ERIC Section6 Valerian I - Julian I

286

Valerian I

Augustus 253-260

Valerian was proclaimed Augustus by his own troops following the death of Trebonianus Gallus. He was another one of the emperors whose legacy was that of fighting war after war during his reign. He was the first emperor who realized that the Empire was getting just too big and unwieldy to manage and granted co-emperor status to his son Gallienus so that he could focus wholeheartedly to the business of putting out the fires. More sensationally, he stands

alone in the roster of Roman Emperors for having been kidnapped by a foreigner, in this case the Persian king Shapur. To add insult to injury, it was reported that after killing him he was stuffed and turned into a footstool!

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Valerian I

facing Gallienus laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left

4) Laureate, draped bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right of Valerian I facing

Gallienus laureate, draped bust left 6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM 2) FELICIBVS AVGG 3) IMP C LIC VALERIANO AVG 4) IMP C P LIC VALERIANO AVG 5) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG 6) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS P AVG 7) IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP C VALERIANVS PF AVG 9) IMP CAES P LIC VALERIANVS AVG 10) IMP P LIC VALERIANO AVG 11) IMP VALERIANVS P AVG 12) IMP VALERIANVS PF AVG 13) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS AVG 14) IMP VALERIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 15) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 16) VALERIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTORVM 2) AEQVITAS AVGG 3) AETERNIT AVGG 4) AETERNITAS AVGG 5) AETERNITATI AVGG 6) ANNONA AVGG 7) APOLINI CONSERVA 8) APOLINI CONSERVAT 9) APOLINI PROPVG 10) APOLINI PROPVGN 11) APOLL SALVTARI 12) APOLLINI CONSERVA 13) BONAE FORTVNAE 14) BONVS EVENT AVG 15) CONCOR EXERC 16) CONCOR LEGG 17) CONCOR MIL 18) CONCORDIA AVGG 19) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 20) CONCORDIA EXERCITI 21) CONCORDIAE AVGG 22) CONSACRATIO 23) CONSERVAT AVGG 24) CONSERVT AVGG 25) DEO VOLKANO 26) DIANA LVCIFERA 27) FELICIT AVGVSTORVM 28) FELICITAS AVGG 29) FELICITAS EXERCITI 30) FELICITAS SAECVLI 31) FIDES MILITVM 32) FORTVNA REDVX 33) GALLIENVS CVM EXERCSVO 34) GERMANICVS MAX TER 35) IOVI CONSERV

36) IOVI CONSERVA 37) IOVI CONSERVAT 38) IOVI CONSERVATORI 39) IOVI STATORI 40) IVNO REGINA 41) LAETITIA AVGG 42) LIBERALITAS AVG I 43) LIBERALITAS AVG III 44) LIBERALITAS AVGG 45) LIBERALITAS AVGG II 46) LIBERALITAS AVGG III 47) LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM 48) LIBERTAS AVGG 49) MARTI PACIF 50) MARTI PACIFERO 51) MONETA AVGG 52) ORIENS AVGG 53) PACATORI ORBIS 54) PAX AVGG 55) PAX AVGVSTI 56) PIETAS AVGG 57) PIETATI AVGG 58) PM TR P II COS II PP 59) PM TR P II COS PP 60) PM TR P III COS II PP 61) PM TR P III COS III 62) PM TR P III COS III PP 63) PM TR P IIII COS II PP 64) PM TR P V COS II PP 65) PM TR P V COS III PP 66) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 67) PROVIDENTIA AVG 68) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 69) RELIGIO AVGG 70) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI

Valerian, along with his family, are the last to make Antoniniani that can be called silver. By the mid-250’s there was so little silver in these pieces that they started falling apart soon after leaving the mint. Even those minted early in his reign were so debased that the coins were very delicate. Once they were lost in the ground they tended to lose much of the base metal making up the bulk of the coin leaving behind a spongy-looking mess. Look for these on Ebay and coin dealer’s “junk bins”. The very earliest Ants, those from 253-255, can sometimes be found in “nice metal” and tend to be prized as portrait coins in collector sets. By now true bronze coins are rare. The emperors were using that copper to make Antoniniani and, in effect, it was wasteful to make coins that were essentially just as expensive to make, if not more, but had a lower face value. Strangely, the Dupondius is the bigger casualty as it just simply vanishes. Bona fide coppers are struck with laureate portraits in roughly lighter and heavier versions which we take to mean they were nominally equivalent to the Sestertius and As, respectively. Another bizarre practice begins to emerge in that these coins along with having wildly fluctuating weights are also often found today misshapen and often of a “squarish” appearance. It’s unclear whether they were struck this way or it was just practice to chop off coin sides to make small small change.

287 71) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 72) RESTITVTI GENER HVMANI 73) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 74) RESTITVTORI ORBIS 75) ROMAE AETERNAE 76) ROMAE AETERNE 77) SAECVLI FELICITAS 78) SALVS AVG 79) SALVS AVGG 80) SALVS PVBLICA 81) SECVLI FELICITAS 82) SECVRIT PERP 83) SECVRITAS AVGG 84) SPES PVBLICA 85) VENVS VICTRIX 86) VESTA 87) VICT AVGG

88) VICT PART 89) VICT PARTICA 90) VICTOR AETER 91) VICTORIA AETER 92) VICTORIA AVG 93) VICTORIA AVGG 94) VICTORIA EXERCIT 95) VICTORIA GERM 96) VICTORIA GERMANICA 97) VICTORIA PARTHICA 98) VICTORIAE 99) VICTORIAE AVGG 100) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM 101) VIRTVS AVG 102) VIRTVS AVGG 103) VOTA ORBIS 104) No legend

Types: 1) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock 3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock, next to Luna (Diana), also standing left, with bow and arrow. 4) Apollo standing right, aiming with bow and arrow. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Concordia standing left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 7) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 8) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 9) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 11) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 12) Fides standing, facing, holding vexillum and scepter. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding grain ears. 15) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 16) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 18) Jupiter standing on cippus reading IOVI VICTORI, holding Victory and scepter. 19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 20) Laetitia standing right, holding wreath and anchor. 21) Legend QVATERNIO 22) Liberalitas seated left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 23) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 24) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 25) Luna (Diana) advancing right, holding torch. 26) Luna (Diana) standing left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow. 27) Luna (Diana) standing right, holding torch. 28) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 29) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 31) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 32) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 33) Pax standing, facing, holding branch and scepter 34) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 35) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged) 36) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 37) Roma helmeted bust right 38) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 39) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 40) Saturn standing right, holding scepter. 41) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 42) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, resting head on hand. 43) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe 44) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 45) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 46) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 47) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer over anvil and tongs. 48) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 49) Valerian I advancing right, raising hand and holding globe. 50) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left on platform with two lictors, Liberalitas to left, holding coin counter and cornucopia and citizen on steps to lower left 51) Valerian I and Gallienus seated left, lictor between and behind them. 52) Valerian I and Gallienus standing right on platform, attended by lictor, addressing several soldiers. 53) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other, two shields and two spears between them. 54) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding scepter and globe and one on right holding Victory and spear. 55) Valerian I and Gallienus standing, sacrificing over altar in between. 56) Valerian I riding biga right, being crowned by Victory. 57) Valerian I riding eagle right, flying towards heaven. 58) Valerian I riding horse left, led by Victory and followed by soldier 59) Valerian I seated left, holding globe and scepter. 60) Valerian I seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 61) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left 62) Valerian I standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Oriens to left, holding scepter. 63) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 64) Valerian I standing left, resting hand on shield. 65) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 66) Valerian I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter with eagle atop.

288 67) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear 68) Venus standing left, raising hand and holding palm; shield to side. 69) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter. 70) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield reading SC on palm tree. 71) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 72) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 73) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 74) Victory riding biga right. 75) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 76) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 77) Victory standing left, holding wreath and resting hand on shield 78) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm. 79) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; seated captive by feet. 80) Virtus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 81) Virtus standing left, holding Victory. 82) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 83) Wreath, VOTIS DECENNALIBVS within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Lugdunum

3) Mediolanum 4) Roma

5) Samosata 6) Viminacium

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O16, R025, T47 RIC Vi 1 2) B2, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 34, C 52 3) B2, O07, R052, T45 RIC Vi 46, C 133 4) B2, O07, R093, T75

AR Medallion 5) B1, O07, R051, T32

AR Antoninianus 6) B6, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 296, C 281 7) B8, O01, R056, T55 RIC Vi 285, C 152 8) B8, O05, R005, T40 RIC Vi 67 9) B8, O05, R009, T04 RIC Vi 74, C 25 10) B8, O05, R028, T09 RIC Vi 86, C 55 11) B8, O05, R030, T25 RIC Vi 213, C 61 12) B8, O05, R031, T11 RIC Vi 89, C 65 13) B8, O05, R041, T19 RIC Vi 41, C 100 14) B8, O05, R053, T16 RIC Vi 218, C 145 15) B8, O05, R057, T34 RIC Vi 219, C 155 16) B8, O05, R066, T53 RIC Vi 277, C 169 17) B8, O05, R070, T48 RIC Vi 220, C 179 18) B8, O05, R071, T62 RIC Vi 287, C 189 19) B8, O05, R074, T60 RIC Vi 119, C 180 20) B8, O05, R079, T39 RIC Vi 121 21) B8, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 125, C 230 22) B8, O05, R093, T75 RIC Vi 124 23) B8, O05, R102, T54 RIC Vi 292 24) B8, O05, R102, T65 RIC Vi 140, C 254 25) B8, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 133, C 263 26) B8, O05, R103, T70 RIC Vi 295, C 279 27) B8, O06, R102, T80 RIC Vi 268, C 272 28) B8, O07, R006, T01 RIC Vi 69, C 13 29) B8, O07, R023, T03 RIC Vi 85, C 50 30) B8, O07, R028, T09 RIC Vi 87, C 53 31) B8, O07, R041, T19 RIC Vi 216 32) B8, O07, R043, T23 RIC Vi 44, C 118 33) B8, O07, R069, T26 Q in right field RIC Vi 115, C 177 34) B8, O07, R071, T62 RIC Vi 286, C 188 35) B8, O07, R073, T61 RIC Vi 50 36) B8, O07, R085, T67 RIC Vi 222, C 212 37) B8, O07, R093, T75 RIC Vi 261, C 223 38) B8, O07, R093, T78 RIC Vi 128, C 224 39) B8, O07, R102, T54 RIC Vi 293, C 276 40) B8, O07, R102, T82 RIC Vi 227 41) B8, O16, R051, T43 RIC Vi 12, C 143a 42) B9, O06, R016, T05 RIC Vi 236, C 44 43) B9, O06, R031, T12 RIC Vi 241, C 71 44) B9, O06, R054, T33 RIC Vi 245, C 147 45) B9, O06, R084, T46 RIC Vi 257, C 205 46) B9, O10, R031, T12 RIC Vi 240, C 74

AE Sestertius Reference(s) 47) B1, O06, R092, T75 RIC Vi 178, C 233

289 48) B1, O07, R092, T75 RIC Vi 202, C 227 49) B2, O05, R092, T75 RIC Vi 177, C 234 50) B2, O05, R102, T82 RIC Vi 182, C 219 51) B2, O05, R104, T83 RIC Vi 184, C 283 52) B2, O07, R044, T23 RIC Vi 165, C 121

AE As 53) B2, O06, R016, T07 54) B2, O07, R007, T02 RIC Vi 190, C 23 55) B2, O07, R038, T17 RIC Vi 195

Valerian I Busts

Valerian I Types

290

Mariniana

? - ?

Valerian I Types (continued)

Wife of Valerian. All coins in her name were minted posthumously.

Busts:

1) Veiled, diademed, draped bust right on crescent 2) Veiled, draped bust right 3) Veiled, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) DIVAE MARINIANAE

Reverse:

1) CONSECRATIO

Types:

1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 2) Mariniana flying peacock left, upwards 3) Mariniana flying peacock right, upwards 4) Peacock advancing right 5) Peacock standing, facing

Mint:

1) Roma

Mariniana falls into the category of coins where if you have the money you can always locate one or two but it may take a bit of luck and patience to find one you are pleased with.

Her Ants were minted during that difficult time when the coins had so little silver in them, less than 20%, that the coin looks “silvery” only if the right set of conditions presented itself at the time of loss. Otherwise, they can look awful with porosity being the main problem. As the bulk of the coin corroded away a spongy, silver-rich core remained.

Interestingly, there are also many bronzes which are loosely categorized under the old denominations of Sestertius, Dupondius and As depending on their weights. However, there are no hard and fast rules because there appears to have been no specific coin weight range in mind by this time in Roman history. And at this point these coins probably traded hands at the marketplace by weight so that half a pound of copper coins was needed to buy X amount of Y.

One such bronze coin if well preserved will surely cost a few hundred dollars at a minimum. The Ants, too, will cost two or three hundred dollars a piece if in good shape.

291 AR Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T4 RIC Vi 5, C 11 2) B1, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 3, C 2 3) B3, O1, R1, T2 RIC Vi 6, C 14 4) B3, O1, R1, T3 RIC Vi 6, C 16

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

5) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 9, C 7

AE Dupondius (Posthumous)

6) B2, O1, R1, T5 RIC Vi 11, C 8

AE As (Posthumous)

7) B2, O1, R1, T5 Exe: ` RIC Vi 11

Mariniana Busts

Mariniana Types

292

Valerian II

Caesar c.273-274

Son of Gallienus (or possibly Valerian). This young boy was left in the care of Ingenuus, a trusted general under the employ of Gallienus. Valerian died under mysterious circumstances not too long after and Ingenuus rebelled. The easiest conclusion to make is that Ingenuus murdered him to pursue his imperatorial career. However, it is just as likely that Valerian died of natural

causes and that Ingenuus, afraid of being blamed, took the drastic step of usurping the throne as a precautionary step.

Busts:

1) Bare head right 2) Bare headed bust right 3) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Bare headed, draped bust right 5) Radiate head right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) C P L VALERIANVS CAES 2) COR LIC VALERIANVS CAES 3) COR VALERIANVS CAESAR 4) DIVO CAES VALERIANO 5) DIVO CAESAR VALERIANO 6) DIVO CAESARI VALERIANO 7) DIVO VALERIANO CAES 8) LIC VALERIANVS CAES 9) P C L VALERIANVS CAES 10) P C L VALERIANVS N C 11) P C L VALERIANVS NOB C 12) P C L VALERIANVS NOB CAES 13) P LIC COR VALERIANVS CAES 14) P LIC VALERIANVS CAES 15) VALERIANVS CAES 16) VALERIANVS NOBIL CAES

Reverses:

1) CONSACRATIO 2) CONSECRATIO 3) DEO VOLKANO 4) FIDES MILITVM 5) IOVI CRESCENTI 6) LIBERALITAS AVGG 7) MONETA AVGG

8) ORIENS 9) PIETAS AGG 10) PIETAS AVGG 11) PIETAS AVGVSTORVM 12) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 13) PRINC IVVENTVTIS 14) PRINCIPI IVVENT

15) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 16) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 17) SPES PVBLICA 18) VICTORIA GERMAN 19) VICTORIA PART

Types:

1) Altar 2) Eagle standing left. 3) Eagle standing right 4) Eagle, standard on either side. 5) Funeral pyre 6) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter 7) Jupiter riding goat left 8) Jupiter riding goat right. 9) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 10) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding scale and cornucopia 11) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged). 12) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 13) Standards (3) 14) Temple with (4) columns, Vulcan within, holding hammer and tongs with anvil to lower left. 15) Valerian II riding eagle right, upwards 16) Valerian II standing left, crowning trophy and holding spear with shield. 17) Valerian II standing left, holding globe and spear. 18) Valerian II standing left, holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left and scepter. 19) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and scepter. 20) Valerian II standing left, holding standard and spear. 21) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and scepter 22) Valerian II standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right. 23) Valerian II standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Lugdunum

3) Roma

While not rare, Valerian II is an obscure Caesar whose coins for the most part survive in deplorable condition. This keeps prices down but also keeps interest down in his series as well. While the young Valerian was alive a modest run of coins was issued in his name and after dying a somewhat longer series of posthumous coins of the deified prince was put into circulation. Most of these coins, no big surprise, were of the severely debased silver Antoniniani type. Finding one that has survived in mint state condition is likely a pipe dream but reasonably appealing coins can be bought for under $100 largely thanks to slipping “under the radar” of many collectors.

293 AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B3, O12, R15, T18 RIC Vi 11

AR Antoninianus

2) B6, O12, R10, T11 RIC Vi 20, C 50 3) B6, O13, R10, T11 RIC Vi 19 4) B6, O13, R15, T21 5) B6, O13, R18, T23 RIC Vi 53 6) B6, O13, R19, T23 RIC Vi 54 7) B6, O14, R05, T08 RIC Vi 13 8) B6, O15, R05, T08 RIC Vi 3, C 26 9) B6, O15, R10, T11 RIC Vi 4, C 52 10) B6, O16, R04, T13 RIC Vi 46, C 24 11) B6, O16, R13, T16 RIC Vi 49, C 67

AR Antoninianus (Posthumous)

12) B5, O04, R02, T03 Exe: S 13) B6, O04, R02, T01 RIC Vi 24a, C 13 14) B6, O07, R01, T15 RIC Vi 9

AR Quinarius

15) B3, O12, R15, T19 RIC Vi 30, C 80

AE Sestertius (Posthumous)

16) B3, O04, R02, T05 Exe: SC RIC Vi 35, C 17

Valerian II Busts

Valerian II Types

294

Gallienus

Augustus 260-268

The son of Valerian, Gallienus became emperor when his father was taken prisoner by a Persian King. His greatest contribution to military history was the first commissioning of a cavalry-only unit which could be dispatched anywhere within the empire within short order. He was also successful in repelling wave after wave of barbarian invaders as well as finally defeating Postumus after a prolonged period which saw the two in battlefields three times.

Gallienus met a bloody end himself during the siege of another usurper, Aureolus, at the hands of his own soldiers.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Helmeted head right 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. 6) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 7) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle 8) Laureate bust right 9) Laureate head left 10) Laureate head right 11) Laureate torso right 12) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 15) Laureate, cuirassed torso left 16) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield. 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 18) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 19) Laureate, draped bust right 20) Laureate, draped torso right, holding caduceus 21) Radiate bust left, holding trophy and shield 22) Radiate head left 23) Radiate head right 24) Radiate torso left, holding scepter 25) Radiate torso right 26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear 28) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 29) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 30) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield 34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder 35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 36) Radiate, draped bust left 37) Radiate, draped bust left, holding club 38) Radiate, draped bust right 39) Radiate, draped torso left 40) Reed-crowned head left

Obverses: 1) DIVO CAES GALLIENO 2) DIVO CAES Q GALLIENO 3) GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE 4) GALLIENO PF AVG 5) GALLIENVM AVG PR 6) GALLIENVM AVG SENATVS 7) GALLIENVM PR 8) GALLIENVM PRINC PR 9) GALLIENVS AVG 10) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 11) GALLIENVS AVG GERM 12) GALLIENVS AVG GERM V 13) GALLIENVS P AVG 14) GALLIENVS PF AVG 15) GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM 16) GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG 17) GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM 18) IMP C P GALLIENVS PF AVG 19) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS AVG 20) IMP C P LIC GALLIENVS PF AVG

21) IMP C P LICIN GALLIENVS AVG 22) IMP CAES GALLIENVS AVG 23) IMP GALLIENVS AVG 24) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS II 25) IMP GALLIENVS AVG COS V 26) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GER 27) IMP GALLIENVS AVG GERM 28) IMP GALLIENVS F AVG 29) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG 30) IMP GALLIENVS P AVG GERM 31) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG 32) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GERM 33) IMP GALLIENVS PF AVG GM 34) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS AVG 35) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS F AVG 36) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG 37) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FEL AVG GERM 38) IMP GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX AVG 39) IMP LIC GALLIENVS AVG 40) IMP P LIC GALLIENVS AVG

Sometime during the reign of Gallienus, in an imperceptibly gradual process perhaps, Roman coins stopped being issued with anything resembling quality control. More regrettably, the use of currency as an art venue gave way to its most utilitarian uses. There was now less care in the execution and craftsmanship of the dies, less variety of types and a generalized who-cares-what-they-look-like attitude that was pervasive from one corner of the empire to the next. Even the mighty Aureus had to suffer the indignity of wild swings in weights. Even the up-until-then sacrosanct purity of the gold itself dipped. But while the most drastic changes appear to have happened during the tenure of Gallienus there were still, thankfully, many exceptions to the rule. The Antoninianus was still being made in reasonably good metal during his first couple of years on the throne and one may actually find one today in good shape at a not-exorbitant cost. Just be aware that for every one of those there will be a cartful of deplorable coins available which, it must be remembered, were already unrecognizable before leaving the mint.

