their end-of-life and what the appropriate action at that point in time should be. Condition-based maintenance, intended to “do only what is required, when it is required,” has been reported as the most effective maintenance strategy for circuit breakers. This dissertation provided an overview, together with laboratory measurements, on non-intrusive technologies and analytics to reduce maintenance costs, unplanned outages, catastrophic failures and even enhance the reliability and lifetime of circuit breakers by means of a real-time condition monitoring and effective failure prevention maintenance approach.

The key areas of research were the condition assessment of the mechanical mechanism based on coil current signature diagnosis and degradation detection of the main interrupting contacts through thermal monitoring. The information from test results allowed both immediate on-site analysis and trending of key parameters which enable informed asset management decisions to be taken.

HVAC2Analysis of medium voltage vacuum switchgear through advanced condition monitoring, trending & diagnostic techniques


GraduateShaibu Adam Ibu Mludi Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorThabo ModisaneEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Innocent E Davidson Email: [email protected]

The SAPP network experiences disturbances that are difficult for the operating states to explain. These disturbances cause failure of power and normally a sudden drop of frequency is visualized without any option to avoid power failure. Time elapses before the protection relays could isolate such occurrence disturbances as well as power measurement fail to register for post fault analysis. A model of the SAPP interconnected power network was modeled using DIgSILENT Powerfactory power systems analysis software tool, using input data of synchronous generators and associated interconnected power systems. The model used the nodal and modal analysis tools to determine the dynamic status of SAPP Network.

The results provided the impact and behavior of synchronous generators when under disturbance and provided further knowledge of monitoring the power network on the interconnected network to secure continuous power supply. The study has identified the focal points of power oscillations in the modeled SAPP grid through simulations that affects the behavior of system voltages during a disturbance and require damping oscillations control of the synchronous generators.

HVDC2 Dynamic Analysis of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) Network

HVDC3 Technical Performance and Stability Analysis of Eskom Power Network using 600 kV, 800 kV & 1000 kV HVDC

A modified Eskom network (KwaZulu-Natal sub-grid) was modelled using DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The technical and stability analysis for different High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission voltages: 600 kV and 800 kV were carried out, as an alternative for bulk power transfer along major corridors. Static analysis using PV and QV curves with dynamic analyses were performed to determine system fault levels and critical fault clearing time. Results showed that 600 kV and 800 kV HVDC transmission systems have greater power capacity than equivalent HVAC lines. These HVDC lines have lower electrical losses, better voltage profiles, increased fault clearing time, and enable robust protection schemes.

Voltage distortion due to harmonic content and imperfect current waveform in Cahora Bassa LCC-HVDC link were also investigated, and re-engineering with the use of VSC-HVDC technology has been proposed. This option provides reduced harmonic content, excellent sinusoidal waveform and minimal vulnerability to commutation failure. A financial and economic analysis of a 500 kV HVAC double circuit and ±600 kV HVDC transmission were compared. A HVDC system was proposed as the most suitable scheme for bulk transmission of electric power over long distances due to high efficiency and better economics.

GraduateOluwafemi E OniEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorNishanth ParusEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorProf Innocent E Davidson Email: [email protected]


RE1Geographical location optimisation of wind and SPV power capacity in South Africa using mean- variance portfolio theory and time series clustering

Several studies in literature investigate the possibility of optimising the location of wind farms to reduce the variability of the cumulative wind power output. Most of these studies employ mean-variance optimisation, which is a quadratic programming method used in finance theory to construct efficient share portfolios. A problem with the mean-variance optimisation is that it often assigns low capacities to certain sites, with no clear alternatives, which makes part of its solution unfeasible in the face of practical and economic considerations. Time series clustering is a possible solution to this problem, but literature is sparse when it comes to time series clustering implementations combined with mean-variance optimisation. Wind power and Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) power time series were simulated for a South African case study. An optimal clustering methodology was identified for the simulated renewable power time series and the clustering procedure results were used as an input in a mean-variance optimisation procedure that was adapted to include wind power, SPV power and load profiles. The results of the study are a clear indication of the potential to optimally distribute wind power and SPV power capacity that could reduce the adverse impacts on the conventional generation capacity that are typically associated with large penetrations of renewable power capacity.

