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Eruca sativa (L.): Botanical Description,Crop Improvement, and MedicinalPropertiesGajra Garg a & Vinay Sharma aa Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , BanasthaliUniversity , Banasthali , Rajasthan , IndiaPublished online: 14 Feb 2014.

To cite this article: Gajra Garg & Vinay Sharma (2014) Eruca sativa (L.): Botanical Description, CropImprovement, and Medicinal Properties, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 20:2, 171-182,DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2013.848254

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Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 20:171–182, 2014Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1049-6475 print/1540-3580 onlineDOI: 10.1080/10496475.2013.848254

Eruca sativa (L.): Botanical Description, CropImprovement, and Medicinal Properties

GAJRA GARG and VINAY SHARMADepartment of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali,

Rajasthan, India

Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant dis-tributed in the Mediterranean region. This review highlights thesignificance of E. sativa as an essential medicinal herb.

KEYWORDS Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, erucin, erucic acid,medicinal values

INTRODUCTION

Eruca sativa originated in the Mediterranean region and is known by itscommon names: Rocket, True Rocket, Rocket Salad, Arugula, Roquette, orWhite Pepper. It is well recognized in traditional medicine for its thera-peutic properties as an astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic, digestive, emollient,tonic, depurative, laxative, rubefacient, and stimulant (32). Tender leaves arereported to have stimulant, stomachic, diuretic, and antiscorbutic activity (7).Young plants are used as salad, vegetable, or green fodder. E. sativa con-tains isothiocyanates, butane, hexane, octane, and nonane derivatives thatconstitute the characteristic aroma of the plant. Glucosinolates present inBrassicaceae were found to have anticarcinogenic, antifungal, antibacterial,and antioxidant activities (23). Researchers have been interested in specificdietary intake of essential nutrients such as “Nutraceuticals” for treating orpreventing illness or the risk of chronic diseases (18). E. sativa seed mucilagewas reported to have great potential as a commercial hydrocolloid in foodindustry (25).

Received December 2, 2012.Address correspondence to Vinay Sharma, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,

Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India. E-mail: vinaysharma30@yahoo.co.uk

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BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) consists of 350 genera and about 3,500 species(9) that include medicinally important crops and species, such as E. sativa.Species of Eruca are valued as oilseed, forage, fodder, condiments, and veg-etable crops through the use of buds, inflorescences, leaves, roots, seeds,and stems of the plant. The name of this plant species is derived fromthe Latin word Eruca, which means a type of cabbage. The English namearugula comes from the same source, probably borrowed from an Italiandialectal form.

Plant Description

E. sativa is a diploid (2n = 22), annual herb, 10 to 100 cm tall, and havinga slender tap root and erect, stiff, and elongated branching system. Theroots are of spindle form with few secondary roots, stem is branched, andleaves are compound (Figure 1). Lower leaves are stalked, upper leavesmore or less sessile, and all are lyrate pinnatisect, with a long oblong orobovate terminal lobe coarsely toothed, rarely glabrous and slightly fleshywith a characteristic pungent smell. The flowers are 2 to 4 cm in diameter,bisexual, large, few and in small terminal racemes. Petals are 15 to 20 mm,sepals 8 to 10 mm long, pale yellow or whitish with deep violet veins.Fruits are cylindrical siliquae 3 to 4 mm long, erect and more or less parallelto the stem on short erect stalks with a flattened beak. Seeds are 1.5 to2 mm, yellow-brown or reddish, spherical or ovoid in two rows in eachcell.

Ecological Distribution

E. sativa is distributed from Southern Europe to North Africa, Iran, India, andPakistan. Eruca is a winter crop (Rabi) of drier areas grown either as a pure

FIGURE 1 E. sativa. (a) Seeds; (b) plant; (c) inflorescence.

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Eruca sativa (L.) 173

or mixed crop with other cereals, oilseeds, and pulses. It could be grownon marginal lands where sowing gets delayed or cultivation of other cropsis not feasible. Due to its drought-tolerant nature and adaptability to adverseenvironmental conditions, it is preferred over other Brassica sp when wateris scarce. Eruca has an efficient and fast-penetrating root system and, duringthe periods of severe drought coupled with late rains, is the only alternativeavailable for sowing on soils limited in moisture supply. E. sativa can growon severely salt-affected soils (5) and tolerate temperatures down to −4◦C.It is also a cosmopolitan weed and a host for several fungi and viruses thatattack other cruciferous crops (4).