295 Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVGG 3) ADLOCVTIO AVGVSTI 4) ADVENTVS AVG 5) ADVENTVS AVGG 6) AEQVIT AVG 7) AEQVITAS AVG 8) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 9) AEQVTAS AVG 10) AET AVG 11) AETERNITAS AVG 12) AETERNITAS AVGG 13) AETERNITATI AVG 14) AETERNITATI AVGG 15) ALACRITATI 16) ALACRITATI AVG 17) ANNONA AVG 18) APOLINI CONS AVG 19) APOLINI CONSERVA 20) APOLINI PROPVG 21) APOLL CONSERVAT 22) APOLLI PAL 23) APOLLINI CON AVG 24) APOLLINI CONS AVG 25) APOLLINI CONSERVA 26) APOLLINI PAL 27) APOLLO CONSER 28) APOLLO CONSERV 29) APOLLO CONSERVA 30) APOLLO COS AVG 31) BON EVEN AVG 32) BON EVENT AVG 33) BONAE FORTVNAE 34) BONVS EVENTVS AVG 35) CHORS TERTIA PRAETORIA 36) CLEMENTIA TEMP 37) COH H PRAET VI P VI F 38) COH H PRAET VII P VI F 39) COH H PRAET VII P VII F 40) CONCOR AVG 41) CONCOR EQVIT 42) CONCORD PRET MILIT 43) CONCORDIA AVG 44) CONCORDIA AVGG 45) CONCORDIA EXERC 46) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 47) CONCORDIA MILIT 48) CONCORDIAE AVGG 49) CONSECRATIO 50) CONSERVAT AVG 51) CONSERVAT PIETAT 52) CONSERVATOR AVG 53) CONSERVATOR EXERC 54) COS IIII PP 55) DEO AVGVSTO 56) DEO MARTI 57) DEO VOLCANO 58) DIANA FELIX 59) DIANA LVCIFERA 60) DIANAE CONS AVG 61) DONA AVG 62) FECVNDITAS AVG 63) FELICI AET 64) FELICI AVG 65) FELICIT AVG 66) FELICIT DEORVM 67) FELICIT PVBL 68) FELICITAS AVG 69) FELICITAS SAECVLI 70) FELICITATI AVGVSTI 71) FID MILIT 72) FID MILITVM 73) FID PRAET 74) FIDEI LEG 75) FIDEI PRAET 76) FIDEI PRAET VOTA X 77) FIDES AVG 78) FIDES EXERC VIII 79) FIDES EXERCITVS 80) FIDES LEG 81) FIDES MIL 82) FIDES MILIT 83) FIDES MILITVM 84) FORT REDVX 85) FORTVNA AVG 86) FORTVNA RED

87) FORTVNA REDVX 88) FORTVNAE REDVCI 89) GALLIENVS AVG 90) GENIO AVG 91) GENIV AVG 92) GENIVS AVG 93) GENIVS EXE 94) GERMAN MAX TR P 95) GERMANCVS MAX V 96) GERMANICVS MAX TER 97) GERMANICVS MAX V 98) GERMANICVS MAXIMVS 99) HERCVLI CONS AVG 100) HERCVLO CONS AVG 101) IANO PATRI 102) INDVLG AVG 103) INDVLGENT AVG 104) INDVLGENTIA AVG 105) INVICTO AVG 106) INVICTVS 107) INVICTVS AVG 108) IO CANTAB 109) IOVI CONS AVG 110) IOVI CONSERVA 111) IOVI CONSERVAT 112) IOVI CONSERVATORI 113) IOVI CRESCENTI 114) IOVI PATRI 115) IOVI PROPVG 116) IOVI PROPVGNAT 117) IOVI PROPVGNATOR 118) IOVI STATORI 119) IOVI VICTORI 120) IOVI VLTORI 121) IOVIS STATOR 122) IOVIS STATORI 123) IVNO CONSERVAT 124) IVNO REGINA 125) IVNONI CONS AVG 126) LAETIA AVGG 127) LAETIT TEMP 128) LAETITIA AVG 129) LAETITIA AVGG 130) LEG I ADI V P V F 131) LEG I ADI VI P VI E 132) LEG I ADI VI P VI F 133) LEG I ADI VII P VII F 134) LEG I AVG VI P VI F 135) LEG I ITAL VI P VI F 136) LEG I ITAL VII P VII F 137) LEG I MIN VI P VI F 138) LEG I MIN VII P VII F 139) LEG II AD VII P VII F 140) LEG II ADI VI P VI F 141) LEG II CL ADI VI P VI F 142) LEG II ITAL VI P VI F 143) LEG II ITAL VII P VII F 144) LEG II PART V P V F 145) LEG II PART VI P VI F 146) LEG II PART VII P VII F 147) LEG III ITAL VI P VI F 148) LEG III ITAL VII P VII F 149) LEG IIII FL VI P VI F 150) LEG IIII FL VII P VII F 151) LEG IIXX VI P VI F 152) LEG IIXX VII P VII F 153) LEG V MAC VI P VI F 154) LEG V MAC VII P VIII F 155) LEG VI CL VI P VI F 156) LEG VI MAC VII P VII F 157) LEG VII CL VI P VI F 158) LEG VII CLA VI P VI F 159) LEG VII CLA VII P VII F 160) LEG VIII AVG V P V F 161) LEG VIII AVG VI P VI F 162) LEG VIII AVG VII P VII F 163) LEG VIIII AVG VI P VI F 164) LEG VIIII VI P VI F 165) LEG X GEM VI P VI F 166) LEG X GEM VII P VII F 167) LEG XI CL VI P VI F 168) LEG XIII GEM VI P VI F 169) LEG XIIII GEM VI P VI F 170) LEG XX VI P VI F 171) LEG XXI GEM VI P VI F 172) LEG XXII VI P VI F

173) LEG XXX VLP VI P VI F 174) LEG XXX VLP VII P VII F 175) LIB AVG 176) LIBERAL AVG 177) LIBERALIT AVG 178) LIBERALITAS AVG II 179) LIBERALITAS AVG III 180) LIBERALITAS AVGG 181) LIBERO P CONS AVG 182) LIBERT AVG 183) LIBERTAS AVG 184) LIBERTAS AVGG 185) LVNA LVCIF 186) LVNA LVCIFERA 187) MARS RED AVG 188) MARS VICTOR 189) MARS VLTOR 190) MARTI PACIF 191) MARTI PACIFE 192) MARTI PACIFER 193) MARTI PACIFERO 194) MARTI PROPVGN 195) MARTI PROPVGNAT 196) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 197) MARTI VICTORI AVG 198) MERCVRIO CONS AVG 199) MINERVA AVG 200) MONETA AVG 201) MONETA AVGG 202) NEPTVNO CONS AVG 203) OB CONSERVAT SALVT 204) OB CONSERVATIONEM PATRIAE 205) OB CONSERVATIONEM SALVTIS 206) OB LIBERTAT REC 207) OB LIBERTATEM RECEPTAM 208) OB REDDIT LIBERT 209) ORIENS AVG 210) ORIENS AVGG 211) PACATORI ORBIS 212) PAX AETERNA 213) PAX AETERNA AVG 214) PAX AVG 215) PAX AVGG 216) PAX AVGVSTI 217) PAX FVNDATA 218) PAX PVBLICA 219) PERPETVITATI AVG 220) PIETAS AVG 221) PIETAS AVGG 222) PIETATI AVGG 223) PM TR P COS II 224) PM TR P II COS 225) PM TR P II COS II PP 226) PM TR P II COS PP 227) PM TR P III COS 228) PM TR P III COS III PP 229) PM TR P IIII COS II 230) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 231) PM TR P IMP VI COS V PP 232) PM TR P V COS III 233) PM TR P V COS III PP 234) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 235) PM TR P VII COS 236) PM TR P VII COS III PP 237) PM TR P VII COS IIII 238) PM TR P VII COS IIII PP 239) PM TR P VII COS PP 240) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP 241) PM TR P X COS IIII 242) PM TR P X COS IIII PP 243) PM TR P XII 244) PM TR P XII COS V PP 245) PM TR P XIII 246) PM TR P XV COS VII 247) PM TR P XV PP 248) PM TR P XVI 249) PM TR P XVI COS VII 250) PM TR P XVII 251) PRINC IVVENT 252) PRINCIP IVVENTVT 253) PROVI AVG 254) PROVID AVG 255) PROVIDENTI AVG 256) PROVIDENTIA AVG 257) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 258) PVDICITIA

296 259) RESTIT GALLIAR 260) RESTITVT GALLIAR 261) RESTITVT GENER HVMANI 262) RESTITVT ORIENTIS 263) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR 264) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 265) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 266) ROMAE AETERNAE 267) S P Q R 268) SAECVLARES AVG 269) SALVS AVG 270) SALVS AVGG 271) SALVS AVGVSTI 272) SALVS ITAL 273) SALVS PVBLICA 274) SECVLI FELICITAS 275) SECVR TEMPO 276) SECVRIT AVG 277) SECVRIT ORBIS 278) SECVRIT PERP 279) SECVRIT PERPET 280) SECVRIT PVBL 281) SECVRITAS AVG 282) SECVRITAS AVGG 283) SECVRITAS ORBIS 284) SECVRITAS PVB 285) SECVRITAS PVBL 286) SECVRT AVG 287) SISCIA AVG 288) SOLI COMTI AVG 289) SOLI CONS AVG 290) SOLI INVICTO

291) SPES PVB 292) SPES PVBLICA 293) TR P XII C VI PP 294) TRIB POT COS II 295) TRIB POT COS PP 296) TRIB POT VIII COS III 297) VBERITAS AVG 298) VBERTAS AVG 299) VBIQVE PAX 300) VENERI VICTRICI 301) VENERI VICTRIX 302) VENVS AVG 303) VENVS FELIX 304) VENVS VICTRIX 305) VESTA 306) VESTA FELIX 307) VIC GAL AVG 308) VICT AET AVG 309) VICT GAL AVG 310) VICT GAL AVG III 311) VICT GALL AVG 312) VICT GALLIENI AVG 313) VICT GER II 314) VICT GERMANICA 315) VICTORIA AET 316) VICTORIA AVG 317) VICTORIA AVG II 318) VICTORIA AVG III 319) VICTORIA AVG VI 320) VICTORIA AVG VII 321) VICTORIA AVG VIII 322) VICTORIA AVG VIIII

323) VICTORIA AVG 324) VICTORIA AVGG 325) VICTORIA AVGVSTI 326) VICTORIA GERM 327) VICTORIA GERMANICA 328) VICTORIA PART 329) VICTORIAE AVG 330) VICTORIAE AVG GERMANICA 331) VICTORIAE AVGG 332) VICTORIAE AVGG IT GERM 333) VIRT GALLIENI AVG 334) VIRTVS AVG 335) VIRTVS AVGG 336) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 337) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 338) VIRTVS FALERI 339) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVG 340) VIRTVS GALLIENI AVGVSTI 341) VIRTVTI AVG 342) VIRTVTIS AVGVSTI 343) VOTA DECENNALIA 344) VOTA ORBIS 345) VOTA VICENNALIA 346) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and anchor 2) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 3) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 4) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 5) Aeternitas standing right, holding scepter 6) Altar 7) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 8) Annona standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 9) Annona standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding scepter and grain ears over modius. 10) Antelope advancing left 11) Antelope advancing right 12) Apollo standing left, aiming with bow and arrow. 13) Apollo standing left, holding branch 14) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 15) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on altar 16) Apollo standing left, holding globe and scepter. 17) Apollo standing left, touching head and holding lyre. 18) Augustus laureate head right 19) Augustus laureate, cuirassed bust right 20) Boar advancing right 21) Bull standing right 22) Capricornus advancing right 23) Centaur advancing left, aiming with bow and arrow 24) Centaur advancing right, aiming with bow and arrow 25) Centaur advancing right, holding club. 26) Centaur standing left, holding globe and club 27) Centaur standing left, holding globe and trophy 28) Centaur standing left, holding globe. 29) Centaur standing right, holding club 30) Clementia standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 31) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (1) cornucopia 32) Concordia standing left, holding patera and (2) cornucopiae. 33) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder on globe. 34) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 35) Deer standing left 36) Deer standing right 37) Diana (Luna) standing right, holding torch with both hands. 38) Diana advancing right, holding torch. 39) Diana advancing right, pulling arrow and holding bow; dog to right 40) Diana standing left, aiming with bow and arrow 41) Diana standing right, holding spear and bow; dog to right 42) Eagle 43) Eagle perched on globe, standard on either side 44) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 45) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and caduceus. 46) Felicitas standing left, holding globe and scepter 47) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 48) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and scepter. 49) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter; another standard to right 51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 52) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia.

297 53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 54) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 56) Fortuna standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 57) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 58) Galley sailing left 59) Gallienus advancing left, holding standard in each hand 60) Gallienus advancing right, raising hand and holding globe 61) Gallienus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 62) Gallienus and Valerian I seated left; lictor standing to right 63) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, resting hand on shield; two spears behind each. 64) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar 65) Gallienus and Valerian I standing, facing each other; emperor on left holding a spear and globe and one on right a Victory and scepter 66) Gallienus riding horse left, holding spear. 67) Gallienus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 68) Gallienus riding horse left, Victory to right and soldier to left 69) Gallienus riding horse right over two enemies; soldier to left 70) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing enemy. 71) Gallienus riding horse right, spearing lion. 72) Gallienus riding quadriga left, being crowned by Victory. 73) Gallienus riding quadriga left, holding scepter. 74) Gallienus seated left on right, receiving branch from soldier to left and being crowned by Victory to right 75) Gallienus seated left, holding globe and scepter. 76) Gallienus standing left on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm 77) Gallienus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath and palm. 78) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Orbis to left 79) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Gallia to left 80) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling person to left 81) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Oriens to left 82) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left 83) Gallienus standing left on right, holding scepter, shaking hands with Sol to left, holding wreath 84) Gallienus standing left, holding globe and scepter. 85) Gallienus standing left, holding spear and trophy 86) Gallienus standing left, holding spear in each hand; standard to right. 87) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar 88) Gallienus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 89) Gallienus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding globe and scepter. 90) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 91) Gallienus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 92) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear with shield 93) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and scepter 94) Gallienus standing right, holding globe and spear; captive on either side. 95) Gallienus standing right, holding spear and standard. 96) Gallienus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 97) Gallienus standing, facing, holding spear; two standards on either side. 98) Gallienus standing, holding parazonium and spear; river god on either side. 99) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 100) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right 101) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 102) Goat advancing left 103) Goat advancing right 104) Goat suckling baby Jupiter 105) Gryphon advancing left 106) Gryphon advancing right 107) Gryphon seated left 108) Gryphon seated right 109) Hands, in handshake. 110) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 111) Hercules standing left, resting hand on club and holding apple 112) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club 113) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples with lion skin 114) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 115) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin 116) Hippocamp advancing right 117) Indulgentia seated left, holding branch and scepter. 118) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter 119) Indulgentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel and cornucopia 120) Janus standing, holding patera and scepter 121) Juno standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 122) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 123) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 124) Jupiter (as child) riding goat left 125) Jupiter (as child) riding goat right 126) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 127) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 128) Jupiter standing left on cippus reading IMP C E S, holding Victory and scepter 129) Jupiter standing left, holding globe and scepter. 130) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 131) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 132) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle to left. 133) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; effigy of Gallienus to lower left. 134) Jupiter standing right, aiming thunderbolt and holding scepter 135) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 136) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 137) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 138) Libertas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding pileus and scepter 139) Lion advancing left 140) Lion advancing left with bull’s head in mouth 141) Lion advancing right

298 142) Lion advancing right, eagle on back. 143) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield 144) Mars advancing right, holding branch and shield. 145) Mars advancing right, holding globe and spear. 146) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 147) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 148) Mars helmeted head left 149) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 150) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 151) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 152) Mars standing right, holding shield and spearing enemy. 153) Mars standing right, holding spear and trophy. 154) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 155) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus; dog by feet. 156) Minerva seated left, holding Victory and spear. 157) Minerva standing left, holding Victory and resting hand on shield. 158) Minerva standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 159) Monetae (3) each holding a scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 160) Moose advancing right 161) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow and holding trident 162) Panther advancing left 163) Panther advancing right 164) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 165) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter. 166) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 167) Pegasus rearing left 168) Pegasus rearing right 169) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; child on either side. 170) Pietas standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia; wheel by feet. 171) Pietas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over wheel. 172) Pietas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter. 173) Pietas standing left, raising hands over altar. 174) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia 175) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 176) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 177) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 178) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 179) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 180) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 181) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 182) Salus standing left, leaning on column, pouring out patera 183) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 184) Saturn standing right, holding scepter. 185) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 186) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 187) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head 188) Serapis standing left, holding scepter 189) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding spear; rabbit by feet. 190) Siscia seated left; swimming nymph below 191) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 192) Sol riding quadriga left 193) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 194) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 195) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 196) Standards (3) 197) Stork standing right 198) Temple with (4) columns; Mars standing within, holding shield and spear 199) Trophies (3) 200) Trophy; seated captive on either side 201) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia 202) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter 203) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield 204) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield; seated captive to left 205) Vesta seated left, holding simpulum and scepter. 206) Vesta seated left, holding wreath and scepter. 207) Vesta standing left, holding simpulum and scepter. 208) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield reading SC on palm 209) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe 210) Victories (3) standing left 211) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side 212) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 213) Victory advancing left, placing garland over shield on cippus 214) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 215) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and trophy. 216) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy. 217) Victory riding biga left 218) Victory riding biga right, holding whip 219) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 220) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 221) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm. 222) Victory standing on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side 223) Victory standing right on shield, holding palm. 224) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree 225) Victory standing right, holding shield on palm tree reading III 226) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; eagle to right. 227) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm; lion to right. 228) Victory standing, facing, holding opened wreath with both hands; shield on either side. 229) Virtus standing left, holding globe and spear. 230) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

299 231) Virtus standing left, stepping on helmet, holding branch and spear. 232) Virtus standing right, holding spear and globe 233) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 234) Virtus standing right, holding spear and shield 235) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 236) Wreath, COHORT PRAET PRINCIPI SVO within 237) Wreath, FIDEI EQVITVM within 238) Wreath, FIDES MILITVM within 239) Wreath, SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI within 240) Wreath, VOT within 241) Wreath, VOT / X / ET / XX within 242) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIB within 243) Wreath, VOTIS / DECENNA / LIBVS within 244) Wreath, VOTIS within 245) Wreath, VOTIS X ET XX within 246) Wreath, VOTIS X within

Mints: 1) Asia, locality uncertain 2) Balkans, locality uncertain 3) Lugdunum

4) Mediolanum 5) Roma 6) Siscia

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B03, O23, R083, T051, M5 Four Aurei weight RIC 10 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 230 2) B40, O37, R042, T109, M5 Eight Aurei weight

AU Binio 3) B40, O14, R316, T076, M5 RIC 81 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1112 4) B31, O09, R318, T213, M5 T in left field RIC 84 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1116 5) B23, O09, R346, T242, M4 RIC 96 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1353

AU Aureus 6) B40, O14, R299, T219, M5 RIC 72 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1018 7) B18, O19, R184, T137, M5 8) B14, O20, R025, T014, M5

AU Quinarius 9) B10, O09, R209, T194, M5 C 696 10) B10, O09, R297, T201, M5 RIC 120 (Vi, Sole Reign) 11) B14, O20, R334, T230, M5 C 1217

AR Medallion 12) B18, O19, R201, T119, M5

Billon Antoninianus 13) B06, O09, R147, T198, M4 RIC 339 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 492 14) B06, O09, R193, T143, M4 RIC 492 (Vi, Sole Reign) 15) B22, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324 (Vi, Joint Reign) 16) B22, O09, R188, T146, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 649 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 607a 17) B22, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVI PP over ± RIC 602 (Vi, Sole Reign) 18) B23, O09, R001, T002, M5 B in left field RIC 157k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 5 19) B23, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25 20) B23, O09, R011, T194, M5 G in left field RIC 160k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 38 21) B23, O09, R017, T007, M6 RIC 557k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 56 22) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: H RIC 164k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 73 23) B23, O09, R018, T024, M5 Exe: Z RIC 163k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 72 24) B23, O09, R027, T013, M5 RIC 168k (Vi, Sole Reign) 25) B23, O09, R027, T014, M5 RIC 169k (Vi, Sole Reign) 26) B23, O09, R051, T080, M5 RIC 171A (Vi, Sole Reign), C 144 27) B23, O09, R058, T041, M4 RIC 473k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 173 28) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: X RIC 179k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 160 29) B23, O09, R060, T010, M5 Exe: XII RIC 181k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 165 30) B23, O09, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E 31) B23, O09, R060, T160, M4 32) B23, O09, R065, T047, M5 RIC 187k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 181 33) B23, O09, R083, T049, M5 N in right field RIC 192k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 246 34) B23, O09, R087, T055, M6 ¿ in right field RIC 572k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 265 35) B23, O09, R099, T020, M5 Exe: E RIC 202k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 317 36) B23, O09, R103, T119, M5 XI in right field RIC 206k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 331 37) B23, O09, R109, T103, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 345 38) B23, O09, R110, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 208k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 354 39) B23, O09, R111, T131, M5 N in left field RIC 210k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 361 40) B23, O09, R116, T126, M5 XI in left field RIC 214k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 382

300 41) B23, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221k (Vi, Sole Reign) 42) B23, O09, R125, T102, M5 Exe: J RIC 224k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 491 43) B23, O09, R128, T135, M5 RIC 226k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 426 44) B23, O09, R175, T136, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 227k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 562 45) B23, O09, R181, T162, M5 Exe: B RIC 230k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 588 46) B23, O09, R182, T137, M5 S in right field RIC 232k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 593 47) B23, O09, R183, T137, M5 XI in right field RIC 233k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 596 48) B23, O09, R193, T149, M5 H in left field RIC 236k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 617a 49) B23, O09, R202, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 244k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 669 50) B23, O09, R209, T192, M5 Z in left field RIC 249k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 699 51) B23, O09, R214, T166, M4 RIC 499k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 739 52) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 S in left field, I in right RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 729 53) B23, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 727 54) B23, O09, R218, T166, M5 Exe: V RIC 260k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 773 55) B23, O09, R220, T173, M4 RIC 507k (Vi, Sole Reign) 56) B23, O09, R253, T175, M5 RIC 267k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 854 57) B23, O09, R253, T175, M6 II in right field RIC 580k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 872 58) B23, O09, R269, T181, M6 I in right field RIC 581k (Vi, Sole Reign) 59) B23, O09, R269, T182, M5 P in left field RIC 275k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 935 60) B23, O09, R269, T184, M5 XII in right field RIC 274Ak (Vi, Sole Reign), C 932 61) B23, O09, R275, T186, M4 Exe: MS RIC 513k (Vi, Sole Reign) 62) B23, O09, R277, T186, M5 Exe: VI RIC 278k (Vi, Sole Reign) 63) B23, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 961 64) B23, O09, R289, T021, M5 Exe: XI RIC 285k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 983 65) B23, O09, R289, T168, M5 RIC 283k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 979 66) B23, O09, R292, T195, M6 RIC 584k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 996 67) B23, O09, R297, T201, M6 E in right field C 1008 68) B23, O09, R304, T204, M5 RIC 289k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1024 69) B23, O09, R315, T219, M5 Z in left field RIC 297f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1072 70) B23, O09, R334, T230, M2 RIC 668k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237 71) B23, O09, R336, T231, M5 X in left field 72) B23, O09, R336, T232, M5 X in left field RIC 330k (Vi, Sole Reign) 73) B23, O23, R018, T105, M5 Exe: J RIC 166k (Vi, Sole Reign) 74) B23, O23, R060, T036, M5 Exe: E RIC 177k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 154 75) B23, O23, R082, T049, M4 Exe: MD RIC 481 (Vi, Sole Reign) 76) B23, O23, R092, T100, M5 VI in left field RIC 198k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 300 77) B23, O23, R212, T166, M5 J in left field RIC 252k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 716 78) B23, O23, R254, T176, M4 Exe: MD RIC 509k (Vi, Sole Reign) 79) B23, O23, R269, T004, M4 Exe: P RIC 511Bk (Vi, Sole Reign) 80) B28, O09, R137, T157, M5 RIC 332 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 462 81) B29, O12, R263, T079, M3 82) B29, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308 83) B31, O09, R006, T003, M6 VI in right field RIC 553f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20 84) B31, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field 85) B31, O09, R017, T007, M6 I in right field RIC 557f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 55 86) B31, O09, R037, T141, M4 RIC 370f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 105 87) B31, O09, R052, T004, M2 RIC 632f (Vi, Sole Reign) 88) B31, O09, R067, T044, M5 Exe: T RIC 192f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 193 89) B31, O09, R077, T154, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 607f (Vi, Sole Reign) 90) B31, O09, R103, T118, M5 Exe: P RIC 205f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 327 91) B31, O09, R109, T102, M5 Exe: ¿ RIC 207f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 341 92) B31, O09, R111, T129, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 608f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 376 93) B31, O09, R112, T129, M5 94) B31, O09, R120, T134, M5 ¿ in left field RIC 221f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 402 95) B31, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 447 96) B31, O09, R135, T020, M4 RIC 320f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 455 97) B31, O09, R140, T168, M4 RIC 324f (Vi, Joint Reign) 98) B31, O09, R145, T025, M4 RIC 336f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 483 99) B31, O09, R145, T029, M4 RIC 336k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 483 100) B31, O09, R161, T021, M4 RIC 353f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 522 101) B31, O09, R185, T037, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 609f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 600 102) B31, O09, R193, T149, M4 RIC 492f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 613 103) B31, O09, R198, T116, M5 Exe: N RIC 242k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 631 104) B31, O09, R254, T175, M5 X in right field RIC 267f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 855 105) B31, O09, R268, T036, M2 Exe: ¬ C 925b 106) B31, O09, R269, T015, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 610f (Vi, Sole Reign) 107) B31, O09, R269, T181, M6 RIC 581f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 934 108) B31, O09, R269, T182, M5 Exe: PXV 109) B31, O09, R276, T188, M5 RIC 277k (Vi, Sole Reign), C 951 110) B31, O09, R279, T187, M5 H in right field RIC 280f (Vi, Sole Reign) 111) B31, O09, R287, T190, M6 RIC 582f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 976 112) B31, O09, R297, T201, M6 RIC 585f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1009 113) B31, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1020 114) B31, O09, R316, T211, M5 RIC 298f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1079 115) B31, O09, R318, T212, M5 T in left field RIC 305f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1119 116) B31, O09, R321, T212, M4 RIC 527f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1135 117) B31, O09, R328, T219, M5 S in left field RIC 309f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1190 118) B31, O09, R334, T113, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 623a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1250 119) B31, O09, R334, T150, M5 P in right field RIC 321f (Vi, Sole Reign) 120) B31, O09, R334, T234, M2 RIC 669c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1246a 121) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2 122) B31, O14, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 626f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 28 123) B31, O14, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 629f (Vi, Sole Reign) 124) B31, O14, R056, T199, M3 RIC 10 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 149a 125) B31, O14, R097, T201, M3 RIC 18f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 308 126) B31, O14, R118, T130, M2 RIC 644f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 396 127) B31, O14, R244, T189, M2 RIC 600 (Vi, Sole Reign), C 839 128) B31, O14, R266, T179, M2 RIC 654f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 920