GraduateChristiaan J JoubertEmail: [email protected]

Industrial mentorsRiaan SmitEmail: [email protected]

Academic supervisorsProf Hendrik J VermeulenEmail: [email protected]


GraduateBrett Smith Email: [email protected]

Industrial mentorThavenesen Govender Email: [email protected]

Academic supervisorAndrew SwansonEmail: [email protected]

The local utility maintains the need of placing arcing horns on their 132 kV insulators within a certain span length of a nearby substation. The arcing horns are subject to rotational shifts in the event of adverse weather conditions and this leads to unscheduled maintenance and replacement of the insulator arcing horn arrangement. This upkeep is both costly and time consuming and is a process which may not be necessary. The rotational shift leads to a longer flashover distance and higher breakdown strength and implies that the system will be better protected against flashover and backflashover. However the integrity of the insulation co-ordination of the system is compromised in the process.

This work investigated the effect of the rotation of the arcing horns on both the protection of the insulator as well as the sub-transmission system by means of testing in the lab and an insulation co-ordination study implemented in ATP/EMTP. The outcomes contributed to the changes required in insulation co-ordination design philosophy as well as the maintenance philosophy of the insulators.

HVDC4 Investigation of the effect of rotationally shifted insulator arcing horns on a sub-transmission 132 kV system


The EPPEI Junior Enterprise (JE) was initiated in 2012 as a means of providing leadership to the body of students on the EPPEI programme, recognising that we are all ambassadors for our company and our programme and that we have a role to play in shaping the programme’s future, in particular to support its long-term sustainability.

Each year’s JE committee, comprised of a CEO, Deputy CEO, Operational Executive and Scientific Executive, is democratically elected by that year’s intake of students. The committee serves for a period of two years, thus ensuring an overlap period of one year between each intake and the next.

To this end, the JE for Intake 6 has identified four key focus areas:1. Recruitment2. Brand Promotion3. Collaboration and Training4. Outreach

The JE will perform the following roles within each focus area:

RecruitmentSupport EPPEI in promoting this programme to prospective applicants and provide or otherwise facilitate useful feedback to management in order to overcome obstacles to effective recruitment.

Brand PromotionPromote the EPPEI brand at its conference, at events such as Power-Gen Africa, within Eskom and through its website and social media platforms.

Collaboration and TrainingIdentify opportunities for inter-institutional collaboration with respect to research and training and provide support to pursue these opportunities where applicable.

OutreachIdentify and pursue opportunities for outreach within the communities in which we work and study, particularly for the promotion of power plant engineering at schools.

We look forward to working closely with the rest of Intake 6 and EPPEI management to pursue these objectives.

EPPEI Junior Enterprise15

EPPEI Intake 6 – Junior Enterprise representatives – 2017-2018

Front row: Alida Auret (Deputy Group Leader), Fundiswa Mthethwa (Operational Representative) Charmaine Ntanzi (Scientific Representative); Second row: John Clark (Group Leader), Prof Louis Jestin

EPPEI Junior Enterprise Group Leaders:

Intake Six (2017) – John Clark Intake Three (2014) – Naeem Tootla

Intake Five (2016) – Jeanne Fourie Intake Two (2013) – Rudzani Mutshinya

Intake Four (2015) – Christine Schutte Intake One (2012) – Priyesh Gosai


The academic expertise of EPPEI students was once again showcased at the annual EPPEI Student Workshop which took place this past July. The 2016 version of the conference saw students from the 3rd intake of EPPEI deliver presentations on their completed or current research projects. The session was once again organized by the fantastic team at the Eskom Specialisation Centre for Renewable Energy at Stellenbosch University, and was conducted over the course of a day and a half, Monday the 11th and Tuesday the 12th of July 2016, at the Eskom Academy of Learning in Midrand.

Student workshop16

The sessions were well attended by academics and Eskom employees alike, with the Eskom representation ranging from senior and middle managers to subject matter experts and EPPEI alumni. The opening session was kicked off by the charismatic interim consortium director Professor Louis Jestin who welcomed everyone to the workshop. The opening session continued up until the morning tea break, after which the workshop shifted into top gear with Session 1 which was a general session consisting of presentations on a varied range of topics of student presentations.