PHARMACOLOGY

Phytochemical Constituents

Cruciferous vegetables act as good sources of natural antioxidants becauseof high levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid (9). E. sativahas been recognized as a rich source of health-promoting phytochemi-cals, vitamins, carotenoids, fibers, minerals, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates,flavonoids such as kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin, flavanols, andphenolic compounds.

Vitamins

Brassica vegetables contain high levels of vitamins, including carotenes, toco-pherols, vitamin C, and folic acid (38). Arugula is an excellent source ofvitamins A, C, and K, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine),and pantothenic acid. (19)

Carotenoids

USDA National Nutrient Data Base (37) illustrated the presence of 1,424µg.100 g−1 of β-carotene in arugula. Total carotenoids in E. sativa rangefrom 16.2 to 275 µg.g−1 with lutein as the main carotenoid (30).

Minerals

USDA National Nutritional Database (37) describes arugula as being rich inminerals and electrolytes and recommend it as a very low calorie vegetable(Table 1).

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TABLE 1 Nutritional Value of Eruca sativa USDA(37)

Principal component Nutrient value Percentage of RDA∗

Energy 25 kcal 1%Carbohydrates 3.65 g 3%Protein 2.58 g 5%Total Fat 0.66 g 3%Cholesterol 0.00 mg 0%Dietary Fiber 1.60 g 4%Vitamins

Folates 97.0 µg 24%Niacin 0.305 mg 2%Pantothenic acid 0.437 mg 8%Pyridoxine 0.073 mg 6%Riboflavin 0.086 mg 7%Thiamin 0.044 mg 4%Vitamin C 15.0 mg 25%Vitamin A 2373 IU 79%Vitamin E 0.43 mg 3%Vitamin K 108.6 µg 90%

ElectrolytesSodium 27.0 mg 2%Potassium 369.0 mg 7.5%

MineralsCalcium 160.0 mg 16%Copper 0.076 mg 8%Iron 1.46 mg 18%Magnesium 47.0 mg 12%Manganese 0.321 mg 14%Phosphorus 52.0 mg 7.5%Selenium 0.3 µg <1%Zinc 0.47 mg 5%

PhytonutrientsCarotene-ß 1424 µg —Carotene-α 0.0 µg —Lutein-zeaxanthin 3555 µg —

∗Recommended daily allowance.

Glucosinolates

Glucosinolates are a known group of sulfur-containing secondary metabo-lites in plants (Figure 2). Approximately 120 individual glucosinolateshave been isolated from brassicaceae and related families. In arugula,glucosinolates are stored in the vacuoles, but following cell damageand exposure to myrosinase, these are hydrolyzed into isothiocyanates.Glucosinolate is responsible for the flavor and odor in brassica vegeta-bles. Six desulfo-glucosinolates (DS-GSLs), DS-glucoraphanin, DS-4-(β-D-glucopyranosyldisulfanyl) butyl GSL, DS-glucoerucin, DS glucobrassicin, DS-dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL and DS-4-methoxyglucobrassicin were isolatedfrom arugula. Two DS-GSLs, namely DS-glucoraphanin and DS-glucoerucin,were the major GSLs in seeds and roots, while DS-glucoraphanin,

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FIGURE 2 Structure of glucosinolates.

DS-glucoerucin, and DS-dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl GSL were the predomi-nant GSLs in leaves (24). 4-Mercaptobutylglucosinolate (glucosativin) uponhydrolysis produced 4-mercaptobutyl-isothiocyanate (sativin) (20). Erucinis a promising cancer chemopreventive phytochemical (26) and a dietaryisothiocyanate potentially capable of protecting cells against oxidativestress by (1) induction of phase II enzymes, (2) scavenging hydrogenperoxide and alkyl hydroperoxides accumulated in cells and peripheralblood, and (3) acting as a precursor of sulforaphane, a potent inducer ofUDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which detoxified electrophiles and increasedcellular antioxidant defenses (6).

In nature, glucosinolates plays a major role in plant defense against fun-gal diseases and pest infestation. Some evidences have been suggested thatvegetables should be consumed raw rather than cooked because cookingpractices generally denature the majority of enzymes that are responsible forprocessing of glucosinolates in the body (39).