301 129) B31, O14, R314, T215, M3 258-259 RIC 45 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1048 130) B31, O14, R314, T222, M3 258-259 RIC 49 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1062 131) B31, O14, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 667f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1235 132) B31, O14, R335, T095, M3 RIC 58 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1309 133) B31, O14, R336, T114, M2 Exe: * RIC 672f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1321 134) B31, O19, R046, T032, M5 RIC 132f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 131a 135) B31, O20, R110, T131, M5 RIC 143f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 363 136) B31, O20, R180, T136, M5 RIC 148f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 571 137) B31, O20, R324, T175, M5 RIC 158f (Vi, Sole Reign), C 889 138) B31, O23, R058, T039, M4 RIC 380f (Vi, Joint Reign) 139) B31, O23, R269, T184, M5 RIC 274f (Vi, Sole Reign) 140) B31, O23, R323, T212, M4 RIC 405f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1148 141) B31, O23, R328, T077, M1 RIC 453 (Vi, Joint Reign) 142) B31, O29, R119, T129, M3 RIC 21f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 398 143) B31, O29, R215, T166, M4 RIC 392f (Vi, Joint Reign), C 752 144) B31, O29, R254, T174, M4 * in right field 145) B31, O29, R292, T196, M5 RIC 403 (Vi, Sole Reign) 146) B31, O32, R335, T147, M5 147) B32, O09, R132, T022, M4 RIC 315 (Vi, Joint Reign) 148) B35, O09, R001, T002, M5 D in left field 149) B35, O09, R006, T003, M5 RIC 159c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 20 150) B35, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 24 151) B35, O09, R013, T193, M6 * in left field RIC 555c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 51 152) B35, O09, R037, T141, M4 153) B35, O09, R087, T055, M5 ¿ in right field 154) B35, O09, R092, T101, M2 Exe: ± RIC 638c (Vi, Sole Reign) 155) B35, O09, R199, T158, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 651c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 632 156) B35, O09, R217, T200, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 652c (Vi, Sole Reign) 157) B35, O09, R220, T088, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 618f (Vi, Sole Reign) 158) B35, O09, R266, T179, M2 Exe: * RIC 655c (Vi, Sole Reign) 159) B35, O09, R290, T193, M2 160) B35, O09, R290, T194, M2 RIC 658c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 987 161) B35, O09, R300, T203, M2 RIC 660c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1021e 162) B35, O09, R316, T212, M2 * in left field RIC 663c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1094 163) B35, O09, R334, T232, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 670c (Vi, Sole Reign) 164) B35, O09, R336, T114, M2 * in right field RIC 673c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1320 165) B35, O09, R341, T200, M2 Exe: SPQR RIC 675c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1331 166) B35, O09, R346, T243, M5 RIC 92 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1337 167) B35, O19, R044, T109, M5 RIC 131c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 125 168) B35, O19, R087, T154, M2 RIC 292c (Vi, Joint Reign) 169) B35, O19, R087, T154, M5 RIC 75 (Vi, Joint Reign) 170) B35, O19, R211, T127, M4 RIC 294c (Vi, Joint Reign) 171) B35, O19, R222, T172, M2 RIC 295c (Vi, Joint Reign) 172) B35, O19, R261, T060, M2 RIC 296c (Vi, Joint Reign) 173) B35, O19, R335, T231, M5 RIC 181c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1288 174) B35, O19, R344, T209, M1 RIC 459c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1335 175) B35, O20, R112, T091, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 440c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 378 176) B35, O20, R209, T083, M1 = in upper center rev. field RIC 445c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 705 177) B35, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 793 178) B35, O20, R323, T082, M1 > in upper center rev. field RIC 450c (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1109 179) B35, O20, R335, T065, M1 RIC 456 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1310 180) B36, O09, R269, T183, M2 181) B37, O09, R186, T037, M2 RIC 646f (Vi, Sole Reign) 182) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 * in left field RIC 627a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 25 183) B38, O09, R007, T003, M2 Exe: . 184) B38, O09, R011, T005, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 606a (Vi, Sole Reign) 185) B38, O09, R011, T235, M2 Exe: ¬ RIC 628f (Vi, Sole Reign) 186) B38, O09, R013, T193, M2 * in left field RIC 630a (Vi, Sole Reign) 187) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 * in right field RIC 645a (Vi, Sole Reign) 188) B38, O09, R118, T130, M2 Exe: * 189) B38, O09, R128, T135, M2 Exe: VIIC RIC 616a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 425 190) B38, O09, R214, T166, M6 RIC 575c (Vi, Sole Reign), C 728 191) B38, O09, R245, T140, M2 Exe: CVIPP 192) B38, O09, R247, T161, M2 Exe: VIIC. RIC 603a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 849 193) B38, O09, R256, T154, M2 C 875 194) B38, O09, R290, T193, M2 Exe: PXV RIC 611a (Vi, Sole Reign) 195) B38, O09, R334, T230, M2 * in left field RIC 668a (Vi, Sole Reign), C 1237 196) B38, O09, R334, T233, M1 RIC 612a (Vi, Sole Reign) 197) B38, O19, R069, T038, M2 RIC 291a (Vi, Joint Reign) 198) B38, O20, R209, T081, M5 199) B38, O20, R221, T064, M1 RIC 446a (Vi, Joint Reign) 200) B38, O20, R262, T081, M1 Exe: .. RIC 448a (Vi, Joint Reign), C 902 201) B38, O23, R292, T195, M6 C 995

AE Sestertius Reference(s) 202) B14, O20, R046, T031, M5 RIC 209 (Vi, Joint Reign) 203) B14, O20, R068, T047, M5 RIC 211 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 203 204) B14, O20, R324, T221, M5 RIC 242 (Vi, Joint Reign) 205) B14, O23, R214, T165, M5 RIC 391 (Vi, Joint Reign) 206) B14, O31, R318, T212, M5 207) B14, O32, R040, T194, M5 RIC 273 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 712 208) B14, O32, R326, T220, M5 RIC 284 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1168 209) B18, O20, R335, T230, M5 RIC 248 (Vi, Joint Reign), C 1295

302

Gallienus Busts

Gllienus Types

303

Gallienus Types (continued)

304

Gallienus Types (continued)

305

Salonina

? – d.268

Wife of Gallienus, murdered alongside her husband during the siege of Mediolanum. Salonina was said to be if not an outright Christian at least sympathetic to their fledgling sect.

Busts:

1) Diademed, draped bust right 2) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverses:

1) COR SALONINA AVG 2) COR SALONINA PF AVG 3) CORN SALONINA AVG 4) CORNEL SALONINA AVG 5) CORNELIA SALONINA AVG 6) CORNELIA SALONINA AVGVSTA 7) SALONINA AVG

Reverses:

1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AEQVITAS PVBLICA 4) AVG IN PACE 5) AVGVSTA IN PACE 6) CERERI AVG 7) CERES SEGESTAE 8) CONCOR AVG 9) CONCORD AET 10) CONCORDIA AVG 11) CONCORDIA AVGG 12) DEAE SEGETIAE 13) DIANA LVCIFERA 14) DIANAE CONS AVG 15) FECVNDITAS AVG 16) FELICIT PVBL 17) FELICITAS AVGG 18) FELICITAS PVBLICA 19) FELICITAS SAECVLI 20) FIDES MILITVM 21) FORTVNA AVG 22) FORTVNA RED 23) FORTVNA REDVX 24) INDVLGENT AVG

25) IVNO AVG 26) IVNO CONSERVAT 27) IVNO REGINA 28) IVNO VICTRIX 29) IVNONI CONS AVG 30) IVNONI REGINAE 31) LAETITIA AVG 32) LIBERAL AVG 33) LVNA LVCIF 34) MINERVA AVG 35) MONETA AVGG 36) ORIENS AVGG 37) PAX AVG 38) PAX PVBLICA 39) PIETAS AVG 40) PIETAS AVGG 41) PIETAS AVGVST 42) PROVI AVG 43) PROVID AVG 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG 45) PVDICITA AVG 46) PVDICITIA 47) PVDICITIAE AVGVSTAE 48) RESTITVTOR ORBIS

49) ROMAE AETERNAE 50) SALVS AVG 51) SECVRIT ORBIS 52) SECVRIT PERPET 53) SECVRIT PVBL 54) VBERITAS AVG 55) VBERTAS AVG 56) VENEREM GENETRICEM 57) VENERI GENETRICI 58) VENERI GENETRIX 59) VENVS AVG 60) VENVS FELIX 61) VENVS GENETRIX 62) VENVS VICT 63) VENVS VICTRIX 64) VESTA 65) VESTA AETERNA 66) VESTA FELIX 67) VICTORIA AET 68) VINO REGINA

Types:

1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Ceres seated left, holding grain ears and torch. 4) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 5) Concordia seated left, holding patera and two cornucopiae. 6) Deer advancing left 7) Diana standing left, holding torch in both hands. 8) Fecunditas standing left, raising hand and holding baby; child to left. 9) Felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 13) Gallienus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right 14) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 15) Juno seated left, holding flower and baby 16) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 17) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock left. 18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 19) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 20) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 21) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 22) Peacock standing, facing, spread-tailed 23) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; three children to left 24) Pietas seated left, holding scepter; two children to left, one under chair 25) Pietas standing left, raising hand and holding incense box 26) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 27) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 28) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia.

Locating a coin of Salonina is cheap and easy. In fact, of all the empresses her coins are the most plentiful. By and large the available ones fall under the category of rather poorly preserved Antoniniani but coins made with just enough silver to retain a silvery look are found with regularity. These go anywhere from a few dollars each to over $100 for a very nice sample.

306 29) Pudicitia seated left, holding scepter and pulling veil; Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake and Felicitas to right, leaning on column and with

legs crossed 30) Pudicitia seated left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 31) Pudicitia standing left, pulling veil and holding scepter. 32) Salonina and Gallienus standing, facing each other, shaking hands. 33) Salonina draped bust right, facing Gallienus laureate, cuirassed bust left. 34) Salonina seated left, holding branch and scepter 35) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 36) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head. 37) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and wish legs crossed, holding scepter. 38) Sol standing left, holding globe 39) Temple with (4) columns, Segetia standing within, raising hands 40) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 41) Venus seated left, holding scepter. 42) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter; Cupid to left. 43) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear 44) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield 45) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear; shield to left. 46) Venus standing left, leaning on column, holding helmet and palm. 47) Venus standing left, leaning on column. 48) Vesta seated left, holding patera and scepter 49) Vesta seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 50) Vesta standing left, holding patera and scepter 51) Vesta standing left, holding Victory and scepter 52) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mints:

1) Lugdunum 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma 4) Asia, uncertain locality

AR Quinarius Reference(s)

1) B1, O7, R27, T16, M2 RIC 40 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

AE Medallion

2) B1, O5, R03, T19, M5 RIC 17 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 61

Billon Antoninianus

3) B2, O1, R29, T06 Exe: J RIC 16 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 70 4) B2, O3, R04, T34 Exe: MS RIC 57 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 18 5) B2, O3, R08, T05 RIC 71 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 24 6) B2, O3, R10, T32 7) B2, O3, R11, T32 RIC 63 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 31 8) B2, O3, R39, T25 RIC 21 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 78 9) B2, O7, R02, T02 Exe: ©/VIIC. 10) B2, O7, R06, T03 Exe: ± 11) B2, O7, R06, T03 RIC 90 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 22 12) B2, O7, R10, T04 Exe: II RIC 72 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 28 13) B2, O7, R11, T04 14) B2, O7, R12, T39 RIC 5 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)) 15) B2, O7, R15, T08 RIC 5a (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 39 16) B2, O7, R25, T15 Exe: MS RIC 62 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 55 17) B2, O7, R26, T17 N in right field RIC 11 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 56 18) B2, O7, R27, T16 RIC 13 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 60 19) B2, O7, R27, T17 * in left field RIC 12 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67 20) B2, O7, R27, T17 RIC 92 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 67 21) B2, O7, R28, T16 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 68 22) B2, O7, R39, T25 D in left field, II in right RIC 78 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 23) B2, O7, R39, T25 Exe: P RIC 22 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 24) B2, O7, R39, T26 RIC 79 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 25) B2, O7, R40, T23 RIC 35 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 84 26) B2, O7, R46, T30 Exe: VI RIC 25 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 94 27) B2, O7, R46, T31 RIC 24 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 28) B2, O7, R49, T13 RIC 67 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)) 29) B2, O7, R50, T35 30) B2, O7, R50, T35 Exe: VIIC. RIC 88 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 31) B2, O7, R59, T44 Exe: PXV RIC 86 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 113 32) B2, O7, R61, T42 RIC 30 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)) 33) B2, O7, R63, T45 RIC 31 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 129 34) B2, O7, R64, T48 Exe: Q RIC 32 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 143 35) B2, O7, R64, T49 RIC 68 (Gallienus (Sole Reign)), C 139 36) B2, O7, R64, T50 37) B2, O7, R68, T17 * in left field Ed Flinn collection

AE Sestertius

38) B2, O5, R27, T16 RIC 46 (Gallienus (Joint Reign)), C 62 39) B2, O5, R40, T24 Exe: SC

307

Salonina Busts

Salonina Types

308

Saloninus

Augustus 260

Saloninus was the son of Gallienus and became Caesar upon the death of his brother Valerian II. He led his armies on a mission to quell barbarian revolts in Germany but Postumus, his leading general, revolted and had himself declared Augustus. Saloninus, still only Caesar, fled with a group of loyalist troops but were soon surrounded by Postumus. The soldiers dug into their quarters and raised Saloninus to the

rank of emperor but the siege wore them down and Postumus finally captured and executed him.

Busts: 1) Bare headed, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Bare headed, draped bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate head right 5) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP SALON VALERIANVS AVG 2) LIC COR SAL VALERIANVS N CAES 3) P COR SAL VALERIANO CES 4) P COR SAL VALERIANVS CAES 5) SAL VALERIANVS C 6) SAL VALERIANVS CS 7) SAL VALERIANVS NOB CAES 8) SALON VALERIANVS CAES 9) SALON VALERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVGG 2) CONSACRATIO 3) DEO MARTI 4) DIINVTRITORES 5) FELICITAS AVGG

6) MONETA AVGG 7) ORIENS AVGG 8) PAX AVGG 9) PIETAS AVG 10) PIETAS AVGG

11) PRINC IVVENT 12) PRINCIPI IVVENT 13) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 14) RELIGIO AVGG 15) SPES PVBLICA

Types: 1) Diana standing left, holding bow 2) Eagle 3) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia 4) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 5) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 6) Saloninus riding horse right, holding spear 7) Saloninus standing left, holding globe and scepter; seated captive to left 8) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; standard to right. 9) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to left. 10) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with shields at base to right. 11) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; trophy with two captives at base to left 12) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and spear; two standards to right. 13) Saloninus standing left, holding scepter and trophy 14) Saloninus standing left, holding standard and scepter 15) Saloninus standing left, stepping on captive, holding standard and spear. 16) Saloninus standing right on left, holding spear, receiving flower from Spes to right, raising skirt 17) Saloninus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 18) Sol standing left, holding whip. 19) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 20) Temple with (4) columns, Mars within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Colonia Agrippinensis 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O8, R15, T16

AE Antoninianus 2) B5, O1, R15, T19 RIC Vi 14, C 94 3) B5, O2, R11, T05 RIC Vi 26, C 49

Due to a brief reign as Caesar, and an even briefer one as Augustus, a coin of Saloninus is rather difficult to come by. Low grade Antoniniani are pretty cheap when available but anything else is both expensive and rare. Especially rare are the few remaining coins of Saloninus as emperor.

309 4) B5, O2, R11, T07 P in right field RIC Vi 28, C 63 5) B5, O4, R04, T17 RIC Vi 35, C 21 6) B5, O6, R11, T07 RIC Vi 10, C 61 7) B5, O8, R09, T05 RIC Vi 9, C 41 8) B5, O9, R15, T16 = above RIC Vi 36, C 95 9) B5, O9, R15, T16 RIC Vi 36, C 95

AE As Reference(s) 10) B2, O4, R13, T07 RIC Vi 34, C 90

Saloninus Busts

Saloninus Types

310

Regalianus

Augustus c.260

Regalianus was a usurper under the reign of Gallienus shortly after the capture of Valerian. His soldiers revolted against the tyrannical nature of Gallienus and his oppression in the region. Regalianus lasted for a short time before he fell to either an undocumented battle with Gallienus or at the hands of his own supporters. All of his coins are exceedingly rare and often overstruck over older Denarii of previous emperors.

Bust: 1) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) IMP C P C REGALINAVS AVG (and many other variants)

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) CONCORDIA AVGG 3) FIDES MILITVM 4) IOVI CONSERVATORI(?) 5) LIBERALITAS AVGG(?) 6) ORIENS AVG 7) ORIENS AVGG 8) PROVIDENTIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 3) Regalianus and Dryantilla standing, facing each other; altar in between 4) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 5) Liberalitas standing left, holding pileus and scepter 6) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding whip 7) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia.

Mint: 1) Carnuntum

AR Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1 M&M Auction 92 Lot #233 2) B1, O1, R7, T6 RIC Vi 7, C 4 3) B1, O1, R8, T7 RIC Vi 8, C 5

Regalianus Bust Regalianus Types

Regalianus. For collectors of Roman coins the name is enough to make their mouth water. They are probably the most wretched looking things in the entire corpus of Roman imperial coinage and quite probably an embarrassment to the emperor whose access to skilled metalsmiths and celators was evidently nonexistent. But with ancient coins at least, price and desirability are inversely proportional to historical popularity and since Regalianus scores as one of the most obscure characters his few remaining coins receive top bids on the rare occasions they’re offered for sale.

311

Dryantilla

? - 261?

Wife of Regalianus. Together with the coins of her obscure husband, these are among the greatest rarities in the Roman Imperial series.

Typically these coins are so crude in manufacture that deciphering the legends involves guesswork. The catalog below shows what are believed to be the major

intended types.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) SVLP DRYANTILLA AVG

Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) IVNO REDINE

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter.

Mint:

1) Carnuntum

AE Antoninianus Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R2, T2 RIC 2, C 1

Competing in the “so ugly they’re cute” coin sweepstakes, Dryantilla puts in a strong bid. History does not mention whether she herself was homely or not but her coins sure don’t make a strong case for beauty.

But this is all academic, of course, considering there are probably less than a dozen coins of her left. And most of these are in museums.

Pinning down a “market value” for such epic rarities is just a tad pointless. It really depends on how much the seller wants and how eager the buyer is. And it’s a seller’s market.

The coin below, struck over a Lucius Verus Denarius, sold at auction in 2000 for over $12,000.

312

Postumus

Augustus 260-269

Postumus remained Gallienus's nemesis for most of his reign and, with the aid of the traitor Aureolus, his eventual killer. Postumus came on the scene following a dispute with Saloninus over the distribution of captured war loot. Because Postumus was in command of the military, Saloninus had little to defend him except for his title and official recognition. Postumus had himself named emperor and captured and

executed Saloninus sealing his fate with the rest of the empire. However, the rest of the empire could do little at the moment. Gallienus was embroiled with battling several usurpers out east and could not avenge his brother's death. Neither could Rome do anything about it. And so for the time being Postumus held the western half of the empire as de facto ruler.

When Gallienus finally returned from the east he would find Postumus entrenched in Gaul and having snatched Britain and Spain away from the empire as well. Because his power had grown during Gallienus's absence, he had had time to consolidate his leadership and posed a bigger threat. However, for one reason or another, Postumus never made preparations to attack Rome or mount an offensive against Gallienus and contented himself with this secessionist state. But he knew Gallienus was mulling over his options all the meanwhile and had on his agenda the recapturing of the lost lands. Gallienus mounted several expeditions to depose Postumus but all failed. Still, Gallienus would most likely have ultimately been the ultimate victor had Postumus not gained the aid of one of Gallienus's trusted men, Aureolus, who engineered a successful conspiracy ending with the murder of Gallienus. Postumus would meet a deadly fate himself the following year following a revolt from within instigated by one of his own earlier leading generals, Laelianus, in a move very reminiscent of his own rise to power.

Busts: 1) Bare head facing 2) Bare headed cuirassed bust facing 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 4) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 5) Helmeted, draped bust left 6) Helmeted, draped bust right 7) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules bare headed bust left 8) Laureate bust left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left 9) Laureate bust right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right 10) Laureate head left 11) Laureate head right 12) Laureate head right left of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust left 13) Laureate head right right of Postumus over Hercules laureate bust right 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, raising hand 16) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 18) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand 19) Laureate, draped bust left, raising hand and holding shield 20) Laureate, draped bust right 21) Radiate bust left, holding club and lion skin 22) Radiate head right 23) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding club 24) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 25) Radiate, draped bust right 26) Radiate, helmeted bust right 27) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 2) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AV 3) IMP C M CAS LAT POSTVMVS AVG 4) IMP C M CAS LAT POTVMVS 5) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AV 6) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS AVG 7) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P AVG 8) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS P I AVG 9) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 10) IMP C M CASS LAT POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 11) IMP C POSTVMVS 12) IMP C POSTVMVS AVG 13) IMP C POSTVMVS P AV 14) IMP C POSTVMVS P I AVG 15) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG 16) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG COS III 17) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 18) IMP C POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG

Postumus kicks off the Gallic empire with well-made, high-grade coins and by the time of his fall both have suffered considerably in tandem with the coinage elsewhere in the Roman world. While the Aureus and its multiples will be priced into the stratosphere, the ordinary Antoninianus is easily available and affordable. Expect, however, to find these to be fairly lousy in quality overall. Although there are better grade coins, and even mint state gem ones, these are more often available only through established numismatic firms and at substantially higher cost. Early in his reign Postumus even reintroduces big copper with the double Sestertius. These coins look similar to the old fashioned Dupondius with its radiate crown but at a weight more comparable to that of the once mighty Sestertius. Coins attributed to the Mediolanum (now Milan) mint were issued by an associate usurper named Aureolus. Postumus’s portraits, as well as those of his Gallic successors, give him an appearance reminiscent of Santa Clause.