Thereafter, Day 1 split into two parallel streams for sessions 2 and 3. In the main venue, the focus was boilers in Session 2a and 3a, while in the second venue the topic was Electrical Engineering for sessions 2b and 3b. The general atmosphere over the course of the sessions was one of learning, sharing and collaboration, which would have surely soothed the nerves of the sometimes nervous student presenters, and this atmosphere continued into the evening with a social gathering at the Accolades Boutique Venue in Midrand to which all attendees were invited.

Winners of the best presentation awards

With the introductions and formalities already done on the first day, Day 2 went straight into action with Session 4 which was a combined general session and included the keynote presentations. The keynote speaker was Abre Le Roux who presented “Technology management and the Eskom technology plan for transmission and distribution”. Again, the workshop split into 2 parallel streams for the final session. Session 5a focused on Heat Exchangers and Flow Modelling, while Session 5b focused on Asset Management. The two streams then reunited in the main venue one last time to close out the workshop and award the prizes for the best presenters in each session. Here are the winners:

Session Best Presenter Presentation topic

1 Stephen BydawellContinuum damage modelling of high-pressure pipe work for predicting creep-fatigue interaction

2a Dewan Smit Low NOx coal burner temperature profile evaluation

2b Cliff ChidzikweInvestigation into power system stabilizers (PSSs) in damping local area and inter-area oscillation modes in wind integrated power systems

3a Naeem TootlaInvestigation into methods for the calculation and measurements of pulverised coal boiler flue gas furnace exit temperature

3b Nkateko KhozaA method for measuring and recording changes in wood pole impedance over time

4 Kyle Enslin Estimation of moisture dynamics within a composite coal stockpile

5a Andre Rossouw Boiler system modelling using Flownex

5b JC Pieterse High pressure feedwater heater replacement optimisation

And so another successful EPPEI student workshop was concluded by lunch on Day 2. For the presenters, it was no doubt good experience for presenting in this type of setting. For the audience, it was informative and engaging. And for one group of people, the current students, it was a chance to see what they have to work towards when they have their chance to present, next year at the EPPEI Student Workshop 2017.


Student workshop continued...

Prof Louis Jestin and Dr Titus Mathe

Intake 3 JE CEO Naeem Tootla

Intake 4 JE CEO Christine Schutte

EPPEI students and staff at the EAL campus in Midrand, Johannesburg after the Student Workshop


Energy Efficiency

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI studentsProc 10th SACAM, Potchefstroom, 3-5 Oct 2016:• Pottas, R & Rousseau, PG, 2016, ‘A row-by-row axial turbine process model based on a one dimensional

thermofluid network approach’• Monnaemang, WO, Rousseau, PG & Jestin, L, 2016 ‘Systematic comparison of two direct exchange area

smoothing techniques for modelling radiation heat transfer in three dimensional enclosures using the zonal method’

• Van der Meer, W & Rousseau, PG, 2016 ‘A methodology for the integrated system simulation of the heat transfer and combustion in a coal-fired boiler furnace’

• Van der Meer, W, Rousseau, PG & Jestin, L, 2016 ‘A system level modelling approach for combustion and radiative heat transfer in a single burner furnace based on a zonal method’

Proc SAIMechE Conf Mech, Manuf, Mater Eng, Cape Town, 4 Nov 2016:• Le Grange, WL & Fuls, WF, 2016 ‘Development of a high fidelity transient engineering simulator of a

power plant using Flownex’• Akpan, PU & Fuls, WF, 2016 ‘Impact of grid integrated renewable induced coal-fired plant cycling on heat

rate and emissions’• Raikes, GR, Mouton, HD & Fuls, WF, 2016 ‘Furnace exit gas temperature measurement using acoustic

pyrometry’• Du Sart, CF & Rousseau, PG, 2016 ‘Design and Prototyping of a test facility to investigate the transport

properties of dilute phase particle flows applicable to coal-fired power plants’

Combustion Engineering

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI students• Govender, A, Schmitz, W & Naidoo, R, 2016 ’Development of a Condition Monitoring Philosophy for a

Pulverised Fuel Vertical Spindle Mill’, Proc 10th SACAM, Potchefstroom, 3-5 Oct 2016.