The isothiocyanates, the hydrolytic product of glucosinolates, are activeingredients that may trigger health benefits. For example, glucosinolatesuch as desulfo-glucoerucin (DS-4-methylthiobutyl GSL) is converted intothe corresponding isothiocyanate such as sulforaphane by plant myrosinaseenzyme. Cooking of vegetables inactivates myrosinase, which is responsi-ble for this conversion. After consumption of cruciferous vegetables, eitherglucosinolates, isothiocyanates, or both (depending on the cooking andextent of chewing) reach the stomach and are hydrolyzed. However, acidichydrolysis can take place in the stomach due to low pH (1.0–3.0). If theplant myrosinases have been denatured in case of cooked food, bac-terial myrosinases, present in the large intestine, will convert only 10%to 15% of glucosinolates into isothiocyanates, and the rest is excreted.Converted isothiocyanates are passively absorbed and immediately conju-gated with glutathione that may deconjugate to release biologically activefree isothiocyanates. The free isothiocyanates may then induce biologicalactivity within both benign cells that inhibit carcinogenesis and malignantcells, preventing further tumor development and spread (36).

Flavonoids

Pasini et al. (29) determined the content of flavonoids in E. sativa as rutinequivalents that ranged from 4.68 to 31.39 g kg−1 dry weight. Flavonoids

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FIGURE 3 Major flavanoids in Eruca sativa. (a) Quercetin; (b) kaempferol; (c) isorhamnetin.

are one of the most common and widely distributed groups of plantphenolics. Studies report that flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, estro-genic, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, antiallergic, vascular, cytotoxic,antitumor, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activities. Flavonols arethe most prevalent among all flavonoids. The main flavonols in brassicacrops, Quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, are commonly found asO-glycosides (Figure 3).

Fatty Acid Composition

Erucic acid, an important industrial compound, is present in large amountsin E. sativa, which makes this species a potential industrial crop. Highconcentrations of erucic acid may be the reason for not using it as a cook-ing medium, as erucic acid yields unpalatable flavor and also has linkswith cardiac problems (11). Erucic acid is sometimes used as an adulter-ant for rapeseed or mustard oils. Since the crude oil of the plant has abiodegradability property, it is an alternative mineral oil in many indus-tries. The total oil content is 35%, and the fatty acid composition is inTable 2 (11).

Biodiesel Productivity

E. sativa was grown in West Asia and Indo-Pakistan as poor-qualityoilseed crop in marginal land under poor rainfall. Whenever the seeds

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TABLE 2 Fatty Acid Composition in Arugula (Eruca sativa) Seed Oil (11)

Fatty acids Percentage content (%)

C16:0 (Palmitic acid) 10.2C18:0 (Stearic acid) 1.6C18:1 (Oleic acid) 22.8C18:2 (Linoleic acid) 6.4C18:3 (Linolenic acid) 11.9C20:1 (Eicosenoic acid) 6.4C22:1 (Erucic acid) 40.8

are crushed for oil, glucosinolates get hydrolyzed by myrosinase-producingisothiocyanates that make the oil pungent with a bitter taste that is consid-ered as non-edible oil. So far, biodiesel has been produced from edible oilfeedstocks. Biodiesel can also be produced from non-edible oil extractedfrom plants grown on marginal lands such as jatropha (27), mahua (31),and castor bean (10). Chakrabarti and Ahmad (11) described arugula seedoil as a very environment-friendly fuel and its suitability for conversion intobiodiesel to run vehicles. E. sativa oil is highly productive and has greaterpotential for biodiesel production (2), more stable at ambient temperature,and better storage and usage. Arugula seed oil is mainly used in industriesas lubricant, soapmaking, illuminating agent, in massaging, in medicines,for adulterating rapeseed/mustard oil, and in cooking as salad oil. It is alsocalled “jamba oil” and can be used for illumination or in the production ofpickles.

Crop Improvement

Arugula is commercially cultivated for its oil-bearing seeds and as a maincrop under moisture-deficient and saline areas. It is not in great demand asan edible oil crop; hence, there is an obvious need to improve its oil qualityso that it can find its place in the kitchen. Germplasm is the most valu-able and essential raw material for crop improvement programs. A widergenetic base thus assumes priority in breeding research aimed at develop-ing new varieties with desired traits. This diversity includes native landraces,local selections, elite cultivars, promising exotic introductions, and wild rel-atives of crops with specified traits. To make better use of germplasm incrop improvement programs, it is necessary that germplasm traits are knownbased on 2 to 3 years of evaluation at one or more locations for a set ofheritable characteristics. Genotypes with desired traits so identified are thenutilized as donor parents in developing new varieties. Therefore, it is nec-essary to promote the use of this crop as a means to conserve its geneticdiversity.