313 19) IMP POSTVMVS AVG 20) IMP POSTVMVS PF AVG 21) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS AVG 22) IMP POSTVMVS PIVS F AVG 23) M CAS LAT POSTVMVS PF AVG 24) POSTVMVS AVG 25) POSTVMVS PF AVG 26) POSTVMVS PF AVG COS 27) POSTVMVS PF AVGVSTVS T P 28) POSTVMVS PIVS AVG 29) POSTVMVS PIVS FEL AVG 30) POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX AVG 31) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG

Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AETERNITAS AVG 4) ANNONA AVG 5) CASTOR 6) CCAA COS IIII 7) CLARITAS AVG 8) COL CL AGRIP COS IIII 9) COMITI AVG 10) CONCORD EQVIT 11) CONCORD EQVITVM 12) CONCORDIA EQVIT 13) CONSERVATORES AVG 14) CONSERVATORI AVG 15) COS III 16) COS IIII 17) COS V 18) DIANAE LVCIFERAE 19) DIANAE LVCIFERE 20) DIANAE REDVCI 21) EXERCITVS AVG 22) FELICITA 23) FELICITAS 24) FELICITAS AVG 25) FELICITAS PVBLICA 26) FELICITAS TEMP 27) FIDES AEQVIT 28) FIDES EQVIT 29) FIDES EQVITVM 30) FIDES EXERC 31) FIDES EXERCITAS 32) FIDES EXERCITI 33) FIDES EXERCITVS 34) FIDES MILITVM 35) FORTVNA AVG 36) FORTVNA RAEDVX 37) FORTVNA REDVX 38) GERMANICVS MAX V 39) HER DEVS ONIENS 40) HERC DEVS ONIENSI 41) HERC PACIFER 42) HERC PACIFERO 43) HERCVLI ARCADIO 44) HERCVLI ARGIVO 45) HERCVLI AVG 46) HERCVLI CRETENCI 47) HERCVLI CRETENSI 48) HERCVLI DEVS ONIENSI 49) HERCVLI ERVMANTINO 50) HERCVLI GADITANO 51) HERCVLI IMMORTALI 52) HERCVLI INVICTO 53) HERCVLI LIBVCO 54) HERCVLI MAGVSANO 55) HERCVLI NEMAEO

56) HERCVLI PISAEO 57) HERCVLI ROM 58) HERCVLI ROMA 59) HERCVLI ROMANO 60) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 61) HERCVLI THRACIO 62) HILARITAS AVG 63) I O M SPONSORI SAECVLI 64) IM C POSTVMVS PF AVG 65) IMP X COS V 66) INDVLG PIA POSTVMI AVG 67) INVICTO AVG 68) IOVI CONSERVAT 69) IOVI CONSERVATORI 70) IOVI PROPVGNAT 71) IOVI PROPVGNATORI 72) IOVI STATORI 73) IOVI VICTORI 74) LAETI 75) LAETITIA 76) LAETITIA AVG 77) LIBERALITAS 78) LIBERALITAS AVG 79) LIBERTAS AVG 80) MARS VICTOR 81) MERCVRIO FELICI 82) MERCVRIO PACIFERO 83) MINER FAVTR 84) MINERVA AVG 85) MONET AVG 86) MONETA AVG 87) MONITA AVG 88) NEPT COMITI 89) NEPTVNO REDVCI 90) ORIENS 91) ORIENS AVG 92) PACATOR ORBIS 93) PAX AVG 94) PAX AVGVSTI 95) PAX EQVITVM 96) PIETAS AVG 97) PM G M T P COS III PP 98) PM T P COS 99) PM T P COS IIII PP 100) PM TR P COS I PP 101) PM TR P COS II PP 102) PM TR P COS III PP 103) PM TR P COS IIII PP 104) PM TR P COS PP 105) PM TR P COS V 106) PM TR P III COS III PP 107) PM TR P IIII COS III PP 108) PM TR P IMP V COS III PP 109) PM TR P VI COS III PP 110) PM TR P VII COS III PP

111) PM TR P VIIII COS IIII PP 112) PM TR P X COS V PP 113) POSTVMVS AVG 114) POSTVMVS AVGVSTVS 115) POSTVMVS PF AVG 116) PROFECTIO AVGVSTI 117) PROVID DEOR COS III 118) PROVIDENTIA AVG 119) PROVIDENTIA DEOR 120) QVINQVENNALES AVG 121) QVINQVENNALES POSTVMI AVG 122) REST GALLIARVM 123) REST ORBIS 124) RESTIT GALLIAR 125) RESTIT GALLIARVM 126) RESTIT ORBIS 127) RESTITOR GALLIAE 128) RESTITOR GALLIAR 129) RESTITVTOR GALLIAR 130) RESTITVTOR GALLIARVM 131) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 132) ROMAE AETERNAE 133) SAECVLI FELICITAS 134) SAECVLI FRVGIFERO 135) SAECVLO FRVGIFERO 136) SAECVLVM AVGG 137) SALVS AVG 138) SALVS EXERCITI 139) SALVS POSTVMI AVG 140) SALVS PROVINCIARVM 141) SARAPIDI COMITI AVG 142) SERAPI COMITI AVG 143) SERAPI COMITI AVG 144) SPEI PERPETVAE 145) TR P X COS V PP 146) TRIB POT X COS V 147) VBERITAS AVG 148) VBERTAS AVG 149) VICT COMES AVG 150) VICT GERM PM TR P V COS III PP 151) VICT GERM TR P V COS III PP 152) VICT GERMANICA 153) VICTORI AVG 154) VICTORIA 155) VICTORIA AVG 156) VICTORIA GERMANICA 157) VICTORIAE AVG 158) VIRTVS AEQVIT 159) VIRTVS AVG 160) VIRTVS EQVIT 161) VIRTVS EXERCITVS 162) VIRTVS POSTVMI AVG 163) VIRTVTI AVG 164) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 165) VOT PVBL

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it 3) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it; globe to lower right. 4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 5) Busts (3), radiate; center one facing, other two facing towards center. 6) Caduceus, winged. 7) Castor riding horse right. 8) Castor standing left, holding spear; horse to side. 9) Club; bow to left and quiver to right 10) Diana advancing right, holding bow; deer to right. 11) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands.

314 12) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands; dog to right. 13) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 14) Fides seated left, holding patera and standard. 15) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 16) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 17) Fortuna standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding patera and rudder on globe. 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 19) Galley sailing left 20) Galley sailing right 21) Hercules advancing left, holding pickax; jug by feet. 22) Hercules advancing right, dragging Cerberus and holding club. 23) Hercules advancing right, holding the boar of Erymanthos; jar by feet. 24) Hercules laureate bust left. 25) Hercules laureate head right 26) Hercules standing in garden of Hesperides: apple tree and three nymphs. 27) Hercules standing left, clubbing hydra of Lerna. 28) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 29) Hercules standing left, wrestling lion of Nemea. 30) Hercules standing left, wrestling Queen Hippolyte. 31) Hercules standing right, fighting the three-bodied Geryon. 32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding apples. 33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 34) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding wand. 35) Hercules standing right, wrestling bull of Crete. 36) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer of Ceryneia. 37) Hercules standing right, wrestling the horses of Diomedes. 38) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and lion skin, driving the birds of Stymphalos. 39) Hercules torso left, holding club. 40) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child on either side. 41) Jupiter advancing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 42) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and eagle. 43) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand. 44) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and raising hand; seven stars in field, eagle between feet. 45) Jupiter advancing right, holding thunderbolt and eagle. 46) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 47) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 48) Jupiter standing, facing, aiming thunderbolt and holding shield. 49) Jupiter standing, facing, holding scepter and thunderbolt 50) Laureate head right of Victorinus over Hercules laureate bust right. 51) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 52) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 53) Lion advancing right. 54) Lion, radiate, advancing left, thunderbolt in mouth 55) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 56) Mars standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 57) Mars standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 58) Mercury standing, facing, holding purse and caduceus. 59) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 60) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear. 61) Minerva standing left, raising hand and holding shield. 62) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 63) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident; galley prow to left. 64) Neptune standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding dolphin and trident 65) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 66) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 67) Pietas standing, facing, holding baby in either arm; child to either side. 68) Pietas standing, facing, raising hands. 69) Postumus advancing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 70) Postumus advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 71) Postumus bare head right. 72) Postumus bare headed, cuirassed bust facing. 73) Postumus cuirassed torso left, holding spear over shoulder. 74) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield. 75) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right over Victory, holding wreath and palm. 76) Postumus helmeted, cuirassed bust right. 77) Postumus laureate bust right facing Hercules bust left. 78) Postumus laureate bust right over Jupiter, holding thunderbolt. 79) Postumus laureate bust right over Virtus helmeted bust right 80) Postumus radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter over shoulder. 81) Postumus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 82) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (3) to left 83) Postumus riding horse left, soldiers (4) to left 84) Postumus riding horse right, holding spear, following Victory, holding wreath and trophy. 85) Postumus riding oncoming quadriga, holding branch, accompanied by Victory, holding palm; soldier on either side of horses. 86) Postumus riding quadriga left, holding branch. 87) Postumus seated left on platform, attended by lictor and Liberalitas, holding coin counter and cornucopia; citizen on steps to lower left. 88) Postumus seated left, holding globe and scepter. 89) Postumus seated left, raising hand; kneeling citizen to left 90) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding branch. 91) Postumus standing left on right, holding spear and holding hand of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia. 92) Postumus standing left on right, sacrificing over altar and holding spear, facing Jupiter standing to left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 93) Postumus standing left on right, stepping on captive, holding spear and holding hands of kneeling Gallia to left, holding cornucopia. 94) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 95) Postumus standing left, holding globe and spear. 96) Postumus standing left, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy. 97) Postumus standing left, holding spear and wreath, being crowned by Hercules, holding club with lion skin. 98) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar among witnesses. 99) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 100) Postumus standing left, sacrificing over altar; Mercury to left, holding purse and caduceus.

315 101) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Orbis to left, holding cornucopia. 102) Postumus standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Roma seated to right; shield to side. 103) Postumus standing right, holding spear and crowning trophy; captive seated either side of trophy. 104) Postumus standing right, holding spear and globe. 105) Postumus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 106) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 107) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 108) Providentia standing left, raising hand towards flaming globe. 109) Rhine lying left, resting hand on boat prow and cradling anchor. 110) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter. 111) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder. 112) Salus standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding and feeding snake. 113) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 114) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 115) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 116) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; galley prow to left. 117) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 118) Sol radiate, draped bust right. 119) Sol, radiate bust right over Luna with crescent behind neck. 120) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 121) Standards (4) 122) Temple with (4) columns, Hercules standing within, resting hand on club and holding lion skin. 123) Triumphal arch, trophy with captive on either side above. 124) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 125) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 126) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, together holding shield on palm; seated captive on either side. 127) Victory advancing left, holding branch and spear. 128) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 129) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 130) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and spear. 131) Victory advancing left, stepping on captive, holding wreath and palm. 132) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 133) Victory bust right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas, holding branch. 134) Victory draped torso right, holding wreath and palm over Felicitas bust right, holding branch. 135) Victory draped torso right, writing VOT / XX on shield. 136) Victory riding biga left, holding whip. 137) Victory riding biga right, holding whip. 138) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and trophy, captive on either side. 139) Victory standing right on shield, holding wreath and palm; captive on either side. 140) Victory standing right, holding wreath and palm. 141) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading X 142) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VOT X 143) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading VO / XX 144) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading V X 145) Victory standing right, stepping on globe, holding shield reading Q 146) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and shield. 147) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 148) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 149) Weapons in a pile. Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Lugdunum 3) Mediolanum

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O24, R151, T090 RIC Vii 15 2) B09, O30, R146, T086 3) B11, O15, R154, T137 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 42 4) B11, O28, R019, T012 5) B11, O28, R066, T089 RIC Vii 276, C 145 6) B11, O28, R165, T085

AR Antoninianus 7) B21, O24, R072, T049 RIC Vii 310, C 160 8) B21, O24, R111, T009 RIC Vii 292, C 282 9) B24, O15, R016, T140 RIC Vii 287c, C 31 10) B24, O15, R017, T140 RIC Vii 288c, C 32a 11) B24, O15, R018, T011 RIC Vii 299c, C 33 12) B24, O15, R024, T013 RIC Vii 58c 13) B24, O15, R033, T121 14) B24, O15, R040, T121 RIC Vii 66c 15) B24, O15, R042, T028 RIC Vii 67c 16) B24, O15, R049, T033 RIC Vii 64c, C 91a 17) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 278c, C 158 18) B24, O15, R072, T049 RIC Vii 309c, C 159a 19) B24, O15, R073, T048 RIC Vii 311c, C 161a 20) B24, O15, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 73c, C 167 21) B24, O15, R081, T058 RIC Vii 313c, C 192 22) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 315c, C 199a 23) B24, O15, R086, T062 RIC Vii 75c, C 199

316 24) B24, O15, R089, T063 RIC Vii 76c, C 205 25) B24, O15, R091, T117 RIC Vii 316c, C 213c 26) B24, O15, R092, T118 RIC Vii 317c, C 214 27) B24, O15, R093, T065 RIC Vii 219c, C 226 28) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 219c, C 225 29) B24, O15, R093, T066 RIC Vii 318c, C 215 30) B24, O15, R095, T066 Exe: T RIC Vii 381, C 228a 31) B24, O15, R096, T067 RIC Vii 320, C 230a 32) B24, O15, R102, T091 RIC Vii 54c, C 243 33) B24, O15, R108, T055 RIC Vii 57c, C 73a 34) B24, O15, R111, T009 RIC Vii 291c, C 281 35) B24, O15, R112, T143 RIC Vii 295c, C 285 36) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 221c, C 295a 37) B24, O15, R118, T106 RIC Vii 323c, C 295a 38) B24, O15, R133, T098 RIC Vii 83c, C 331 39) B24, O15, R135, T006 40) B24, O15, R137, T003 RIC Vii 326c, C 336 41) B24, O15, R138, T003 RIC Vii 327c, C 348 42) B24, O15, R139, T113 RIC Vii 328c, C 350 43) B24, O15, R140, T109 RIC Vii 87c 44) B24, O15, R142, T115 RIC Vii 329c, C 360a 45) B24, O15, R148, T125 RIC Vii 330c, C 365 46) B24, O15, R153, T128 RIC Vii 234c, C 386 47) B24, O15, R159, T148 RIC Vii 93c, C 419a 48) B24, O15, R163, T034 RIC Vii 333, C 19b 49) B24, O19, R010, T017 Exe: S RIC Vii 373c, C 19a 50) B24, O19, R028, T014

AR Denarius Reference(s) 51) B30, O12, R005, T007

AE Double Sestertius 52) B24, O09, R034, T015 RIC Vii 123c 53) B24, O09, R040, T122 RIC Vii 134, C 99 54) B24, O09, R042, T028 RIC Vii 135, C 106 55) B24, O09, R075, T020 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 143c, C 179 56) B24, O09, R101, T091 RIC Vii 106c 57) B24, O09, R102, T095 S G across fields 58) B24, O09, R155, T131 RIC Vii 169c, C 379 59) B24, O09, R159, T148 S in right field RIC Vii 179c, C 422

AE Sestertius 60) B17, O17, R076, T020 Exe: SC 61) B17, O17, R155, T128 RIC Vii 172, C 387

AE Dupondius 62) B24, O09, R038, T124 RIC Vii 198, C 86 63) B24, O15, R101, T095 RIC Vii 188, C 252

AE As 64) B17, O15, R155, T126 RIC Vii 167

317

Postumus Busts

Postumus Types

318

Postumus Types (Continued)

319

Laelianus

Augustus 269

Laelianus was a usurper against Postumus, himself another usurper, who was unable to rout the incumbent when their forces met in battle. Laelianus thus had a tenure lasting from near the beginning of the year 269 through no later than that summer. Because of this short time there was little time for him to make much of a mark on history. His coins, however, are much sought after for their rarity.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C LAELIANVS PF AVG 2) IMP C VLP COR LAELIANVS 3) IMP C VLP CORN LAELIANVS 4) IMP LAELIANVS PF AVG 5) LAELIANVS AV

Reverses: 1) PAX AVG 2) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 3) VICTORIA AVG 4) VIRTVS AVG 5) VIRTVS MILITVM Types: 1) Hispania lying left, holding branch and resting arm on rabbit 2) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 3) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm branch 4) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch 5) Virtus holding standard and spear

Mint: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R2, T1 RIC Vii 1, C 2

AE Antoninianus 2) B2, O1, R3, T4 RIC Vii 9, C 4

Laelianus Busts Laelianus Types

Take any ten or twenty thousand Roman coins at random and it wouldn’t be surprising if not a single one of them would be a Laelianus. He is even rare within the subset of Roman coins that includes only the rebel emperors based in Gaul. Hoards that contain thousands of coins from this period and region may list only a handful of Laeliani. With only the scantiest availability and many collectors interested in these emperors it’s a foregone conclusion that when they do become available for sale they are anything but cheap. Antoniniani have been spotted in the $1,000-$2,000 range but availability is severely limited.

320

Marius

Augustus 269

There's next to nothing to be said for Marius because his reign was so short. The historian Eutropius writing about a hundred years after his death records his reign as lasting all of three days. Aurelius Victor, another historian contemporary to Eutropius, has him murdered the following day. This is of course hyperbole as evidenced in the fact that relatively many coins of him survive. The man was a blacksmith and how he

made the jump from that lowly career to becoming an emperor, however short his tenure, should be worth its own "Movie of the Week" award. He succeeded Laelianus, another short-lived emperor, when the undisciplined troops under his command were told to hold their positions following an initially successful attack on barbarian-controlled Mainz. The soldiers wanted to recover war loot and wouldn't be held back by Laelianus so they murdered him and named the head rabble-rouser, Marius, as their next emperor.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C M AVR MARIVS AVG 2) IMP C M AVR MARIVS PF AVG 3) IMP C MARIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) CONCORD MILIT 3) CONCORDIA MILIT 4) CONCORDIA MILITVM 5) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 6) FELICITAS AVG 7) FIDES MILITVM 8) SAEC FELICITAS 9) SAECVLI FELICITAS 10) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 11) VICTORIA AVG 12) VIRTVS AVG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 3) Fides standing left, holding two standards 4) Hands, in handshake 5) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 6) Victory standing left, holding palm and resting hand on shield. 7) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mint: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis


AE Antoninianus 1) B3, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19 2) B4, O1, R11, T5 RIC Vii 18 3) B4, O1, R11, T6 RIC Vii 17, C 19 4) B4, O1, R12, T7 RIC Vii 19, C 22 5) B4, O3, R04, T4 RIC Vii 7, C 4 6) B4, O3, R08, T2 RIC Vii 10, C 13

Difficult to find, expensive to purchase and usually unappealing to behold, the coins of Marius are eagerly sought after the world over. Being issued under what probably were emergency conditions it’s understandable that quality control during their striking was not the highest of priorities. Those Antoniniani that are left in the marketplace usually cost around $200 and up for a lousy wreck. A well-preserved coin can easily cost three times that much. More importantly, the problem transcends one of mere affordability. Locating a Marius is a hit-and-miss kind of thing with the various dealers in ancient coins. It might well be that if you’re after one your best bet is to have a dealer seek one on your behalf and then get back to you when it becomes available. Even glitzy auction catalogues list them on rather rare occasions.

321

Victorinus

Augustus 269-271

Marius Busts

Marius Types

Victorinus was a high-ranking commander during the secessionist regime of Postumus. After the brief accessions of Laelianus and Marius he himself was elevated as Augustus by the troops. While Victorinus was initially successful in bringing order after the chaotically implosive reigns of his two predecessors, the separate empire's days were quickly waning. Spain withdrew its recognition of Victorinus and transferred its loyalty back to the forces of

Claudius II and Rome. Then Victorinus himself died at the hands of one among his military staff, a certain Attianus, reputedly because he had seduced his wife. The fledgling empire would linger on for three more years under Tetricus and his son before being reabsorbed back into the greater empire.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 2) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over indeterminate bust left, draped 3) Laureate bust left of Victorinus over Sol, radiate 4) Laureate bust right 5) Laureate bust right of Victorinus over Mars, laureate 6) Laureate bust right, wearing imperial mantle 7) Laureate head right 8) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 9) Laureate, cuirassed torso right, holding spear and shield 10) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 11) Laureate, draped bust left 12) Laureate, draped bust right of Victorinus over Laureate, draped bust of Mars 13) Radiate bust right 14) Radiate head right 15) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 16) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 17) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 18) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 19) Radiate, draped bust left 20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear and shield 21) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) DIVO VICTORINO PIO 2) IMP C M PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG 3) IMP C PI VICTORINVS AVG 4) IMP C PI VICTORINVS PF AVG 5) IMP C PIA VICTORINVS PF AVG 6) IMP C PIAV VICTORINVS PF AVG 7) IMP C PIAVVONI VICTORINVS PF AVG 8) IMP C VICTORINVS AVG 9) IMP C VICTORINVS P AVG 10) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG 11) IMP CAES VICTORINVS PF AVG

Overall the coins of the Gallic emperors share several loose traits. First of all there is the style that is at once distinctive from the rest of the Roman empire but very similar from ruler to ruler. Then there is the fact that the mints were decentralized and apparently largely unregulated so that the quality of craftsmanship both on the dies used as well as the flans on which they were struck vary from the supremely artistic to the unskilled. In fact, it isn’t often easy to distinguish between official issues and the so-called barbarous imitative coins made by and for Romanized Celts. For Victorinus proper we may say that his coins are slightly scarcer than those of Tetricus who succeeds him and quite a bit less than those of Postumus, the last stable emperor. However, the collector in search of his coins will find that this relative scarcity is not enough to generally make a difference in price. A bigger test of patience will be locating coins that are well enough preserved to be collectable in the first place. For a filler-grade coin one need only look to the dregs available on Ebay with his name on it. Some of these coins go unsold at opening bids of $1.