Represented by teaching staff at:• 10th SACAM, Potchefstroom, 3-5 Oct 2016

Journal publicationsBy EPPEI students • JArchary, H, Schmitz, W & Jestin, L, 2016 ‘Mass Flow and Particle Size Monitoring of Pulverised Fuel

Vertical Spindle Mills’, Chem Process Eng, vol.37, no.2, pp.175-197.

Publications and presentations: 201617

Emissions Control

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI students• Stephen, CL, et al, 2016 ‘Reduction of WFGD water consumption through flue gas heat recovery for

Medupi power station’, Proc Power-Gen Africa Int Conf, Johannesburg, 19-21 Jul 2016.• Everson, RC, et al, 2016 ‘The simulation of an industrial wet flue gas desulfurization absorber’ 2016

AIChE® Annual Meeting, San-Francisco, USA, 13-18 Nov 2016.• Everson, RC, Arif, A, Neomagus, HWJP & Branken, DJ, 2016 ‘CFD Simulation of an industrial wet flue gas

desulfurization spray tower: A comprehensive model with special attention devoted to the modeling of absorption and chemical reactions’, Proc Int Pittsburgh Coal Conf, Cape Town, 8-12 Aug 2016.

Represented by teaching staff at:• Air Pollution XXIV Conf, Crete, Greece, 20-22 Jun 2016. • 14th Int Conf Indoor Air Quality Climate, Ghent, Belgium, 3-8 Jul 2016.• Nat Lab Assoc Conf Workshop, Centurion, 26 Sep 2016.• Nat Assoc Clean Air Conf, Nelspruit, 5-7 Oct 2016.

Journal publicationsBy EPPEI Students • Arif, S, et al, 2016 ‘CFD Modelling of particle charging and collection in electrostatic precipitators’, J

Electrostatics, vol.84, pp.10-22.By teaching staff • Adesins, AJ, Kumar, KR, Sivakumar, V & Piketh, SJ, 2016 ‘Intercomparison and assessment of long-term

(2004-2013) multiple satellite aerosols products over two constructing sites in South Africa’, J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys, vol.148, pp.82-95.

• Language, B, Piketh, SJ & Burger, RP, 2016 ‘Correcting respirable photometric particulate measurements using a gravimetric sampling method’, Clean Air J, vol.26, no.1, pp.10-14.

• Language, B, Piketh, SJ, Burger, RP & Wernecke, B, 2016 ‘Household Air Pollution in South African Low-Income Settlements: A Case Study’, WIT Transact Ecol Environ, vol.207, pp.227-236.

Asset Management

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI studentsProc 10th SACAM, Potchefstroom, 3-5 Oct 2016:• Brits, JCP, Heyns, PS & Inglis, HM, 2016 ‘Fatigue crack life estimation of a notched blade-like component

using finite element modelling’• Crous, JM, Kok, S & Heyns, PS, 2016 ‘An alternative approach to system identification’


Journal publicationsBy EPPEI students • Diamond, DH, Heyns, PS & Oberholster, AJ, 2016 ‘Online shaft encoder geometry compensation for

arbitrary shaft speed profiles using Bayesian regression’, MSSP, vol.81, pp.402-418.• Gwashavanhu, B, Heyns, PS & Oberholster, AJ, 2016 ‘Rotating blade vibration analysis using

photogrammetry and tracking laser Doppler vibrometry’, MSSP, vol.76-77, pp.174-186.• Asaadi, E & Heyns PS, 2016 ‘Flow stress identification of tubular materials using the progressive inverse

identification method’, Eng Comp: Int J Comp Aided Eng Software, vol.33, no.5.• Heyns, PS, Vinson, R & Heyns, T, 2016 ‘Rotating machine diagnosis using smart feature selection under

non-stationary operating conditions’, Insight, vol.58, no.8, pp.1-6.• Asaadi, E, Wilke, DN, Heyns, PS & Kok, S, 2016 ‘The use of inverse maps to solve material identification

problems: pitfalls and solutions’, Struct Multidisc Optim, doi:10.1007/s00158-016-1515-1.• Aye, SA & Heyns, PS, 2016 ‘An integrated Gaussian process regression for predicting the remaining

useful life of slow rotating bearings based on acoustic emission’, MSSP, vol.84, pp.485-498.