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PROPAGATION METHODS

Tissue culture techniques are more often used for genetic improvement ofimportant cultivars. Eruca grows readily from seeds or through transplants.Seeds should be sown 0.5 to 1 cm deep in rows 15 to 20 cm apart; within therow, the final stand should be 5 to 10 cm apart (8). Soaking of seeds of E.sativa in water for 6 h and sowing in the evenings improved germination (8).

Previously regeneration of E. sativa was reported through somaticembryogenesis (1) and mesophyll protoplasts and zygotic embryos wereused as explants for propagation (34). High-frequency somatic embryo-genesis and plant regeneration can be obtained from cotyledon andhypocotyl explants of E. sativa (40). A protocol for transformation of Erucawith Agrobacterium tumefaciens had been described (35). An initial highauxin: high cytokinin pulse gave shoot regeneration rates high enough toattempt transformation experiments, and this protocol gave a transformationfrequency between 0.7% and 3.3% (35).

Processing and Utilization

This crop is considered mature and ready to harvest when the siliquae haveturned brown- yellow and the seeds inside dry slightly. The crop matures inabout 140 to 150 days and is harvested manually using sickles. The harvestedmaterial is brought to an area for threshing to reduce the moisture contentof the seed to ∼9%, for storage and ready for processing. Currently, the seedis threshed out manually by beating the plants with a long stick or by hittingsmall bundles of the crop against a hard surface. The aerial part of a matureplant consists of about 20% seed and 80% straw. The seeds can be processedinto approximately 33% to 35% of oil and 67% oil cake. Oil cake serves asa concentrated feed for dairy animals or is used as manure. Straw is usedfor bedding material in cattle sheds or burned to generate heat. The presentmethod of disposing of straw is not efficient, effective, or environmentallysound, calling for an alternative strategy to make the best possible use ofarugula biomass (15).

Uses of Arugula as Bio-Control Agent

Synthetic insecticides have harmful effects on crop protection programs andon non-target organisms, therefore disturbing the agro-ecosystem. Use ofbotanical insecticides is emerging as an alternative tool for the protectionof the ecosystem. E. sativa is one among all biologically effective cropsused from ancient times in pest management as bio-control agent. Mustardaphids can effectively reduce by intercropping of herb rocket with mustardcrop. Oil and leaf extracts of rocket plant show a good potential as insect

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repellents. The mucilaginous seeds of E. sativa appear to be a promisingbiocontrol agent for the larvae of the insect Culex quinquefasciatus andAedes aegypti.

Arugula oil has proved effective against insects such as Perkinsiellainsignis, Sogata striatus, Sogatella longi-furcifera, Toya attenuate, andPeregrinus maidis feeding on rice (21). In the Spanish province of Cordova,96% of the larvae of Artogeia rapae (Pieris rapae) are reported to havebeen killed by use of E. sativa (17). Moreover, leaf extracts containingglucosinolates from E. sativa had an adverse effect on the survival and devel-opment of nymphs, adult lifespan, reproductive period, and fecundity of themustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (28).

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Cruciferous vegetables are a rich source of chemopreventive agents andsecondary metabolites, enhancing protection against electrophiles and freeradicals. Parts of the arugula plant, including the seeds, leaves, androots, possess health-promoting activities (Table 3), such as antimicro-bial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antiemetic, antiulcer, and inhibition ofmelanoma and tumor.

TABLE 3 Eruca sativa Plant Parts and Medicinal and Therapeutic Properties Listed

S. No. Plant parts used Health promoting activity References

1. Seed oil, Seedextracts

Antibacterial and antimicrobial activity (14)

2. Seeds Antiemetic activity (33)3. Seeds Antidiabetic activity in case of chemically

induced diabetes mellitus in rats byreducing oxidative stress

(12)

4. Isothiocyanatesrich seed oil

Inhibition of melanoma tumor growth inmice

(22)

5. Seed proteins Good potential as a protein source foredible purposes

(16)

6. Leaves Antiulcer activity in albino rats (3)7. Leafy salad Antioxidant property (19)8. Leaf extracts Antigenotoxicity effects (20)9. Rocket salad Antiproliferative activity on human lung

carcinose AS4a cells(26)

10. Rocket meals Maintenance and improving the semencharacteristics, reduction of free radicalsand carcass performance of male rabbits

(13)

11. Isothiocyanates(Erucin)

Chemotherapeutic agent in cancertreatment, protecting cells againstoxidative stress

(13,26)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous use of the facilitiesof Bioinformatics center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology,Banasthali University.

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