322 12) IMP PI VICTORINVS AVG 13) IMP PIAV VICTORINVS AVG 14) IMP PIAVVONIVS VICTORINVS PF AVG 15) IMP VICTORINVS AVG

16) IMP VICTORINVS PF AVG 17) IMP VICTORINVS PIVS AVG 18) VICTORINVS AVG 19) VICTORINVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ADIVTRIX AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) COMES AVG 5) CONCORD EQVIT 6) CONSACRATIO 7) CONSECRATIO 8) COS II 9) DEFENSOR ORBIS 10) FELICITAS AVG 11) FIDES MILITVM 12) FORT REDVX 13) FORTVNA AVG 14) INDVLGENTIA AVG 15) INVICTVS 16) INVICTVS AVG 17) IOVI CONSERVATORI 18) IOVI STATORI 19) LAETITIA AVG 20) LEG II AVGVSTA P F 21) LEG II TRAIANA P F 22) LEG III GALLICA 23) LEG IIII FLAVIA P F 24) LEG PRIMA MINERVINA P F 25) LEG V MACIDONICA P F 26) LEG X FRETENSIS P F 27) LEG X GEMINA P F 28) LEG XIII GEMINA 29) LEG XIII GEMINA P F

30) LEG XX VAL VICTRIX P F 31) LEG XXII P F 32) LEG XXII PRIMIGENIE 33) LEG XXX VLP VICT P F 34) LEG XXX VLPIA PIA F 35) MARS VICTOR 36) MONIT AVG 37) ORIENS AVG 38) PAX AVG 39) PIETAS AVG 40) PM TR P II COS II PP 41) PM TR P III COS II PP 42) PM TR P III COS III PP 43) PROVID AVG 44) PROVIDENTIA AVG 45) ROMAE AETERNAE 46) SAECVLI FELICITAC 47) SAECVLI FELICITAS 48) SALVS AVG 49) SECVRITAS AVGG 50) SPES PVBLICA 51) TEMPOR FELICIT 52) VBERTAS AVG 53) VICTORIA AVG 54) VICTORIA V C S AVG 55) VIRTVS AVG 56) VOTA AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, stepping on galley prow, holding baby on lap; rudder to left. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Boar standing left 4) Bull advancing right. 5) Concordia standing left, holding patera and rudder. 6) Eagle perched on column with wreath in beak. 7) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; capricornus to left. 8) Eagle perched on globe, with wreath in beak; standard to either side. 9) Eagle perched on globe. 10) Felicitas standing left, holding branch and scepter. 11) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 12) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 13) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. 14) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. 15) Hercules advancing left, holding club. 16) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin 17) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin; capricornus to left. 18) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; capricornus to left. 19) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt; captive by feet. 20) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 21) Lion advancing left 22) Lions (2) facing each other, Minerva helmeted bust right above and in between. 23) Luna bust right, holding bow and pulling arrow from quiver 24) Luna standing left, resting hand on deer and holding scepter. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 26) Mars helmeted bust right 27) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 30) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 31) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar. 32) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 33) Roma helmeted, draped bust right over Luna, holding bow 34) Roma helmeted, draped bust right. 35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar. 36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter. 38) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 39) Sol diademed, bust right facing Luna diademed bust left, holding bow. 40) Sol radiate bust right 41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 42) Ubertas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 43) Victorinus riding horse left over enemy. 44) Victorinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 45) Victorinus standing left, holding globe and spear. 46) Victorinus standing left, sacrificing over altar. 47) Victorinus to left, holding hand of kneeling Indulgentia to right, holding cornucopia.

323 48) Victorinus to left, receiving globe from Roma seated to left; soldier in background. 49) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 50) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 51) Victory sacrificing over altar and holding trophy. 52) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 53) Victory standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 54) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 55) Victory standing left, holding wreath; ram to right. 56) Victory torso right, holding wreath and palm. 57) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 58) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Gaul, uncertain localities 3) Treveri


AE Antoninianus 2) B16, O10, R39, T29 3) B17, O10, R39, T29 RIC Vii 57, C 90 4) B17, O10, R44, T32 RIC Vii 61 5) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 122, C 112 6) B17, O10, R48, T36 RIC Vii 67 7) B18, O06, R04, T50 RIC Vii 107 8) B18, O06, R11, T12 RIC Vii 109, C 36 9) B18, O06, R38, T28 RIC Vii 117, C 83 10) B18, O10, R15, T38 * in left field RIC Vii 114, C 49 11) B18, O10, R38, T28 V in left field, * in right field RIC Vii 118, C 79 12) B18, O10, R48, T35 RIC Vii 71 13) B18, O10, R50, T41 RIC Vii 73, C 120 14) B18, O10, R55, T58 RIC Vii 78, C 131

Victorinus Busts

Victorinus Types

324

Domitian II

Augustus 271

Only very recently has the identity of this extremely obscure emperor been confirmed. In the year 1900 a coin bearing the legend IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG was discovered in a rural area of France and given the unusual nature of the find quickly written off as a forgery. In February of 2004 the British Museum announced that their own team had restored a coin among 5,000 others that had solidified together and been found recently as a

single lump by a metal detectorist. The coin again bore the same legend and this time there was no denying that the emperor did in fact exist and that the earlier coin was genuine. Straddling the short reign of Victorinus and that of Tetricus it now appears that in the wake of Victorinus's murder a power struggle emerged and Domitian, a general, was hailed emperor by his subordinates. Politically, however, Victoria (the mother of Victorinus) had much more influence and somehow managed to suppress Domitian's bid and place her son on the throne instead. In all, Domitian probably enjoyed his precious Augustus title for only a few days. Bust: 1) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C DOMITIANVS PF AVG

Reverse: 1) CONCORDIA MILITVM

Type: 1) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia.

Mint: 1) Gaul (Colonia Agrippinensis?)

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1

With there being all of two coins known for this emperor, both of them in museums, the acquisition of one of these for a collector is about as hopeless a pursuit as pining away for an undiscovered Van Gogh. Given that only one coin out of that mass of 5,000 was of this Domitian odds are that in the year 271 these coins were instant rarities. Therefored only other as-yet undiscovered large hoards provide any realistic hope of future discoveries.

325

Tetricus I

Augustus 271-274

Tetricus was governor of Acquitaine in Gaul when Victorinus, the emperor of this secessionist region, was murdered. Victorinus' mother, who evidently had a certain degree of influence in the army, then appointed the Governor to emperor. The reign of Tetricus was potmarked by a string of battles against loyalist Romans, other secessionist states, would-be crown usurpers and barbarians. It all finally ended when Tetricus arranged for

surrender to the forces of Aurelian in exchange for his life. The plot was carried off and Aurelian subsequently pardoned him as well as appointed him to office either as governor of Lucania or as corrector of Italy. Contemporary historians relate how the two former adversaries retained a strong friendship.

Busts: 1) Laureate bust right of Tetricus I, bareheaded bust left of Tetricus II 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left holding scepter over shoulder and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 8) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C C P ESV TETRICVS AVG 2) IMP C C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG 3) IMP C P ESV TETRICVS AVG 4) IMP C P ESVVIVS TETRICVS AVG 5) IMP C TETRICVS 6) IMP C TETRICVS AVG 7) IMP C TETRICVS P AVG 8) IMP C TETRICVS PF AV 9) IMP C TETRICVS PF AVG 10) IMP C TETRICVS PIVS AVG 11) IMP TETRICI AVGG 12) IMP TETRICVS 13) IMP TETRICVS AVG 14) IMP TETRICVS P AVG 15) IMP TETRICVS PF AVG 16) IMP TETRICVS PIVS AVG 17) IMPP TETRICI AVGG 18) No Legend

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA 2) ABVNDANTIA AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) AEQVITAS AVG 5) AEQVITAS AVGG V 6) AETERNIT AVG 7) AETERNITAS AVGG 8) CARITAS AVGG 9) COMES AVG 10) COMIT AVG 11) CONCORD 12) CONCORDIA AVG 13) CONCORDIA AVGG 14) CONSACRATIO 15) CONSECR 16) CONSECRA 17) CONSECRATIO 18) CONSERVAT AVG 19) COS III 20) FECVNDITAS 21) FELICIT AVG 22) FELICITAS AVG 23) FELICITAS PVBLICA 24) FIDES MILITVM 25) FORTVNA AVG 26) FORTVNA REDVX 27) HILARITAS 28) HILARITAS AVG 29) HILARITAS AVGG 30) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 31) IMP C POSTVMVS PF AVG 32) IMP C VICTORINVS PF AVG 33) INVICTVS

34) IOVI CONSERVATORI 35) IOVI STATORI 36) IOVI VICTORI 37) LAETITIA AVG 38) LAETITIA AVG N 39) LAETITIA AVGG 40) LIBERALITAS AVG 41) LIBERALITAS AVGG 42) MARS VICTOR 43) MONETA AVG 44) NEPTVNO CONS AVG 45) NOBILITAS AVGG 46) ORIENS AVG 47) ORIENS AVGG 48) P I TETRICVS C 49) PA PVBLIC 50) PAX AETERNA 51) PAX AVG 52) PAX AVGG 53) PIETAS AVG 54) PIETAS AVGG 55) PIETAS AVGVSTO 56) PM TR P COS III PP 57) PM TR P COS PP 58) PM TR P I COS PP 59) PM TR P II COS PP

As a whole, the coins of Tetricus I (and his son too) are easily available and cheap. The problem is that finding coins of either of these guys in desirable condition can be a challenge. By the closing years of the Gallic empire the coins were produced with wild carelessness and of very low grade metal. The dies, particularly obverse dies, were typically used until they were worn smooth or broke apart under ceaseless hammering. This left mint state coins nearly unrecognizable even back then. Add in over a dozen centuries of weathering and it’s understandable that nice coins are hard to come by. To complicate matters, many of the coins for this reign were minted in territories nominally under Tetricus’s control but more or less autonomous. The people who lived in these areas struck their own coins imitating the “official” Tetricus issues as best they could. These barbarous coins, as they’re now termed, range in style and workmanship from the good to the abominable and, unfortunately, often blend elements of the official coinage so close that telling the two apart is an academic exercise of little consequence.

326 60) PM TR P III COS II PP 61) PM TR P III COS PP 62) PRINC IVVENT 63) PRO AVG 64) PROVID AVG 65) PROVIDENTIA AVG 66) ROMAE AETERNAE 67) SAEC FELICITAS 68) SAECVLI FELICITAS 69) SALVS AVG 70) SALVS AVGG 71) SPES AVG 72) SPES AVGG 73) SPES PVBLICA

74) TVTELA 75) VBERITAS AVGG 76) VBERTAS AVG 77) VICTORIA 78) VICTORIA AVG 79) VICTORIA AVG I 80) VICTORIA AVG IIII 81) VICTORIA AVGG 82) VICTORIA GERM 83) VIRTVS AVG 84) VIRTVS AVGG 85) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 86) VOTA PVBLICA

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 2) Abundantia standing left, pouring cornucopia 3) Abundantia standing right, pouring cornucopia 4) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae 5) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and holding robe 6) Altar 7) Altar, Concordia standing by holding patera and cornucopia 8) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 9) Eagle 10) Felicitas sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 11) Felicitas standing left with crossed legs, leaning on column and holding caduceus 12) Felicitas standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 13) Felicitas standing, facing, holding caduceus and cornucopia 14) Feunditas standing left, holding two babies and two babies by feet 15) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 16) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 17) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia 19) Hercules standing right, leaning on club; lion skin lying on rock. 20) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 21) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, child on either side. 22) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia, two children on either side. 23) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and leaning on scepter. 24) Hippocamp advancing right. 25) Jupiter seated left, holding Victory and spear 26) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter, Tetricus to lower left. 27) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 28) Laetitia standing left, holding patera and rudder, child on right. 29) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 30) Laetitia standing left, pouring cornucopia into vase 31) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia 32) Liberalitas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 33) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 34) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear 35) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopiae 36) Nobilitas standing right, hold spear and globe. Galley prow by feet. 37) Pax standing left, holding anchor and feeding serpent on altar 38) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 39) Pax standing left, holding broken bow and cornucopiae 40) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopiae 41) Pax standing left, holding patera and scepter, facing snake. 42) Pax standing left, holding scale and two cornucopiae 43) Pax standing left, holding wreath and rudder 44) Pietas standing left, holding branch and cornucopiae 45) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding box 46) Providentia standing left, holding rudder and cornucopiae 47) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae, globe by feet. 48) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopiae. 49) Roma seated left by shield, holding Victory and spear. 50) Sacrificial implements: aspergillum, simpulum, cruet, lituus (variously arranged) 51) Sacrificial implements: cruet 52) Sacrificial implements: cruet with a lituus on either side 53) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding rudder. 54) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 55) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 56) Salus standing left, holding wreath and anchor; altar by feet. 57) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe. 58) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 59) Sol standing right 60) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 61) Spes standing left, holding flower and palm 62) Spes standing left, holding patera and scepter 63) Tetricus I and Tetricus II, facing each other, jointly holding Victory on globe 64) Tetricus I handing over globe to Tetricus II, both holding scepter, altar in between. 65) Tetricus I riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter 66) Tetricus I sacrificing over altar, standing next to Tetricus II, holding globe and being crowned by Victory. 67) Tetricus I seated left, holding branch and scepter 68) Tetricus I seated left, holding globe and scepter 69) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and parazonium; seated captive to left. 70) Tetricus I standing left, holding globe and scepter

327 71) Tetricus I standing left, holding wand and scepter 72) Tetricus I standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 73) Tetricus I standing right, holding spear and globe 74) Tetricus I standing right, stepping on globe, holding spear and parazonium. 75) Tutela standing left, holding patera and spear 76) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopiae 77) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 78) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy 79) Victory advancing right, trampling enemy, holding wreath and trophy 80) Victory crowning globe held by Tetricus, captive by feet 81) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 82) Victory standing left, in front of altar, holding wreath and palm 83) Victory standing right, holding trophy 84) Virtus seated left, holding branch and spear. 85) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 86) Virtus standing right, holding spear and leaning on shield.

Mints: 1) Colonia Agrippinensis 2) Gaul 3) Treveri

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B4, O16, R83, T69 RIC Vii 41, C 205 2) B5, O13, R83, T69 3) B6, O09, R60, T74 RIC Vii 7, C 130 4) B6, O09, R83, T84 RIC Vii 21, C 202

AE Antoninianus 5) B7, O09, R29, T20 RIC Vii 79 6) B7, O09, R78, T77 RIC Vii 141 7) B7, O13, R24, T16 RIC Vii 71, C 43 8) B7, O15, R29, T20 RIC Vii 80 9) B7, O15, R39, T29 RIC Vii 88 10) B7, O15, R49, T38 11) B7, O15, R70, T53 RIC Vii 127f, C 152 12) B8, O06, R22, T12 13) B8, O06, R24, T16 RIC Vii 69 14) B8, O09, R09, T81 RIC Vii 56, C 17 15) B8, O09, R51, T36 RIC Vii 100, C 95 16) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 126c, C 154 17) B8, O09, R70, T53 RIC Vii 128 18) B8, O09, R73, T60 RIC Vii 136 19) B8, O09, R84, T85 RIC Vii 148 20) B8, O15, R09, T77 RIC Vii 57

Tetricus I Busts

328

Tetricus II

Caesar c.273-274

Tetricus I Types

Son of Tetricus I. He shared in the pardon of his father and is said to have later been given the position of Senator in which he served with distinction. He may also have been promoted to the rank of co-augustus shortly before the two capitulated to Aurelian. The evidence rests on a coin or two featuring his portrait (distinguished by the lack of beard as opposed to his father’s portrait)

bearing a legend ending in AVG.

Busts:

1) Bareheaded, draped bust right 2) Bare-headed, draped bust right, wearing

imperial mantle 3) Radiate head right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped bust left 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) C P E TETRICVS CAES 2) C P E TETRICVS CES 3) C P ES TETRICVS CAES 4) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES 5) C P ESV TETRICVS CAES 6) C P TETRICVS CAE 7) C P TETRICVS CAE CES 8) C P TETRICVS CAES CES 9) C PI ES TETRICVS CAE 10) C PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES 11) C PIV TETRICVS A 12) C PIV TETRICVS P AVG 13) C PV TETRICVS CAES 14) C PV ESV TETRICVS CAES 15) PIV ESV TETRICVS AVGG 16) PIV ESV TETRICVS CAES

What goes for Tetricus I goes for II as well. The interesting point to ponder is whether he made it to emperor or stayed Caesar until his father’s abdication. One could make an argument that the title was conferred shortly before based on the few coins of his with AVGs in their legends. Or perhaps this was all due to the general apathy towards the dies in their preparation. Either way, historians of the day say nothing of the subject and consider it enough to state that they both surrendered to Aurelian. Just about the only coins for Tetricus (either Tetricus) will be the Antoninianus. Initially, under Caracalla and until around the early 250’s, these coins were silver coins about twice the size of the old Denarius. But by the time the Tetricus pair are making them they have shrunk to the size of a Denarius, often smaller and thinner, and made of a metal that quickly turned black or dark brown. For this reason it will be nearly impossible to find a Tetricus that still looks white and “new”. Even more challenging will be to find one whose both sides retain sharp details. Typically, the reverse die was used til worn nearly flat. So forgetting about those nonexistent gem coins one is left more often than not with a thin, black, ratty coin with a worn reverse. Price for these, thankfully, should be only a few dollars.

329 Reverses:

1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) COM IMP AVG 3) COMES AVG 4) COMES AVGG 5) COMOLVTETIO 6) CONSECRATIO 7) FELICITAS AVG 8) FIDES MILITVM 9) HERC COMITI 10) HILARI AVGG 11) HILARITAS AVGG 12) HILARITAS AVGG 13) INVICTVS 14) IOVI STATORI 15) LAETITIA AVG 16) LAETITIA AVG N

17) LAETITIA AVGG 18) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 19) LATITIA AVG 20) MARS VICTOR 21) MONETA 22) NOBILITAS AVGG 23) ORIENS AVG 24) PAX AVG 25) PAX AVGG 26) PIETAS AVGG 27) PIETAS AVGVS PIETAS AVGVSTO 28) PIETAS AVGVSTOR 29) PIETAS AVSTO 30) PRINC IVVENT 31) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 32) PROVID AVG

33) PROVIDENTIA AVG 34) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 35) SALVS AVG 36) SALVS AVGG 37) SOLI CONSER 38) SPEI PERPETVAE 39) SPES AVGG 40) SPES PVBLICA 41) VBERITAS AVG 42) VBERTAS AVG 43) VICTORIA AVG 44) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Altar 3) Centaur holding bow 4) Eagle 5) Felicitas standing left, child on either side. 6) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 7) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 8) Hilaritas standing left, holding palm and cornucopia; child to either side of her. 9) Hilaritas standing left, holding wreath and anchor 10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 11) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 12) Minerva sacrificing over altar and holding spear 13) Moneta standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 14) Nobilitas standing, holding scepter and globe 15) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 16) Pax standing left, holding palm and cornucopia 17) Pax standing left, holding scepter 18) Pax standing, holding two standards 19) Sacrificial implements: lituus, cruet, simpulum, etc. (variously arranged) 20) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 21) Providentia standing left, holding wand and cornucopia 22) Salus standing left, feeding snake in altar and holding rudder. 23) Salus standing left, holding and feeding snake 24) Salus standing left, holding branch and anchor 25) Salus standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding anchor 26) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 27) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip. 28) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 29) Temple, Hercules within 30) Tetricus II standing left, holding branch and scepter 31) Tetricus II standing left, holding patera and scepter 32) Tetricus II standing left, holding standard in each hand 33) Tetricus II standing left, holding wand and standard 34) Tetricus II standing right, holding spear and globe 35) Uberitas holding grapes and cornucopia 36) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 37) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 38) Virtus standing, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mints:

1) Gaul, various localities 2) Treveri

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B5, O10, R40, T28 2) B6, O01, R26, T19 RIC Vii 255, C 48 3) B6, O01, R28, T19 RIC Vii 259, C 60 4) B6, O10, R24, T20 5) B6, O10, R30, T30 RIC Vii 260, C 62 6) B6, O10, R40, T28 RIC Vii 270, C 88 7) B6, O10, R41, T28 RIC Vii 272, C 97 8) B6, O14, R40, T28

330

Quietus

Augustus 261

Tetricus II Busts

Tetricus II Types

Quietus ascended the throne at the same time as his brother Macrianus following the capture of Valerian, the former emperor. However, after Macrianus and his army were unable to defeat the forces of Gallienus he saw his support base dissipate and he fled his post. The troops of Gallienus were able to track him down and execute him soon after thus ending his brief reign. Quietus survived him scarcely any more time

before he, too, was located and executed.

Busts: 1) Laureate bust right 2) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C FVL QVIETVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) AEQVTAS AVG 3) AEQVTAS AVGG 4) APOLINI CONSERVA 5) APOLLINI CONSERVA 6) FORT REDVX 7) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 8) INDVLGNTIAE AVG 9) IOVI CONSERVATORI 10) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 11) PIETAS AVG 12) ROMAE AETERNAE 13) SOL INVICTO 14) SPES PVBLICA 15) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre 3) Fortuna seated left on wheel, holding rudder and cornucopia 4) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter 5) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left by feet. 6) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 7) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus 8) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear; eagle to left

Quietus appears with modest frequency among the offerings of ancient coin dealers. With the exception of some extreme rarities the coins will all be relatively poor condition Antoniniani. Because they were minted exclusively in the Middle East these coins often sport attractive “sandy patinas” that enhance the contrast of the details. Condition being the key in determining value, one of these Ants will go anywhere from about $100 to over $300.

331 9) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 10) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 11) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm

Mint: 1) Antioch

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R15, T11 RIC Vii 1

AE Antoninianus 2) B3, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 2, C 1 3) B3, O1, R04, T02 * in left field RIC Vii 3 4) B3, O1, R07, T04 * in left field RIC Vii 5 5) B3, O1, R09, T05 RIC Vii 6, C 8 6) B3, O1, R12, T08 Exe: •• and * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 11b 7) B3, O1, R13, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 10, C 12a 8) B3, O1, R14, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 14a

AE As 9) B1, O1, R03, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 13, C 2

Quietus Busts

Quietus Types

332

Macrianus

Augustus 261

The story of Macrianus is intimately connected with that of his brother Quietus. The two were sons of Macrianus Sr. who was one of Valerian's highest-ranked generals. After Valerian was kidnapped by a Persian king whom he was seeing on business of discussing war settlements the elder Macrianus chased the Persians away and the soldiers offered him the post of Augustus. He, in turn, declined and bestowed the titles jointly upon Macrianus

Jr. and Quietus. It was decided that Macrianus would now lead an expedition to depose Gallienus back in Rome while Quietus would stay in the east to secure the region against any Persian reprisals. Macrianus's army suffered a defeat and the troops loyal to Gallienus gave chase to a fleeing Quietus who was eventually captured and executed. All coins from eastern mints, imperial issues only from Antioch.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C FVL MACRIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVGG 2) AEQVTAS AVGG 3) APOLINI CONSERVA 4) CONSERVATRICI AVG 5) FORT REDVX 6) INDVLGENTIAE AVG 7) IOVI CONSERVATORI 8) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 9) ROMAE AETERNAE 10) SOL INVICTO 11) SPES PVBLICA 12) VICTORIA AVGG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting hand on lyre. 3) Diana standing right, holding bow; deer to side. 4) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia 5) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 6) Indulgentia seated left, holding patera and scepter. 7) Jupiter seated left, holding patera and scepter; eagle to left. 8) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 9) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter 10) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 11) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 12) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Antioch

AE Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 2, C10

AE Antoninianus 2) B4, O1, R02, T01 * in left field RIC Vii 5, C1 3) B4, O1, R02, T01 RIC Vii 5, C1 4) B4, O1, R03, T02 RIC Vii 6, C 2 5) B4, O1, R06, T06 * in left field RIC Vii 8, C 6 6) B4, O1, R07, T07 * in left field RIC Vii 9, C 8 7) B4, O1, R08, T08 RIC Vii 10, C 9 8) B4, O1, R09, T09 * in left field RIC Vii 11, C 11

For being an usurper and having a coin-striking season lasting perhaps less than a full year, the coins of Macrianus are relatively easy to find. That is, so long as your expectation stretches no farther than a so-so condition Antoninianus of very low grade silver. With that one caveat, you may expect to pay about $100 for the average coin with premium coins doubling or tripling that amount.