By teaching staff • Scheepers, R & Heyns, PS, 2016 ‘A comparative study of finite element methodologies for the prediction

of torsional response of bladed rotors’, J Mech Sci Technol, vol.30, no.9, pp.1-9.• Talai, SM, Desai, DA & Heyns, PS, 2016 ‘Vibration characteristics measurement of beam-like structures

using infrared thermography’, Infrared Phys Technol, vol.79, pp.17-24.

Materials and Mechanics

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI studentsProc SAIMechE Conf Mech, Manuf, Mater Eng, Cape Town, 4 Nov 2016: • Mndini, O, Knutsen, RD & Bello-Ochende, T, 2016 ‘Numerical minimisation of Gleeble specimen thermal

gradient’• Stracey, M & Knutsen, RD, 2016 ‘Modelling of dislocation creep in 9-12% chromium Steels’• Weyer, R & Knutsen, RD, 2016 ‘Modelling of Damage Due to Diffusional Creep in 9-12% Chromium

Steels’

By teaching staff • Ghighi, J & Knutsen, RD, 2016 ‘Developing a constitutive model for the creep behaviour and microstructure

evolution of 9-12% Cr-steels’

Publications and presentations: 2016continued...

HVAC

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI students• Banda, CA & van Coller, JM, 2016 ‘Impact assessment of repetitive transients on wind turbine step-up

transformers, Proc Cigre C4 Int Colloquium EMC, Lightning Power Quality Considerations for Renewable Energy Systems, Curitiba, Brazil, 28-30 Mar 2016.

Proc 24th South African Universities Power Eng Conf, Vereeniging, 26-28 Jan 2016:• Khoza, NE, Beutel, A & van Coller, JM, 2016 ‘A Method for Measuring and Recording Changes in Wood

Pole Impedance over Time’• Schutte, J, Britten, AC, van Coller, JM & Hubbard, R, 2016 ‘Towards an Explanation of the Abnormal

Attenuation of the Power Line Carrier Signals on an HVDC Mono-polar Transmission Line’• Munhutu, A, van Coller, JM & Djurdjevic, I, 2016 ‘The importance Of Circuit Breaker Testing’

Represented by teaching staff at:• Int Colloquium on Lightning and Power Systems, Bologna, Italy, 27-29 Jun 2016. • Cigre Paris session, Paris, France, 21-26 Aug 2016.

HVDC

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI students• Kubelwa, YD, Loubser, RC & Papailiou, KO, 2016 ‘Statistical Modelling of Bending Stress in ACSR Overhead

Transmission Line Conductors subjected to Aeolian Vibrations-I, Proc World Congress Eng, London, 29 Jun-01 Jul 2016 (Best Paper Award).

• Sibilant, GC, Davidson, IE, Stephen, R & Dougllass, DA, 2016 ‘Introduction to ACSR Conductor sag at High temperature, CIGRE-IEC Colloquium 21, Montréal, Canada, 9-11 May 2016 (Best Paper Award).

• Iruansi, U, Tapamo, JR & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘An Active Contour Approach to Water Droplets Segmentation from Insulators’, Proc IEEE ICIT, Taipei, Taiwan, 14-17 Mar 2016.

IEEE PES Power Africa Conf, Livingstone, Zambia, Jun 28 – Jul 2, 2016:• Gizaw, M, et al, 2016 ‘Analyses of the Vibration Level of an OPGW at the Catenary value of 2100m with

Multi-Response Stockbridge Dampers’• Hamatwi, E, Davidson, IE, Gitau, MN & Adam, GP, 2016 ‘Modelling and Control of Voltage Source

Converters for Grid Integration of a Wind Turbine System’


Proc Clemson University Power Systems Conf, Clemson University, USA, 8-11 Mar 2016: • Oni, OE, Mbangula, KNI & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Voltage Stability Improvement of a Multi-Machine System

using HVDC’• Hamatwi, E, Davidson, IE, Venayagamoorthy, GK & Agee, J, 2016 ‘Model of a Hybrid Distributed Generation