333 9) B4, O1, R09, T09 RIC Vii 11, C 11 10) B4, O1, R10, T10 RIC Vii 12, C 12 11) B4, O1, R10, T10 * in left field RIC Vii 12, C 12 12) B4, O1, R11, T11 RIC Vii 13, C 13

Macrianus Busts

Macrianus Types

334

Claudius II

Augustus 268-270

Claudius was apparently one of the principal conspirators who instigated a lethal mutiny against Gallienus during his siege against the usurper Aureolus. His claim that Gallienus designated him his heir in his deathbed and absent any credible witnesses led many to doubt the story. Regardless, Claudius rose to power and quelled any discontent over Gallienus's fate by giving each soldier the princely sum of 20 Aurei and locating Aureolus who was

promptly executed.

The controversial accession besides, Claudius proved a remarkably able battlefield commander and he earned the nickname Gothicus following the devastating blow he dealt to the Goths; accounts of which had the battle ending with some 50,000 barbarians of this tribe being killed. Before he had much time to secure more honorary titles for himself, however, he contracted plague and died in Sirmium two years later. The Senate dutifully praised and deified him afterwards as one of the greatest emperors ever. Contemporary historians linked his family to that of Constantine and evidently his memory was still popular enough half a century later that Constantine would be able to exploit the public relations value of this link through a series of coins minted honoring his alleged dead ancestor.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left 2) Laureate head left 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate bust left 7) Radiate bust left, holding globe and scepter 8) Radiate bust left, holding scepter 9) Radiate head left 10) Radiate head right 11) Radiate torso left, holding globe and scepter 12) Radiate torso left, holding spear and shield 13) Radiate torso right, holding spear 14) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 15) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, raising hand and holding globe 17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 18) Radiate, draped bust left 19) Radiate, draped bust left, holding shield 20) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear 21) Radiate, draped bust right 22) Radiate, helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 23) Veiled, laureate head right

Obverses: 1) CLAVDIVS AVG 2) CLAVDIVS PF AVG 3) CLAVDIVS PIVS AVG INV 4) DIVO CLAVDIO 5) DIVO CLAVDIO GOTHICO 6) DIVO CLAVDIO OPT IMP 7) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO 8) DIVO CLAVDIO OPTIMO IMP 9) DIVVS CLAVDIVS OPT IMP 10) IMP C CLAVDIVS AVG 11) IMP C CLAVDIVS PF AVG 12) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS AVG 13) IMP C M AVR CLAVDIVS PF AVG 14) IMP C M AVREL CLAVDIVS PF AVG 15) IMP C V CLAVDIVS AVG 16) IMP CLAVDIVS AVG 17) IMP CLAVDIVS CAES AVG 18) IMP CLAVDIVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADVENTVS AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVG 4) AETER AVG 5) AETERNIT AVG 6) AETERNITAS AVG 7) ANNONA AVG 8) APOLLI CONS 9) APOLLINI CONS 10) APOLLINI P CONS

Claudius takes over during turbulent years. Coins are being made by the millions but quality control has sunk to its lowest level yet ensuring that these coins deteriorated soon after entering circulation. And what does this leave for those that have had to endure another 1,600 years? While the gold coinage escapes the poor quality control issues there are so few of them that the point is moot for the vast majority of collectors. This leaves only the sorry Antoninianus as representative of this emperor. The Ants had been suffering a steady decline in their fineness ever since their inception under Caracalla a half century before. By the 250’s there was so little silver in them that they no longer looked “silvery” or did so only briefly before corrosion and wear revealed them for being the essentially copper coins that they really were. Under the reign of Gallienus, or perhaps that of Claudius II, a new process of silver washing was developed to at least keep the appearance that these were silver coins still worth, in theory, two Denarii. This coating measured a meager few thousandths of an inch and wore or flaked off quickly on the high points of the coin. Only a brand new coin buried in a protective container could survive to this day with this silvering intact. And while they’re available today they are rare and expensive. The process of silvering the Ants lasted until Diocletian’s reform a few years later. During this period, and certainly including Claudius, Ants will be readily available with partial silvering but unless a substantial amount survives they carry no premium over an otherwise patinated coin. Low grade coins may be found among “uncleaned” coins or dealer’s “junk bins” for a few dollars each. Nicer specimens quickly escalate in price.

335 11) CERES AVG 12) CONCO EXERC 13) CONCOR AVG 14) CONCOR EXER 15) CONCOR EXERC 16) CONCOR EXERCI 17) CONCORD EXER 18) CONCORD LEGI 19) CONCORDIA AVG 20) CONCORDIA EXERCITVS 21) CONSACRATIO 22) CONSAECRATIO 23) CONSECR AVG 24) CONSECRATIO 25) CONSER AVG 26) CONSERVAT AVG 27) CONSERVAT PIETAT 28) CONSERVATORES AVG 29) COS III 30) DACIA FELIX 31) DEO CABIRO 32) DIANA LVCIF 33) DIANAE CONS AVG 34) DIANAE VICTR 35) FECVND AVG 36) FECVNDITAS AVG 37) FELIC AVG 38) FELIC TEMPO 39) FELICITAS AVG 40) FELICITAS SAECVL 41) FID MILITVM 42) FIDES AVG 43) FIDES EXERCI 44) FIDES MILIT 45) FIDES MILITVM 46) FORTVNA RED 47) FORTVNA REDVX 48) FORTVNAE RED 49) FORTVNAE REDVCI 50) GENIVS AVG 51) GENIVS EXERCI 52) GENIVS POPVLI

53) HILARITAS AVGG 54) INVICTVS AVG 55) IOVI CONSERV AVG 56) IOVI CONSERVATORI 57) IOVI FVLGERAT 58) IOVI STATORI 59) IOVI VICTORI 60) IVNO REGINA 61) IVVENTAS AVG 62) IVVENTVS AVG 63) LAETITIA AVG 64) LAETITIA AVG N 65) LIBERAL AVG 66) LIBERALITAS AVG 67) LIBERITAS AVG 68) LIBERO CONS AVG 69) LIBERT AVG 70) LIBERTAS AVG 71) MARS VICTOR 72) MARS VLTOR 73) MARTI PACIF 74) MARTI PACIFERO 75) MARTI VICTORI 76) MEMORIAE AETERNAE 77) MINERVA AVG 78) MONETA AVG 79) NEPTVN AVG 80) NEPTVS AVG 81) ORIENS AVG 82) PAX AET 83) PAX AETERNA 84) PAX AVG 85) PAX AVGVSTI 86) PAX EXERC 87) PIETAS 88) PIETAS AVG 89) PM TR P II COS PP 90) PM TR P O PP 91) PROVENTI AVG 92) PROVI AVG 93) PROVID AVG 94) PROVIDEN AVG

95) PROVIDENT AVG 96) PROVIDENTIA AVG 97) REGI ARTIS 98) REQVIES OPT MER 99) REQVIES OPTIMOR MERIT 100) REQVIES OPTIMORVM MERITORVM 101) ROMAE AETERNAE 102) SALVS AVG 103) SALVS AVGG 104) SECVRIT AVG 105) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 106) SOL AVG 107) SOLI CONS AVG 108) SPES AVG 109) SPES PVBLIC 110) SPES PVBLICA 111) TEMPORVM FELI 112) TEMPORVM FELIC 113) VBERITAS AVG 114) VBERTAS AVG 115) VENVS AVG 116) VICTOR GERMAN 117) VICTORIA AVG 118) VICTORIA GERMAN 119) VICTORIA GERMANIC 120) VICTORIA GM 121) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 122) VIRT AVG 123) VIRTVS AVG 124) VIRTVSS AVG 125) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 126) VIRTVS CLAVDI AVG 127) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 128) VOTA ORBIS 129) No legend

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Aesculapius standing left, holding scepter with snake coiled around it. 4) Altar 5) Altar, lit. 6) Annona standing left, stepping on galley prow, holding grain ears and cornucopia. 7) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 8) Cabirus standing right, holding hammer and nails 9) Ceres standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 10) Claudius II advancing left, holding scepter and globe. 11) Claudius II advancing right, holding scepter and globe. 12) Claudius II riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 13) Claudius II riding horse right, spearing barbarians 14) Claudius II seated left, holding scepter 15) Claudius II standing left, holding branch and scepter. 16) Claudius II standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter. 17) Claudius II standing to left, holding scepter, facing Fortuna to right, holding rudder and cornucopia. 18) Claudius II standing to right, holding scepter and hand of kneeling Pietas. 19) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia. 20) Concordia standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 21) Concordiae (2) facing each other, each holding a torch and grain ears. 22) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop 23) Deer advancing right. 24) Diana standing right, holding torch 25) Diana standing right, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow; deer to right. 26) Diana standing right on left, pulling arrow from quiver and holding bow, facing Apollo to right, holding branch and resting hand on lyre. 27) Eagle standing left 28) Fecunditas standing left, touching child on head and holding cornucopia. 29) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 30) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 31) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter 32) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 33) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and scepter 34) Fides standing right, holding standard in each hand. 35) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 36) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia 37) Fortuna standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 38) Funeral pyre 39) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 40) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 41) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apple. 42) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin.

336 43) Hilaritas standing, holding palm and cornucopia; another cornucopia to right 44) Isis standing left, holding sistrum and basket. 45) Isis standing right on left, holding sistrum and basket, facing Serapis to right, holding scepter. 46) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 47) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to lower left. 48) Jupiter advancing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 49) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt 50) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 51) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 52) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Claudius II to lower right, holding scepter. 53) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 54) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 55) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 56) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 57) Lion advancing right 58) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear 59) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear with shield. 60) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 61) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 62) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 63) Mars standing left, holding branch. 64) Mars standing left, holding parazonium and spear. 65) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 66) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia. 67) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident. 68) Panther advancing left 69) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 70) Pax seated left, holding branch and scepter 71) Pax standing left, holding branch and cornucopia. 72) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 73) Pax standing right, holding branch and scepter. 74) Pegasus advancing right 75) Pietas standing left, holding patera and spear. 76) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 77) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 78) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 79) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side. 80) Roma seated left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 81) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter. 82) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 83) Salus standing to left, holding and feeding snake, facing Aesculapius to right, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 84) Saturn standing left, holding scepter and scythe. 85) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 86) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 87) Serapis standing left, raising hand and holding scepter 88) Serapis standing right on left, holding scepter, facing Isis to right, holding sistrum and basket 89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 90) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe. 91) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 92) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 93) Sol standing right on left, raising hand and holding whip, facing Luna (Diana) to right, holding torch 94) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 95) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 96) Table with vase atop 97) Temple; Roma within, holding Victory and spear. 98) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 99) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 100) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling spear; shield to right 101) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, holding together shield on palm reading SC. 102) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 103) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 104) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 105) Victory standing left, resting hand on shield and holding palm; two captives to left. 106) Virtus advancing right, holding spear and trophy 107) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear; shield to left 108) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 109) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield 110) Vulcan standing right on left, holding hammer and nails, facing Minerva to right, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 111) Vulcan standing right, holding hammer and tongs 112) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Mediolanum

4) Roma 5) Siscia 6) Thessalonica

AU Medallion Reference(s) 1) B13, O04, R020, T020 8 Aurei weight

AU Aureus 2) B16, O02, R123, T106

337

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 3) B09, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 197l, C 8 4) B09, O10, R025, T088 5) B09, O10, R102, T007 6) B09, O10, R102, T026 RIC Vi 219l, C 260 7) B09, O10, R102, T044 RIC Vi 217l 8) B09, O10, R106, T089 RIC Vi 221l 9) B10, O16, R039, T029 RIC Vi 33 10) B10, O16, R043, T032 11) B10, O16, R045, T033 ` in right field 12) B10, O16, R047, T036 - in right field RIC Vi 41k 13) B10, O16, R050, T040 ` in right field RIC Vi 46k, C 109 14) B10, O16, R089, T011 D in right field RIC Vi 12k, C 216 15) B10, O16, R113, T099 ` in right field RIC Vi 193k, C 286 16) B10, O17, R003, T002 17) B10, O17, R040, T029 RIC Vi 179k 18) B10, O17, R117, T102 19) B10, O18, R093, T077 Exe: ` RIC Vi 163k 20) B10, O18, R110, T095 Exe: ` RIC Vi 168k, C 227 21) B15, O10, R002, T012 RIC Vi 13f, C 4 22) B15, O10, R003, T002 RIC Vi 14f, C 7 23) B15, O10, R007, T006 RIC Vi 18f, C 21 24) B15, O10, R039, T029 25) B15, O10, R043, T032 RIC Vi 34f, C 84 26) B15, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 54f, C 129 27) B15, O10, R066, T055 RIC Vi 57f, C 144 28) B15, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91f, C 230 29) B15, O10, R102, T081 RIC Vi 98f 30) B15, O10, R110, T094 RIC Vi 102f 31) B15, O10, R117, T104 RIC Vi 104f, C 293 32) B15, O12, R115, T100 Exe: SPQR 33) B15, O12, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: •• 34) B15, O16, R005, T090 RIC Vi 16f, C 16 35) B15, O16, R007, T006 RIC Vi 19f, C 22 36) B15, O16, R063, T054 ` in right field RIC Vi 181f, C 139 37) B15, O16, R069, T056 X in right field RIC Vi 63f, C 152 38) B15, O16, R108, T095 ` in left field RIC Vi 191f 39) B15, O16, R113, T099 RIC Vi 193f 40) B15, O16, R114, T099 RIC Vi 103f 41) B15, O16, R117, T104 42) B15, O18, R048, T035 Exe: ` RIC Vi 151f 43) B16, O12, R127, T042 44) B17, O10, R003, T002 Exe: • 45) B17, O10, R084, T072 C 198 46) B17, O10, R095, T078 RIC Vi 91c 47) B17, O10, R097, T111 RIC Vi 215a, C 239 48) B17, O10, R102, T081 49) B17, O13, R102, T044 Zachary Beasley collection 50) B17, O16, R003, T002 RIC Vi 15c, C 10 51) B17, O18, R045, T031 C 93 52) B17, O18, R047, T035 C 204 53) B17, O18, R081, T091 54) B17, O18, R121, T098 Obv Exe: •• 55) B17, O18, R121, T098 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: •• 56) B17, O18, R123, T108 57) B21, O10, R003, T002 Exe: H RIC Vi 197a, C 6 58) B21, O10, R025, T087 Exe: ` RIC Vi 201a, C 58 59) B21, O10, R034, T025 RIC Vi 205a, C 67 60) B21, O10, R039, T029 RIC Vi 32a 61) B21, O10, R042, T065 RIC Vi 207a 62) B21, O10, R051, T039 RIC Vi 48a, C 114 63) B21, O10, R058, T049 RIC Vi 52a 64) B21, O10, R059, T050 RIC Vi 53a 65) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: • 66) B21, O10, R060, T047 Exe: ` RIC Vi 212, C 235 67) B21, O10, R062, T041 Exe: ` RIC Vi 213a, C 137 68) B21, O10, R072, T060 RIC Vi 66a 69) B21, O10, R079, T067 Exe: ` RIC Vi 214a, C 183 70) B21, O10, R102, T007 Exe: • RIC Vi 216a 71) B21, O10, R110, T095 RIC Vi 102a, C 281 72) B21, O10, R123, T107 RIC Vi 109a 73) B21, O10, R123, T109 Exe: ` RIC Vi 225a, C 317 74) B21, O12, R064, T053 M C across fields RIC Vi 235a, C 142 75) B21, O12, R083, T072 Exe: SPQR Obv Exe: ••• RIC Vi 237a, C 195 76) B21, O12, R129, T112 Exe: SPQR 77) B21, O13, R123, T107 78) B21, O16, R046, T035 RIC Vi 40a 79) B21, O16, R094, T077 ` in right field 80) B21, O17, R046, T035 ` in right field 81) B21, O18, R038, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 145a, C 74 82) B21, O18, R044, T032 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149, C 88 83) B21, O18, R081, T092 Exe: ` RIC Vi 153a, C 185 84) B21, O18, R084, T069 Exe: ` RIC Vi 157a, C 202 85) B21, O18, R117, T103 Exe: ` RIC Vi 171a, C 302 86) B21, O18, R123, T106 Exe: ` RIC Vi 172a, C 315

338

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 87) B10, O04, R021, T005 88) B10, O04, R024, T005 RIC Vi 261k 89) B10, O04, R024, T027 RIC Vi 266k 90) B21, O04, R024, T005 Obv Exe: • RIC Vi 261a

AE Medallion 91) B05, O11, R078, T066 C 181

AE3 (Posthumous) 92) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: •TS•`• RIC 26 (VII, Thessalonica) 93) B23, O08, R100, T014 Exe: SIS RIC 43 (VII, Siscia)

Claudius II Busts

Claudius II Types

339

Claudius II Types (continued)

340

Quintillus

Augustus 270

Quintillus came to power after the death of his brother Claudius II. Although loved by the Senate, Quintillus had no strong ties with the army and when Aurelian claimed that Claudius had meant for him to be the next successor what little loyalty Quintillus had evaporated. With Aurelian's forces coming nearer, Quintillus had no muscle to contest the usurper and committed suicide before testing Aurelian's mercy. He had

been emperor for only a few weeks.

Busts: 1) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 2) Radiate head right 3) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 4) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses:

1) IMP AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 2) IMP C L QVINTILLVS AVG 3) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 4) IMP C M AVR CL QVINTILLVS PF AVG 5) IMP C M AVR QVINTILLVS AVG 6) IMP C M AVREL QVINTILLVS AVG 7) IMP C M CL QVINTILLVS AVG 8) IMP CAES M AVR CL QVINTILLVS AVG 9) IMP QVINTILLVS 10) IMP QVINTILLVS AVG 11) IMP QVINTILLVS PF AVG 12) QVINTILLVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNIT AVG 3) APOLLINI AVG 4) APOLLINI CONS 5) APOLLINI CONSERVATORI 6) CONC EXERC 7) CONCO EXER 8) CONCO EXERC 9) CONCOR EXER 10) CONCORD EXER 11) CONCORD EXERC 12) CONCORDIA AVG 13) CONSECRATIO 14) DIANA LVCIF 15) FELICITAS AVG 16) FIDES EXER 17) FIDES EXERCIT 18) FIDES MILIT

19) FIDES MILITVM 20) FORTVNA REDVX 21) FORTVNAE RED 22) GENIVS AVG 23) INVICTVS 24) IOVI CONSERVATORI 25) IOVI VICTORI 26) LAETITIA AVG 27) LIBERALITAS AVG 28) LIBERITAS AVG 29) LIBERTAS AVG 30) MARS VLTOR 31) MARTI PAC 32) MARTI PACAT 33) MARTI PACI 34) MARTI PACIF 35) MARTI PACIL 36) PANNONIA

37) PAX AVGVSTI 38) PIETAS AVG 39) PM TR P COS PP 40) PROVI AVG 41) PROVID AVG 42) PROVIDENT AVG 43) SAECVLI FELICITAS 44) SECVRIT AVG 45) TEMPOR FELI 46) TEMPORVM FEL 47) TEMPORVM FELI 48) VBERITAS AVG 49) VICTORIA AVG 50) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 51) VIRTVS AVG

Types:

1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 2) Altar 3) Apollo standing left, holding branch and lyre on rock. 4) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia. 5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 6) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding two cornucopiae. 7) Diana advancing right, holding torch with both hands. 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 9) Fides standing left, holding standard and cornucopia 10) Fides standing left, holding vexillum and spear. 11) Fides standing, facing, holding standard in each hand. 12) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and cornucopia. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder on globe and wreath. 14) Genius standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 15) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 16) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; eagle by feet 17) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter; Quintillus to lower left. 18) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe. 19) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and cornucopia. 20) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 21) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 22) Mars advancing left, holding branch and shield. 23) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield.

Well, he might have been emperor for only a few weeks but the mints sure were busy spitting out coins for him the whole while. And while they may not be very common nowadays, they’re not very expensive either. That probably has something to do with the fact that very few survive in top condition. Most will be Antoniniani that have seen better days… most, actually, have seen much better days. And these low grade Ants can be picked up on the internet for a few dollars each. Nicer ones tend to go for around fifty dollars and rarely go for above $100. But that, again, is because the grades are usually so disappointing. A mint state coin, if there is such a thing, would easily be worth several hundred dollars.

341 24) Mars advancing right, holding branch and spear. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 26) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 27) Pannonia standing left, holding branch and standard. 28) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 30) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and scepter. 31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 33) Providentia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding wand over globe and scepter. 34) Quintillus standing, facing, holding spear and globe 35) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 36) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 37) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 38) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 39) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 40) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 41) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 42) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear. 43) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear.

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Mediolanum 3) Roma 4) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O05, R10, T04 Exe: T 2) B1, O03, R31, T26 Exe: P 3) B1, O05, R17, T11

AE Antoninianus 4) B3, O03, R47, T08 C 68 5) B3, O05, R48, T39 ` in right field RIC Vi 78f 6) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c 7) B4, O11, R20, T08 RIC Vi 83c 8) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36 9) B4, O11, R24, T15 RIC Vi 84c, C 36 10) B5, O03, R02, T37 RIC Vi 7, C 2 11) B5, O03, R04, T03 H in right field RIC Vi 9 12) B5, O03, R12, T06 Exe: Δ RIC Vi 13a 13) B5, O03, R19, T10 E in right field RIC Vi 18, C 28 14) B5, O03, R26, T18 Exe: XII RIC Vi 22a 15) B5, O03, R34, T23 X in left field RIC Vi 24a, C 49 16) B5, O03, R37, T28 RIC Vi 26 17) B5, O03, R41, T31 Exe: T 18) B5, O03, R42, T31 RIC Vi 29, C 61 19) B5, O03, R44, T35 XI in right field RIC Vi 31, C 63 20) B5, O03, R49, T41 Γ in right field RIC Vi 33, C 70 21) B5, O03, R51, T43 B in right field RIC Vi 35, C 73 22) B5, O10, R14, T07 Exe: ` 23) B5, O10, R18, T11 Exe: S RIC Vi 52a, C 25 24) B5, O10, R21, T12 RIC Vi 54, C 33 25) B5, O10, R31, T26 RIC Vi 58a, C 47 26) B5, O11, R19, T10 RIC Vi 82, C 27

342

Quintillus Busts

Quintillus Types

343

Aurelian

Augustus 270 -275

Aurelian was an upwardly-mobile soldier who was eventually appointed commander of the cavalry by Claudius II. With the aid of a sympathetic army he revolted against the accession of Quintillus and a civil war was avoided when the latter committed suicide following the growing popularity of his rival. Aurelian was then hailed as emperor by the Senate and the rest of the legions alike. His first mission was to strengthen the army by the introduction of

the strictest reforms and discipline as well as quelling the various uprisings that had broken out over the last two decades. He thus spent the next five years until cut down by his own Praetorian Guard at the height of his glory. It seems Aurelian's personal secretary, after being reprimanded by the emperor for attempted extortion, felt an execution would follow. To guard against this possibility, he concocted a story about Aurelian intending to execute his personal guard and then rushed to share with them this manufactured evidence. Naturally, afraid for their lives, they entered the emperor's quarters and effected a preemptive strike. Somehow or other it was soon afterward found out that the formerly beloved emperor had no such motives and his secretary himself was swiftly executed for treason. When news reached Rome of what had happened Aurelian's wife seems to have actually been left nominally in power while a new emperor was selected, a period that may have lasted several months. Although history is a little hazy in this matter, it would mark the first and only time a Roman empress explicitly ruled the empire.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder. 4) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 6) Laureate, draped bust right 7) Radiate bust facing away, looking left, holding spear and shield 8) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding spear and shield 9) Radiate head right 10) Radiate, bust right, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding shield. 13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 14) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 15) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 16) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Radiate, draped and cuirassed torso left, holding Victory on globe. 18) Radiate, draped bust left. 19) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) AVRELIANVS AVG 2) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS 3) AVRELIANVS P AVG 4) IMP AVRELIANVS AVG 5) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICT AVG 6) IMP AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG 7) IMP AVRELIANVS P AVG 8) IMP AVRELIANVS PF AVG 9) IMP AVRELIANVS PIVS AVG 10) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG 11) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS AVG 12) IMP C AVRELIANVS INVICTVS P AVG 13) IMP C AVRELIANVS P AVG 14) IMP C AVRELIANVS PF AVG 15) IMP C AVRELIANVS PIVS FEL AVG 16) IMP C D AVRELIANVS AVG 17) IMP C DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 18) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS AVG 19) IMP C L D AVRELIANVS PF AVG 20) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 21) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS P AVG 22) IMP C L DOM AVRELIANVS PF AVG 23) IMP CAES L DOM AVRELIANVS AVG 24) IMP DEO ET DOMINO NATO AVRELIANO AVG 25) SOL DOM IMP ROM 26) SOL DOM IMP ROMANI 27) SOL DOMINVS IMPERI ROMAN

Aurelian leaves a very strong numismatic legacy for his five years as emperor of the Romans. His coins, 99% or more of which are Antoniniani, are ubiquitous in the inventory of any dealer who carries ancient Roman coins. Oodles, yes oodles, of these Ants are available on Ebay and other internet outlets. They turn up regularly even on the dirt-on late Roman bronze coins the sort that are sold in bulk at a dollar or two each. Aurelian is also the first emperor to really use the cuirassed bust as a predominant type on his coins. On some of the coins the cuirass shares almost as much real estate as his head and, on rare instances, featuring elaborate designs within the cuirass itself. In his portraits, his head often looks shrunken on top of an impossibly elongated neck. The effect makes for curious collectibles. And speaking of collectibles, fully silvered “gem” Ants can be found for less than $100 with some difficulty but more typically for a little more than that.

344 Reverses: 1) ADVENTVS AVG 2) AEQVITAS AVG 3) AETERNIT AVG 4) AETERNITAS AVG 5) ANNONA AVG 6) APOL CONS AVG 7) APOLLINI CONS 8) AVRELIANVS AVG CONS 9) CONC EXER 10) CONCO EXER 11) CONCOR AVG 12) CONCORD LEGI 13) CONCORD MILIT 14) CONCORDI LEGI 15) CONCORDIA AVG 16) CONCORDIA AVGVSTOR 17) CONCORDIA LEGI 18) CONCORDIA MILI 19) CONCORDIA MILIT 20) CONCORDIA MILITVM 21) CONS PRINC AVG 22) CONSECRATIO 23) CONSERVAT AVG 24) CONSERVATOR AVG 25) DACIA FELIX 26) FELIC SAECV 27) FELIC SAECVLI 28) FELICIT TEMP 29) FELICITAS SAECVLI 30) FIDES EXERCITI 31) FIDES MILI 32) FIDES MILIT 33) FIDES MILITVM 34) FIDIS MILITVM 35) FORTVNA REDVX 36) GENIVS EXERCI 37) GENIVS EXERCITI 38) GENIVS ILLV 39) GENIVS ILLVR 40) IOVI CONSER

41) IOVI CONSERV 42) IOVI CONSERVATORI 43) IOVI STATORI 44) IOVI VICTORI 45) IVCTORIA AVG 46) LAETITIA AVG 47) LIBERALIT AVG 48) LIBERITAS AVG 49) LIBERT AVG 50) LIBERTAS AVG 51) MARS INVICTVS 52) MART PACI 53) MARTI INVICTO 54) MARTI PACIF 55) MARTI PACIFERO 56) MINERVA AVG 57) ORIEN AVG 58) ORIENS AVG 59) PACATOR ORBIS 60) PACATOR ORIENTIS 61) PANNONIAE 62) PAX AETERNA 63) PAX AVGVSTI 64) PIETAS AVG 65) PM TB P V II COS II PP 66) PM TR P COS 67) PM TR P COS PP 68) PM TR P I PP 69) PM TR P PP COS 70) PM TR P VI COS II PP 71) PM TR P VII COS II PP 72) PM TR PP 73) PROVIDEN AVG 74) PROVIDEN DEOR 75) PROVIDENT AVG 76) RESTIT SAECVLI 77) RESTITV ORIENT 78) RESTITVT ORBIS 79) RESTITVT ORIENT 80) RESTITVT ORIENTIS

81) RESTITVT SAECVLI 82) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI 83) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 84) RESTITVTOR ORIENT 85) RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS 86) RESTITVTORI GENTIS 87) RESTITVTORI ORIENTIS 88) ROMA AET 89) ROMA AETER 90) ROMAE AETER 91) ROMAE AETERNAE 92) ROMAE AETERNE 93) SAECVLI FELICITAS 94) SECVRIT AVG 95) SEVERINA AVG 96) SOLI CONSERVATORI 97) SOLI INVICTO 98) VBERITAS AVG 99) VENVS FELIX 100) VICTOR LEG 101) VICTORIA AET 102) VICTORIA AVG 103) VICTORIA GERM 104) VICTORIA GOTHIC 105) VICTORIA PARTICA 106) VICTORIAE GOTHIC 107) VIRT MILITVM 108) VIRTVS AEQVIT 109) VIRTVS AVG 110) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 111) VIRTVS EQVIT 112) VIRTVS ILLVRICI 113) VIRTVS MILITVM

Types: 1) Aequitas standing right, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aesculapius standing, facing, holding staff with snake coiled around it. 3) Annona standing left, holding scepter and cornucopia. 4) Apollo seated left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock. 5) Apollo standing left, holding branch and resting arm on lyre placed on rock. 6) Apollo standing left, leaning on column, touching head and holding branch. 7) Apollo standing left, leaning on altar, touching head and holding branch 8) Aurelian advancing left, raising hand and holding scepter. 9) Aurelian riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear 10) Aurelian riding horse left; seated captive to left. 11) Aurelian riding horse right over two barbarians. 12) Aurelian standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing soldier to left, holding Victory and spear. 13) Aurelian standing left on right, holding hand of kneeling Asia 14) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter and holding hand of kneeling Oriens to left. 15) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left. 16) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Orbis to left; citizen kneeling in between. 17) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Oriens to left. 18) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, being crowned by Victory to left. 19) Aurelian standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear. 20) Aurelian standing left on right, holding Victory and spear, facing soldier to left, holding spear and globe. 21) Aurelian standing left on right, shaking hands with Severina to left; Sol’s radiate bust above and between them. 22) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and scepter; Victory to right, crowning him. 23) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear. 24) Aurelian standing left, holding globe and spear; standard on either side. 25) Aurelian standing left, holding scepter and crowning trophy; seated captive on either side of trophy. 26) Aurelian standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding scepter 27) Aurelian standing right on left, holding globe, facing Sol to right, stepping on captive, holding whip. 28) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 29) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, sacrificing over altar, facing Pietas to right, also sacrificing over altar 30) Aurelian standing right on left, holding scepter, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 31) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Concordia to right. 32) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 33) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip; captive on either side of Sol. 34) Aurelian standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear. 35) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and parazonium. 36) Aurelian standing right, holding spear and globe. 37) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia. 38) Concordia seated left, holding standard in each hand. 39) Concordia seated left, patera and two cornucopiae. 40) Concordia standing left, holding standard and cornucopia 41) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand.

345 42) Concordia standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 43) Concordia standing left, two standards on either side 44) Concordiae (2) each holding a standard and together holding a third standard in between. 45) Dacia standing left, holding staff with donkey head atop 46) Eagle 47) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 48) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 49) Fides standing left, holding spear and standard. 50) Fides standing left, holding standard and scepter. 51) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand 52) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 53) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 54) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia; wheel under chair. 55) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 56) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 57) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia; standard to right. 58) Hercules advancing left, holding bow and club. 59) Hercules standing right, with hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 60) Hercules standing, facing, holding bow and club. 61) Hercules to right, stepping on captive, hand on club and receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 62) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter, eagle to left. 63) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter 64) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 65) Laetitia standing right, holding patera and cornucopia. 66) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 67) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 68) Lion advancing left with thunderbolt in mouth 69) Lion advancing right 70) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 71) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 72) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 73) Mars standing left, holding branch and scepter. 74) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 75) Mars standing right on left, holding spear, receiving globe from Sol to right, holding whip. 76) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus. 77) Minerva advancing left, holding branch and shield. 78) Minerva standing, facing, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 79) Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident. 80) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 81) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 82) Providentia standing left, holding purse and cornucopia; globe by feet. 83) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 84) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 85) Providentia to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, holding globe. 86) Roma seated left, holding Victory and spear. 87) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, raising hand and holding scepter. 88) Severina draped bust right 89) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 90) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe. 91) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to right. 92) Sol advancing left, stepping on captive, raising hand and holding whip; seated captive to right. 93) Sol advancing right, holding trophy and globe 94) Sol advancing right, stepping on captive, holding branch and bow. 95) Sol riding quadriga left, holding globe 96) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 97) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive to left. 98) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe; captive by feet. 99) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 100) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side. 101) Trophy; seated captive on either side. 102) Uberitas standing left, holding grapes and cornucopia 103) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield. 104) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 105) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 106) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm. 107) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 108) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 109) Virtus advancing left, holding spear and shield; captive by feet. 110) Virtus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield 111) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 112) Wolf standing left, suckling Romulus and Remus

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Lugdunum 3) Mediolanum 4) Roma 5) Serdica 6) Siscia 7) Tripolis

346 AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O10, R045, T106 2) B04, O10, R085, T099 RIC Vi 374 3) B04, O22, R106, T072 RIC Vi 182 4) B05, O10, R018, T038 RIC Vi 166, C 41 5) B05, O15, R055, T073 6) B05, O22, R109, T072 RIC Vi 15, C 269

AE Antoninianus 7) B03, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *` 8) B07, O04, R020, T030 Exe: `* 9) B09, O04, R037, T057 RIC Vi 345k 10) B09, O04, R040, T028 Exe: S 11) B09, O04, R042, T028 Exe: SERD C 113 12) B09, O04, R043, T063 Exe: `/SERD 13) B11, O10, R097, T097 * in left field RIC Vi 390, C 233 14) B11, O10, R097, T097 Exe: KA RIC Vi 390, C 233 15) B11, O22, R035, T054 Exe: ` 16) B13, O01, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 261f 17) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 248f, C 142 18) B13, O01, R058, T097 Exe: VI RIC Vi 248f, C 142 19) B13, O01, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 135f, C 132 20) B13, O01, R078, T015 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 290f 21) B13, O04, R015, T039 RIC Vi 213f, C 32 22) B13, O04, R019, T028 Exe: *C* RIC Vi 342f, C 23 23) B13, O04, R019, T030 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 343f, C 26 24) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: S RIC Vi 120f, C 61 25) B13, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *T RIC Vi 216f, C 61 26) B13, O04, R033, T028 Exe: C* RIC Vi 344f, C 92 27) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: T RIC Vi 128f, C 95 28) B13, O04, R035, T054 Exe: *P RIC Vi 171f, C 94 29) B13, O04, R039, T057 Exe: */Q RIC Vi 223f, C 103 30) B13, O04, R039, T057 31) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: B RIC Vi 48f, C 105 32) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 48f, C 105 33) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *Q RIC Vi 225f, C 108 34) B13, O04, R040, T028 Exe: *S RIC Vi 225f, C 108 35) B13, O04, R051, T075 RIC Vi 357f, C 123 36) B13, O04, R058, T090 Exe: VI RIC Vi 247f, C 140 37) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: */ PXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154 38) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ?XX•I RIC Vi 62f, C 154 39) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vi 62f, C 154 40) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: P RIC Vi 251f, C 146 41) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: XXIP RIC Vi 279f, C 145 42) B13, O04, R058, T091 Exe: ΔXXI RIC Vi 62f, C 154 43) B13, O04, R058, T091 RIC Vi 364f, C 154 44) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: B/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159 45) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: S RIC Vi 137f, C 154 46) B13, O04, R058, T092 Exe: Γ/XXIR RIC Vi 64f, C 159 47) B13, O04, R058, T096 RIC Vi 136f 48) B13, O04, R058, T097 Exe: P RIC Vi 134f, C 140 49) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: S RIC Vi 249f, C 144 50) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: XXI¿ RIC Vi 63f, C 154 51) B13, O04, R058, T100 Exe: ΔXXIR RIC Vi 63f, C 154 52) B13, O04, R063, T080 * in left field and officina in right field RIC Vi 232f, C 169 53) B13, O04, R064, T029 Exe: T RIC V 138f, C 170 54) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•Γ• RIC Vi 289f, C 193 55) B13, O04, R078, T015 Exe: ? RIC Vi 53f, C 192 56) B13, O04, R082, T020 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vi 366f 57) B13, O04, R083, T015 Exe: A/XXI RIC Vi 369f, C 209 58) B13, O04, R090, T034 Exe: Q RIC Vi 142f, C 220 59) B13, O04, R093, T036 RIC Vi 352f, C 223 60) B13, O04, R097, T091 Exe: XXI•T• RIC Vi 308f, C 236 61) B13, O04, R101, T107 62) B13, O04, R102, T104 * in left field andS in right field RIC Vi 237f, C 248 63) B13, O04, R103, T104 RIC Vi 355f, C 259 64) B13, O04, R107, T020 Exe: T RIC Vi 56f, C 261 65) B16, O04, R113, T020 Exe: T C 286 66) B13, O04, R113, T020 Exe: Γ RIC Vi 408f, C 285 67) B13, O07, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• RIC Vi 298f, C 197 68) B13, O08, R040, T028 Exe: ` 69) B13, O10, R018, T044 Exe: `

70) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 244f, C 60 71) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: Q* RIC Vi 215f, C 60 72) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: S/XXI` RIC Vi 244f, C 60 73) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: VII RIC Vi 59f, C 60 74) B13, O10, R020, T030 Exe: XXIQ RIC Vi 244f, C 60 75) B13, O10, R023, T090 Exe: E RIC Vi 384f, C 68 76) B13, O10, R040, T028 Exe: P RIC Vi 259 77) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: QM RIC Vi 150f, C 153 78) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: T RIC Vi 61f, C 153 79) B13, O10, R058, T091 Exe: TXXT RIC Vi 151f, C 153 80) B13, O10, R058, T092 Exe: XXIT RIC Vi 255f, C 158 81) B13, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI

347 82) B13, O10, R058, T097 RIC Vi 360f, C 151 83) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: KAΔ RIC Vi 284f, C 183 84) B13, O10, R074, T052 Exe: SXXT RIC Vi 152f, C 183 85) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: B RIC Vi 347f, C 210 86) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 389f 87) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•B• C 194 88) B13, O10, R078, T015 Exe: Z/XXI RIC Vi 386f 89) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: *B RIC Vi 349f 90) B13, O10, R083, T015 Exe: `C RIC Vi 368f, C 210 91) B13, O10, R083, T020 Exe: `C RIC Vi 367f, C 207 92) B13, O10, R097, T091 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 154f, C 234 93) B13, O10, R097, T097 Exe: */KA RIC Vi 390f, C 232 94) B13, O11, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 301f 95) B13, O14, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 295f, C 196 96) B13, O21, R078, T015 Exe: */KA` RIC Vi 292f 97) B13, O22, R097, T092 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vi 311f 98) B13, O24, R078, T015 Exe: */KA•`• 99) B14, O04, R078, T015 Exe: ` 100) B15, O16, R033, T050 RIC Vi 328c, C 88 101) B16, O04, R019, T030 Exe: ` RIC Vi 343c, C 26 102) B16, O04, R040, T028 Exe: ` RIC Vi 129c, C 105 103) B16, O04, R042, T028 Exe: *` RIC Vi 227c, C 113 104) B16, O04, R086, T017 Exe: ` 105) B16, O04, R113, T012 Exe: *` RIC Vi 242c, C 286 106) B16, O10, R018, T041 ` in right field RIC Vi 192c 107) B16, O10, R102, T108 Exe: SERD 108) B16, O16, R043, T063 109) B16, O17, R028, T048 RIC Vi 327c, C 77 110) B16, O20, R035, T055 RIC Vi 29c, C 97 111) B17, O04, R020, T030 Exe: *` RIC Vi 218 112) B19, O04, R056, T077 RIC Vi 334a 113) B19, O04, R068, T069 Exe: COS 114) B19, O04, R084, T017 Exe: *` RIC Vi 234a, C 201 115) B19, O04, R109, T020 Exe: ` RIC Vi 149a, C 276 116) B19, O04, R109, T111 RIC Vi 341a 117) B19, O10, R058, T097 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 360a, C 151 118) B19, O17, R035, T055 RIC Vi 331a, C 98

AE Denarius Reference(s) 119) B04, O04, R102, T107 Exe: ` RIC Vi 73, C 275 120) B04, O10, R085, T099

AE Sestertius 121) B04, O04, R102, T105 Exe: ` RIC Vi 1, C 1

AE As 122) B04, O04, R015, T021 Exe: ` RIC Vi 80 123) B05, O04, R015, T021

348

Aurelian Busts

Aurelian Types

349 Aurelian Types (continued)

350

Severina

? - ?

Severina was the wife of Aurelian and made Augusta in or around the year 274. When her husband was killed in battle it's believed that she ruled, if only nominally, during the interregnal period before Tacitus was nominated the next emperor.

Busts:


Obverses:

1) SEVERINA AVG 2) SEVERINA AVGVSTA 3) SEVERINA PF AVG 4) SEVERINAE AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORD MILIT 2) CONCORDIA AVG 3) CONCORDIA AVGG 4) CONCORDIAE MILITVM 5) IVNO REGINA 6) LAETITIA AVG 7) PROVIDEN DEOR 8) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 9) VENVS FELIX

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 2) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand 3) Fides standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe 4) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter. 5) Juno standing left, holding patera over peacock and scepter. 6) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 7) Severina standing right on left, shaking hands with Aurelian standing to right 8) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter

Mints:

1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum

4) Roma 5) Serdica 6) Siscia

7) Ticinum

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T7, M4 Exe: `XXIR RIC Vi 3, C 2 2) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•` RIC Vi 16, C 2 3) B2, O1, R3, T7, M5 Exe: */KA•`• RIC Vi 16, C 2 4) B2, O1, R4, T2, M2 Exe: XXI RIC Vi 18, C 7 5) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: `/XXIR RIC Vi 4, C 4 6) B2, O1, R4, T2, M4 Exe: R/`/XXI RIC Vi 4, C 4 7) B2, O1, R4, T2, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 8, C 7 8) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 9) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: YXXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 10) B2, O1, R7, T3, M7 Exe: ©XXT RIC Vi 9, C 12 11) B2, O3, R2, T7, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 19, C 1

12) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8 13) B2, O4, R4, T2, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vi 13, C 8

AE Denarius 14) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Officina in right field RIC Vi 6, C 14 15) B1, O1, R9, T8, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 6, C 14

AE As 16) B1, O1, R5, T5, M4 Exe: ` RIC Vi 7, C 9

Perhaps less than 5% of the coins made during Aurelian’s reign were earmarked to bear her name and portrait. Still, because of the sheer numbers struck that still leaves lots of her coins available today. Not surprising by now, the coinage is almost entirely made up of the silvered Antoninianus with very few Aurei or proper AE denominations. There is, curiously, a “Denarius” which is so identified based on the lack of the crescent on the Ant and the slightly smaller coin size. While not very rare they are considerably less frequently available and are worth a premium. Why Aurelian made some of these “symbolic” Denarii is unclear since it must have been clearly known at the time there was next to no difference in terms of intrinsic value between the two denominations. The typically preserved Severina will cost around $20 with well-silvered specimens costing up to ten times that much.

351

Zenobia

? - ?

Severina Busts

Severina Types

The story of Zenobia is a fascinating account of rebellion. Her husband, an Egyptian general named Odenathus, distinguished himself by recruiting an army, without consent nor funds from Rome. He then set out to meet the plundering army of Shapur, the King of Persia who had just defeated the army of Valerian and taken him hostage. With an intense hatred towards Shapur his

small army attacked as best it could the victorious and far larger army of the Persian king. He managed to recover part of the looted treasures of various sacked cities as well as captives and, apparently, cut short their rampage. For his valor the Senate and people of Rome pressed Gallienus to recognize his patriotism. The emperor granted him no less than with the position of Augustus of the East. Together with Zenobia the two turned out to rule wisely and were beloved in the various eastern provinces.

But one of the sons of Odenathus held imperial ambitions and managed to kill his father as well as a half-brother while the two were being entertained at a banquet. Zenobia, rather than simply mourn her husband's death, immediately sent for the errant son's arrest and had him executed. She thus continued to rule with the assumed title of Augusta, a title, of course, not granted her by Gallienus nor the Senate. As soon as Aurelian, who was by now emperor, heard of this usurpation he set out with a large army to depose her. Personally leading her own army the two of them met in battle and, despite her initial courage, was eventually defeated by the superior skills of Aurelian. She was forced to flee back to her palace in Palmyra.

Aurelian then gave chase and besieged the city and again she fled but this time was apprehended and brought alive to Aurelian. The emperor spared her life but saw fit to raze Palmyra to the ground because its inhabitants refused to recognize him. Several months later Aurelian paraded her through the streets of Rome bound in golden chains (along with Tetricus) and was subsequently pardoned and given an estate outside of Rome. She, and her son Vabalathus, went on to live in peace and become part of the Roman nobility.

Bust:

1) Diademed, draped bust right on crescent

Obverse:

1) S ZENOBIA AVG

Reverse:

1) IVNO REGINA

Given that this was an age when millions of Antoniniani were being made every year a collector might be forgiven for expecting a coin of hers to be easily available.

They’re not.

In fact, they’re nearly impossible to find. A handful have gone to private auction and reached several thousand dollars each.

352

Vabalathus

Augustus 271-272

Types:

1) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left 2) Pietas seated left, holding hand of child and scepter.

Mint:

1) Palmyra

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R1, T1 * in left field RIC Vii 2

As the power of the kingdom of Palmyra rose, the ruins of which are in what is now Syria, Vabalathus appropriated for himself the title of Augustus. Behind him his mother Zenobia was the mastermind of a series of battles won against various Roman detachments sent to depose this usurper. Aurelian finally took command of the situation and feigned a truce while launching a concerted attack against Egypt which was under Palmyra's control.

When Egypt fell Palmyra lost its valuable trade routes and it was then a simple matter to regain control of the Syrian province. Both Vabalathus and Zenobia were captured and taken back to Rome but it's not recorded whether they were executed.

Bust:

1) Radiate, draped bust right

a) Aurelian radiate, cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IM C VHABALATHVS AVG 2) IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) IOVI STATORI 4) IVENVS AVG 5) IVVENTVS AVG 6) VABALATHVS VCR IM D R 7) VENVS AVG 8) VICTORIA AVG 9) VIRTVS AVG

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Hercules standing, facing, resting hand on club and holding apples. 3) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe. 4) Vabalathus laureate bust right 5) Venus standing left, holding helmet and spear with shield.