System for a DC Nano-Grid’• Sewchurran, S, Davidson, IE & Ojo, JO, 2016 ‘Intelligent Disbursement and Impact Analysis of DG on

Distribution Networks to Mitigate SA Energy Shortages’

Proc 5th ICRERA, Birmingham, UK, 20-23 Nov 2016:• E. Hamatwi, Davidson, IE & Gitau, MN, 2016 ‘Control of multi-Level Voltage Source Converters Integrating

a Wind Turbine System into the Grid’• Oni, O, Davidson, IE & Parus, N, 2016 ‘Static Voltage Stability Analysis of Eskom Eastern Grid’• Oni, O & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Harmonic Distortion of LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC Link in Eskom’s

Cahora Bassa HVDC Scheme’• Sewchurran, S & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Optimisation and Financial Viability of Landfill Gas to Electricity

Projects in South Africa’

Proc South African Universities Power Eng Conf, VUT, 26-28 Jan 2016:• Dumakude, G, Swanson, AR, Stephen, R & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Power distribution system reliability

improvement through the application of smart technology’• Goudarzi, A, Kazemi, M, Swanson, A & Nabavi, M, 2016 ‘DC optimal power flow through linear

programming - in context of smart grid’• Smith, B & Swanson, A, 2016 ‘Validation of the breakdown mechanism between rotated arcing horns’• Smith, B & Swanson, A, 2016 ‘Investigation into role of arcing horns on 132 kV sub-transmission

infrastructure’• Gizaw, M, et al, R, 2016 ‘Assessment of the Vibration Level at the Catenary value of 2100m for an

OPGW using Endurance Limit Approach’• Ojo, EE & Ijumba, MN, 2016 ‘Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Oscillation of Power Line Conductors’• Hamatwi, E & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Optimised Model of a Solar/Wind/Diesel Hybrid Generation System

for Rural Application’• Mbangula, KNI, Oni, OE & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘The Impact of HVDC Schemes on Network Transient

Rotor Angle Stability’• Khan, SY & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Aquifer Underground Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage in South

Africa’• Stacey, J, Mwale, T & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘The Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) steady state security

assessment using contingency analysis’• Sewchurran, S & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Guiding Principles for Grid Code Compliance of Medium-High

Voltage Renewable Power Plant Distributed Generation Integration onto South Africa’s Transmission and Distribution Networks’

• Sewchurran, S & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Drivers and Application of Small Scale DG on Municipal Distribution Networks in South Africa’

• Malapermal, S, Bello, M & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘A Methodology for Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Meshed Networks to Reduce Power Losses for Time Variant Loads’

• Akindeji, KT & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Microgrid and Active Management of Distribution Networks with Renewable Energy Sources’

• M’Builu Ives, S & Swanson, A, 2016 ‘Stability enhancement of HVAC networks using supplementary controllers with HVDC links’

Represented by teaching staff at:• 5th ICRERA, Birmingham, UK, 20-23 Nov 2016.• IET 8th Int Conf PEMD, Glasgow, UK, 19-21 Apr 2016.• Clemson University Power Systems Conf, Clemson University, USA, 8-11 Mar 2016.• IEEE PES Power Africa Conf, Livingstone, Zambia, Jun 28 – Jul 2 2016.• 3rd AWTEC, Singapore, 24-28 Oct 2016.• IEEE IECON, Florence, Italy, 24-27 Oct 2016.• ICAUMS, Tainan, Taiwan, 1-5 Aug 2016.• South African Universities Power Eng Conf, VUT, 26-28 Jan 2016.

Journal publicationsBy EPPEI students • Goudarz, G, Ahmadi, GA, Swanson, A & van Coller, JM, 2016 ‘Non-convex optimisation of combined

environmental economic dispatch through cultural algorithm with the consideration of the physical constraints of generating units and price penalty factors’, SAIEE ARJ, vol.107, no.3.

• Edrisian, A, et al, 2016 ‘Assessing the effective parameters on operation improvement of SCIG based wind farms connected to network’, IJRER, ISSN: 1309-0127.

• Ojo, EE, & Ijumba, MN, 2016 ‘Numerical Method for Evaluating the Dynamic Behaviour of Power Line Conductors: A Global Approach for Pure Bending’, IJERT, ISSN: 2278-0181.

• Hamatwi, E, Nyirenda, CN & Davidson, IE, 2016 ‘Optimisation of a Hybrid PV-Diesel System for Rural Application: The Case of Oluundje Village, Namibia’, Int Sci Technol J Namibia, vol.8, pp.117-132.

• Mbangula, KNI, Davidson, IE & Tiako, R, 2016 ‘Improving Power System Stability of South Africa’s HVAC Network Using Strategic Placement of HVDC Links’, CIGRE Sci Eng J, vol.5, pp.71-78.

• Mkandawire, BO, Ijumba, NM & Saha, AK, 2016 ‘Component Risk Trending Based on Systems Thinking Incorporating Markov and Weibull Inferences’, IEEE Systems J, vol.30, no.2, pp.1185-1196.

By teaching staff• Hsieh, MF, Chang, YH & Dorrell, DG, 2016 ‘Design and Analysis of Brushless Doubly-Fed Reluctance

Machine for Renewable Energy Applications’, IEEE Trans Magn, doi:10.1109/TMAG.2016.2537140.



Renewable Energy

Conference presentations and proceedingsBy EPPEI students• Hess, S, Beukes, H, Smith, GT & Dinter, F, 2016, ‘Initial study on solar process heat for South African sugar

mills’, SASTA Conf, ICC Durban, 16-18 Aug 2016.Proc 4th SASEC, Stellenbosch, 31 Oct – 3 Nov 2016:• Van der Walt, J, Lutchman, S & van Niekerk, JL, 2016, ‘Rural community electrification business: lessons

learnt from the SolarTurtle pilot’• Rudman, J, Gauché, P & Esler, KJ, 2016, ‘Environmental impacts of utility scale PV and CSP in South Africa:

A first survey of experts and stakeholders’• Lubkoll, M, von Backström, T & Harms, TM, 2016, ‘Introduction to heat transfer test setup and

manufacturing process for the SCRAP receiver’Proc AIP Conf 1734, Cape Town, 13–16 Oct 2015 doi:10.1063/1.4949256:• Rudman, J, Gauché, P & Esler, KJ, 2016, ‘Initial review and analysis of the direct environmental impacts of

CSP in the Northern Cape, South Africa’• Silinga, C, Gauché, P & van Van Niekerk, JL, 2016, ‘CSP Scenarios in South Africa: Benefits of CSP and the

lessons learned’

Represented by teaching staff at:• 4th SASEC, Stellenbosch, 31 Oct – 3 Nov 2016.

Journal publications:By EPPEI Students:• Sklar-Chic, MD, Brent, AC & de Kock, IH, 2016, ‘Critical review of the levelised cost of energy metric’,

SAJIE, vol.27, no.4, pp.124-133.• Reuter, H & Anderson, N, 2016, ‘Performance evaluation of a bare tube air-cooled heat exchanger

bundle in wet and dry mode’, Appl Therm Eng, vol.105, pp.1030-1040.• Allen, K, Heller, L, von Backström, T, 2016, ‘Cost Optimum Parameters for Rock Bed Thermal Storage at

550-600 °C: A Parametric Study, ASME, J Solar Energy Eng, doi:10.1115/1.4034334.• Pengilly, C, Garcia-Aparicio, MP, Diedericks, D, Görgens, FJ, 2016, ‘Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of

Steam Pretreated Triticale Straw’, BioEnergy Res, vol.9, no.3, pp851-863.

By collaborating teaching staff:• Meyer, I & van Niekerk, JL, 2016, ‘Towards a practical resource assessment of the extractable energy in

the Agulhas ocean current’, Int J Marine Energy, vol.16, pp.116-132.• Fairhurst, J & van Niekerk, JL, 2016, ‘Modelling, simulation and testing of a submerged oscillating water

column’, Int J Marine Energy, vol.16, pp.181–195.• Joubert, EC, Hess, S & van Niekerk, JL, 2016, ‘Large-scale solar water heating in South Africa: Status,

barriers and recommendations’, Renew Energy, vol.97, pp.809-822.


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Eskom Power Plant Engineering Institute EPPEI programme 2017.pdf · 2018-03-26 · are some of the...

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