Technically speaking, the one readily available coin of Vabalathus is properly attributed to Aurelian. It features Vabalathus on one side and Aurelian on the other. The problem is that in this case if we go by the legends Aurelian is shown as Augustus while Vabalathus is a mere associate ruler. Furthermore, the coin’s denomination, an Antoninianus, is represented by the ruler wearing a radiate crown symbolically equating him with the sun god Sol. Vabalathus gets lesser billing with a laurel wreath. Still, it is featured here rather than on the chapter on Aurelian because the few other coins available of Vabalathus, those with his own radiate portrait and legend ending in “AVG” made during his brief rebel rule, are so rare that their acquisition would be out of the reach of most collectors. This being said, the Ants featuring both emperors are somewhat common and may be found on the internet for around $100 and often less if poorly preserved.

353 6) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 7) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 8) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield.

Mint: 1) Antioch

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 1) B1, O1, R4, T2 * in left field RIC Vii 4, C 3 2) B1, O1, R9, T8 * in right field 3) Ba, O2, R6, T4 Exe: ` RIC Vii (Aurelian) 381, C 1

Vabalathus Busts

Vabalathus Types

354

Tacitus

Augustus 275-276

After the assassination of Aurelian who had left no heir, the Praetorian Guard took the unusual step of asking the Senate to nominate their next leader. Several months passed without an Augustus and then they chose fellow Senator Tacitus who was advanced in age. He died soon after before making many headlines for himself. However, in his brief tenure he set in motion important events that were to follow for the next couple of years.

First, he named his half-brother Florian Praetorian Prefect and next-in-line to Tacitus. He was then sent off to fight barbarian invaders. Secondly, he appointed another relative, Maximinus, to the post of Governor in Syria. Maximinus proved to be wildly unpopular and was murdered. There are two theories on as to what happened next. The first holds that those who murdered Maximinus arranged for Tacitus's own murder for fear of retaliation and the second, more plausible, that he simply died of old age. Busts:

1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 2) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear and shield 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top 7) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle and holding scepter with eagle on top and mappa 8) Radiate head right 9) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 10) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 11) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left 12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear over left shoulder 14) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C CL TACITVS AVG 2) IMP C M CL TACITVS AVG 3) IMP C M CL TACITVS INVICT AVG 4) IMP C M CL TACITVS P AVG 5) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG 6) IMP C M CL TACITVS PF AVG VIRTVS 7) IMP C M CLA TACITVS AVG 8) IMP C M CLA TACITVS P AVG 9) IMP C M TACITVS INVICTVS PF AVG 10) IMP C TACITVS INVICTVS AVG 11) IMP C TACITVS PF INVICTVS AVG 12) IMP C TACTIVS AVG 13) IMP CL TACITVS AVG 14) IMP CL TACITVS PF AVG 15) IMP TACITVS INVICTVS AVG 16) M CL TACITVS P AVG 17) M CL TACITVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) ANNONA AVG 4) ANNONA AVGVSTI 5) CLEMENTIA TEMP 6) CONCORD MILIT 7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 8) CONSERVAT MILIT 9) CONSERVATOR AVG 10) CONSERVATOR MILITVM 11) FELIC TEM 12) FELIC TEMP 13) FELICIT TEM 14) FELICIT TEMP 15) FELICITAS AVG 16) FELICITAS PVBLICA 17) FELICITAS SAECVLI 18) FELICITAS TEMP 19) FIDES MILIT 20) FIDES MILITVM 21) IOVI STATORI 22) LAETITIA AVG 23) LAETITIA FVND 24) LAETITIAE FVND 25) LETITIA TEMP 26) LIBERTAS AVG 27) MARS PACIF

28) MARS VICTOR 29) MARS VLTOR 30) MARTI PACIF 31) PAX AETERNA 32) PAX AVG 33) PAX AVGVSTI 34) PAX PERPETVA 35) PAX PVBLICA 36) PM T B P VI COS II PP 37) PM TR P CONSVL 38) PM TR POT COS DES II 39) PROVID AVG 40) PROVID DEOR 41) PROVIDD AVG 42) PROVIDE AVG 43) PROVIDEN AVG 44) PROVIDEN DEOR 45) PROVIDENT AVG 46) PROVIDENT DEOR 47) PROVIDENTIA AVG 48) PROVIDENTIA DEORVM 49) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 50) ROMAE AETER 51) ROMAE AETERNAE 52) SALS PVBLI 53) SALVS AVG 54) SALVS PVBLI

Despite the brief rule, Tacitus’ coins are readily available in all grades. That is, so long as you don’t expect anything more than Antoniniani. Coinage in other metals and denominations are considerably more difficult to find.

But the Ants are common enough and even turn up in bulk lots of “uncleaned” lots with some regularity. A cheap coin of this emperor, with at least readable legend, may cost less than $10 and while fully silvered gems are not exactly a dime a dozen a choice example may run $100-$200.

The generally easy availability of coins of this emperor are due solely to the hyperactive mints during his reign which placed millions of Antoniniani in circulation during the mid to late 200’s. Tacitus’ coins are straddled by the even more prolific coins of Aurelian preceding him and Probus succeeding.

355 55) SALVS PVBLICA 56) SECVRIT PVBLICA 57) SECVRIT PERP 58) SECVRITAS PR 59) SPES AVG 60) SPES PVBLICA 61) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 62) TRANQVILLITAS AVG 63) VBERITAS AVG

64) VBERTAS AVG 65) VICTORIA AVG 66) VICTORIA GOTHICA COS II 67) VICTORIA GOTTHI 68) VICTORIA PERPETVA AVG 69) VICTORIA PONTICA AVG 70) VIRTVS AVG 71) VIRTVS MILITVM 72) VOTIS X ET X

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 3) Clementia standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter. 4) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. 5) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 7) Felicitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding caduceus. 8) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand 9) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard 10) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 11) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 12) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor on globe. 13) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia 14) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 15) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear. 16) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 17) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 19) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 20) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 21) Pax standing left, leaning on column, holding branch and scepter. 22) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears and cornucopia 23) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 24) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 25) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 26) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 27) Roma seated left, holding globe and scepter. 28) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 29) Roma seated left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 30) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 31) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 32) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 33) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, holding scepter 34) Securitas standing left, with legs crossed and leaning on column, touching head. 35) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 36) Tacitus riding horse right, holding spear. 37) Tacitus seated left on globe being crowned by Victory, holding shield. 38) Tacitus seated left, holding globe and spear. 39) Tacitus standing left on right, being crowned by Mars, facing Victory to left, seated right, holding shield reading VOTIS XX 40) Tacitus standing left on right, holding scepter, receiving globe from Clementia to left, holding scepter. 41) Tacitus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm. 42) Tacitus standing right on left, holding spear and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 43) Tacitus standing right on left, holding standard and receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 44) Tacitus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 45) Tranquilitas standing left, holding dolphin and scepter. 46) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia 47) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath; shield on either side. 48) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to right. 49) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm. 50) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 51) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Gaul 3) Roma 4) Serdica 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum

AU Binio Reference(s) 1) B10 O02 R51 T28 2) B10 O02 R71 T34 3) B11 O02 R51 T27

AU Aureus 4) B4 O02 R36 T16

356 5) B4 O02 R51 T27 RIC 75 6) B4 O02 R51 T28 7) B4 O04 R51 T27 C 112 8) B5 O02 R32 T19

AE Antoninianus Reference(s) 9) B08 O02 R05 T03 Exe: `/XXI 10) B08 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89k 11) B09 O05 R70 T49 RIC 67, C 171 12) B10 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 180f 13) B10 O02 R06 T44 Exe: ` RIC 130f, C 24 14) B10 O02 R22 T12 Exe: ` 15) B10 O02 R30 T14 Exe: ` RIC 145f, C 60 16) B10 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150f 17) B10 O02 R42 T23 Exe: ` RIC 152f, C 90 18) B10 O02 R54 T32 Exe: ` RIC 160f, C 126 19) B10 O04 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 153f, C 105 20) B10 O07 R01 T01 Exe: ` 21) B12 O01 R70 T49 22) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: `/XXI RIC 82c, C 8 23) B12 O02 R01 T01 Exe: XXI/` RIC 82c, C 8 24) B12 O02 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 124c, C 13 25) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI RIC 84c, C 16 26) B12 O02 R05 T03 Exe: XXI` RIC 84c, C 16 27) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: /KA RIC 214c, C 20 28) B12 O02 R05 T14 Exe: ` RIC 206c, C15 29) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: ` RIC 126c, C 19 30) B12 O02 R05 T40 Exe: `/XXI 31) B12 O02 R08 T42 Exe: `/KA RIC 193c, C 25 32) B12 O02 R10 T41 Exe: ` RIC 134c 33) B12 O02 R14 T05 Exe: ` RIC 140c 34) B12 O02 R15 T04 Exe: ` RIC 136c 35) B12 O02 R23 T11 Exe: XXI` RIC 89c, C 52 36) B12 O02 R33 T20 Exe: P RIC 150c, C 72 37) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: /KA` RIC 195c 38) B12 O02 R44 T25 Exe: KA` RIC 195c 39) B12 O02 R47 T24 Exe: XXI` RIC 92c, C 100 40) B12 O02 R48 T24 Exe: ` RIC 155c 41) B12 O02 R53 T29 Exe: ` 42) B12 O02 R53 T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 93c, C 123 43) B12 O02 R57 T34 Exe: ` RIC 163c, C 121 44) B12 O02 R60 T41 Exe: `/KA RIC 207c, C 140 45) B12 O02 R67 T49 Exe: ` RIC 172c, C 157 46) B12 O04 R44 T25 Exe: KA` 47) B12 O05 R06 T44 Exe: XXI` C 21 48) B12 O05 R17 T05 Exe: C in left field, in right RIC 21 49) B12 O05 R33 T19 Exe: /III RIC 43c, C 77 50) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: /I RIC 63 51) B12 O07 R04 T02 Exe: ` RIC 125c, C 14

52) B12 O05 R61 T04 Exe: Δ in left field, in right RIC 63 53) B12 O14 R31 T19 Exe: B in right field, in right RIC 34 54) B12 O05 R44 T25 Exe: /KA` 55) B12 O07 R17 T06 Exe: ` RIC 138c 56) B12 O07 R22 T12 Exe: ` 57) B12 O07 R33 T20 Exe: ` RIC 151c, C 75 58) B12 O13 R28 T18 B in right field, in right RIC 30c 59) B12 O13 R35 T21 RIC 44c 60) B12 O13 R55 T31 C in left field, in right RIC 58c 61) B12 O13 R61 T04 A in right field

62) B12 O13 R61 T04 Δ in left field, A in right RIC 65c 63) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: BA RIC 25a, C 46 64) B14 O02 R20 T08 Exe: XXI` RIC 87a, C 45 65) B14 O02 R60 T41 Exe: ` RIC 167a 66) B14 O13 R20 T07 Exe: BA RIC 27a

Tacitus Busts

357 Tacitus Types

358

Florian

Augustus 276

Florian was the half-brother of Tacitus who became ever-so-briefly the sole Senate-ratified emperor. While Tacitus was still alive, he sent Florian with a large army off to confront Probus, self-proclaimed emperor. Probus outsmarted Florian on the battlefield and emerged triumphant. Together with Florian's former army, Probus then resumed his march towards Rome.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 7) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 2) IMP C AN FLORIANVS AVG 3) IMP C FLORIANVS AVG 4) IMP C FLORIANVS PIVS FELIX AVG 5) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS AVG 6) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS P AVG 7) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP C M AN FLORIANVS PIVS F AVG 9) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS AVG 10) IMP C M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG 11) IMP C M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 12) IMP CM AN FLORIANVS P AVG 13) IMP FLORIANVS AVG 14) IMP M AN FLORIANVS AVG 15) IMP M ANN FLORIANVS P AVG 16) IMP M ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG 17) VIRTVS FLORIANI AVG

Reverses: 1) AEQVITAS AVG 2) AETERNITAS AVG 3) CLEMENTIA TEMP 4) CLEMENTIA TEMPORVM 5) CONCORD MILIT 6) CONCORDIA EXERCI 7) CONCORDIA MILITVM 8) CONSERVATOR AVG 9) FELICIT TEMP 10) FELICITAS AVG 11) FELICITAS SEACVLI 12) FIDES MILIT 13) FIDES MILITVM 14) FORTVNA REDVC 15) FORTVNA REDVX 16) INDVLGENTIA AVG 17) IOVI CONSERVAT 18) IOVI STATORI 19) IOVI VICTORI 20) LAETITIA FVND 21) MARTI PACIF 22) MARTI PACIFERO 23) MARTI VICTORI 24) MONETA AVG 25) PACATOR ORBIS 26) PAX AETERNA

27) PAX AVGVSTI 28) PERPETVIT AVG 29) PERPETVITA AVG 30) PERPETVITATE AVG 31) PRINCIPI IVVENT 32) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 33) PROVIDE AVG 34) PROVIDEN AVG 35) PROVIDEN DEOR 36) PROVIDENTIA AVG 37) REDITVS AVG 38) ROMAE AETERNAE 39) SALVS AVG 40) SALVS PVBLI 41) SECVRITAS AVG 42) SECVRITAS SAECVLI 43) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 44) VBERTAS AVG 45) VICTORIA AVG 46) VICTORIA PERPET 47) VICTORIA PERPETVA 48) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI 49) VIRTVS AVG 50) VIRTVS AVGG 51) VIRTVS AVGVSTI

Types: 1) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 2) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and rudder. 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding globe and scepter. 4) Clementia standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 5) Concordia standing left, holding standard in each hand. 6) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus. 7) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Fides standing left, holding scepter and standard 9) Fides standing, facing, holding a standard in each hand. 10) Florian advancing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 11) Florian riding horse right, spearing enemy. 12) Florian standing left, holding globe and scepter. 13) Florian standing right, holding spear and globe.

Sandwiched between the coin-filled reigns of Aurelian and Probus are the short reigns of Tacitus and Florian. Although Florian was emperor only briefly, a couple of months maybe, that was still enough time to get the various mints to pump out literally millions of coins to pay the loyalist armies. And it’s a numbers game, of course. The more that were made back then the more that can be expected to have survived to this day. And collectors will be pleased to find that Florian Antoniniani are routinely available for only a few dollars. Condition of these coins is usually somewhere between deplorable to good enough. However, fully-silvered Ants do exist and are not outrageously expensive (when available). Expect these to cost anywhere from $100-$300.

359 14) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding cornucopia. 15) Florian standing to left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Roma seated to right, holding spear; shield to side. 16) Florian standing to left, shaking hands with Concordia to right. 17) Florian standing to right, holding scepter, receiving wreath from Victory to left, holding palm. 18) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 19) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter 20) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 21) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 22) Jupiter standing, facing, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 23) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor. 24) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 25) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy. 26) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right. 27) Monetae (3) standing left, holding scale and cornucopia; piles of coins by their feet. 28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 30) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 31) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia. 32) Providentia standing left, leaning on column, holding wand over globe and scepter. 33) Providentia standing to left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 34) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter; shield to side. 35) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 36) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 37) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and resting head on hand. 38) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter 39) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter. 40) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 41) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip. 42) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 43) Spes standing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 44) Uberitas standing left, holding purse and cornucopia. 45) Victories (2) standing, holding together shield reading VOT / X 46) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 47) Victory standing right, stepping on helmet, holding shield on palm reading XXX

Mints: 1) Cyzicus 2) Lugdunum 3) Roma 4) Serdica 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1, O17, R51, T26 RIC Vi 24, C 106

AE Medallion 1) B2, O09, R24, T27 Gnecchi 2

AE Antoninianus 1) B4, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */` RIC Vi 112f, C 72 2) B4, O05, R06, T05 Exe: VITI C 13 3) B4, O05, R35, T32 */` 4) B4, O06, R11, T06 Exe: ` RIC Vi 62f, C 22 5) B4, O06, R33, T30 Exe: III RIC Vi 82f, C 64 6) B5, O11, R35, T33 Exe: */KA•`• 7) B6, O02, R17, T19 Exe: TTI RIC Vi 71c, C 32 8) B6, O03, R01, T01 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 25c, C 1 9) B6, O03, R12, T09 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 30c, C 25 10) B6, O03, R20, T23 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 33c, C 39 11) B6, O03, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC 37c 12) B6, O03, R49, T13 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 47c, C 97 13) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */` 14) B6, O04, R35, T33 Exe: */KAB RIC Vi 112c, C 72 15) B6, O05, R31, T12 Exe: `TI C 61 16) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: III RIC Vi 10c 17) B6, O05, R36, T31 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 37c 18) B6, O05, R51, T10 Exe: IIII RIC Vi 16c 19) B6, O06, R10, T06 RIC Vi 61c 20) B6, O07, R25, T40 Exe: III RIC Vi 7c, C 47 21) B6, O09, R51, T25 22) B6, O06, R42, T37 Exe: XXI` Tom Mullally collection 23) B6, O11, R13, T09 Exe: */KA` 24) B6, O13, R07, T17 Exe: ` RIC Vi 116c, C 1552 25) B6, O16, R30, T39 RIC Vi 77c 26) B7, O03, R39, T35 Exe: XXI` RIC Vi 40a, C 83

360 AE As Reference(s) 27) B2, O09, R41, T37 RIC Vi 53, C 85

Florian Busts

Florian Types

361

Probus

Augustus 276-282

Coming from a military background under Valerian, Probus ascended the throne as usurper against Florian, under pretext that he appropriated the imperial title without the Senate's consent. Florian advanced against Probus and on first appearance it looked like his own army would be no match against Florian's so he gambled that by artificially prolonging a direct confrontation between the two he could frustrate the

enemy. The tactic paid off and within days Florian was killed by his own troops and the two armies joined as one to march into Rome.

Probus then spent the next two years quelling numerous border wars and domestic rebellions. He was highly successful in these regards and, having few wars left to fight retired to Rome. His glory days came to an end partly due to his own military successes. Without battles to fight, the army felt increasingly alienated by Probus who was now spearheading several civic projects meant to strengthen the empire. Malcontents in the army noted cynically that they were soldiers, not peasants. His life thus came to a violent end during a minor moment of strife initiated by some soldiers who had been ordered to clear a swamp. These drew their swords and gave fatal chase to the emperor. Carus, the Praetorian Prefect, may or may not have incited the mutiny but either way Probus's assassins named him emperor only to hear their death sentence as their reward.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left of Probus, holding spear and shield, over radiate

bust of Sol 2) Helmeted, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 3) Helmeted, cuirassed bust right 4) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust left holding Victory and shield; spear over

right shoulder 5) Helmeted, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Helmeted, radiate bust facing away, head looking left, holding spear and shield 7) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 8) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 9) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right, raising hand and holding Victory on globe 10) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right, holding spear and shield 11) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 12) Laureate, bust left 13) Laureate, cuirassed bust left 14) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 15) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 16) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 17) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right of Probus, holding spear and shield,

over Sol radiate bust right. 18) Laureate, draped bust right 19) Radiate bust left, holding spear and shield 20) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 21) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with Victory atop 22) Radiate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding Victory on globe 23) Radiate bust right, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 24) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 25) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear 26) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 27) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield reading

VOTIS / X ET XX 28) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 29) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding globe 30) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding scepter 31) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear 32) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear over shoulder 33) Radiate, cuirassed torso left, holding spear 34) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear 35) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 36) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) AVR PROBVS AVG 2) BONO IMP C PROBO AVG 3) BONO IMP C PROBO INVICTO AVG 4) BONO IMP C PROBO PF INVICT AVG 5) BONO IMP PROBO AVG 6) COMIS PROBI AVG 7) DEO ET DOMINO PROBO INVICTO AVG 8) IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG 9) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG 10) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS III 11) IMP C M AVR PROBVS AVG CONS IIII 12) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INV AVG 13) IMP C M AVR PROBVS INVICT AVG 14) IMP C M AVR PROBVS P AVG

Grab a handful of Antoniniani at random and chances are several of them will be of Probus. Along with Aurelian, Probus is king of this silver-washed coin that succeeded the Denarius as the mainstay of the Roman economy. And there were literally millions of these made during the six years he was emperor. Plenty of time to amass a myriad different reverse types and try on the latest military gear that his mint artists could fit on his head and shoulders. Most of these Ants, of course, have not come down through the ages in very good shape. They turn up frequently, for instance, among uncleaned coins sold in bulk and with nary a trace of silvering or, for that matter, anything else left but a faint part of the PROBVS on the legend. But, on the other hand, there are many that were lost or buried shortly after coming from the mint and given just the right conditions remain with their full coat of silvering intact or nearly so. These beauties, needless to say, will cost significantly more than their more corroded brethren. An ordinary Probus of an ordinary reverse design which is spectacularly well preserved will still cost a couple hundred dollars where the same coin type with no silvering and/or for whatever reason is unattractive may have no buyers at a humble price tag of just $5. Collectors specializing in Probus will seek out the rarest bust types and unusual legends. It’s hard to gauge the cost for these because of their rarity but Antoniniani have been known to fetch north of a cool grand at auction. And that’s to say nothing of gold issues or exotic denominations.

362 15) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF AVG 16) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICT AVG 17) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PF INVICTVS AVG 18) IMP C M AVR PROBVS PIVS AVG 19) IMP C M AVREL PROBVS PF AVG 20) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT AVG 21) IMP C M PROBVS INVICT P AVG 22) IMP C PROBVS AVG 23) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS II 24) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS III 25) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS IIII 26) IMP C PROBVS AVG CONS V 27) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS 28) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS II 29) IMP C PROBVS AVG COS III 30) IMP C PROBVS CONS II 31) IMP C PROBVS INV AVG 32) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS AVG 33) IMP C PROBVS INVICTVS P AVG 34) IMP C PROBVS P AVG 35) IMP C PROBVS PF AVG 36) IMP C PROBVS PIVS F AVG 37) IMP DEO ET DOMINO PROBO AVG

38) IMP M AVR PROBVS PF AVG 39) IMP PROBO INVICTO AVG 40) IMP PROBVS AVG 41) IMP PROBVS AVG CONS III 42) IMP PROBVS INV AVG 43) IMP PROBVS INVICTVS AVG 44) IMP PROBVS P AVG 45) IMP PROBVS PF AVG 46) IMP PROBVS PIVS F AVG 47) PERPETVO IMP C M AVR PROBO AVG 48) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO AVG 49) PERPETVO IMP C PROBO INVICT AVG 50) PERPETVO IMP PROBO AVG 51) PERPETVO IMP PROBO P AVG 52) PROBVS AVG 53) PROBVS P AVG 54) PROBVS PF AVG 55) SOL COMES AVG 56) SOL COMES PROBI AVG 57) VIRTVS PROBI AVG 58) VIRTVS PROBI INVICTI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ADLOCVTIO AVG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) ADVENTVS AVGVSTI 5) ADVENTVS PROBI AVG 6) AEQVITAS AVG 7) AERCVLI PACIF 8) AETERNITAS AVG 9) AETERNITATI AVG 10) CALLIOPE AVG 11) CLEMENTIA TEMP 12) COMES AVG 13) COMITI PROBI AVG 14) CONCOR MIL 15) CONCOR MILI 16) CONCORD AVG 17) CONCORD MIL 18) CONCORD MILI 19) CONCORD MILIT 20) CONCORD MILITV 21) CONCORDIA AVG 22) CONCORDIA EXERCI 23) CONCORDIA EXERCIT 24) CONCORDIA MILIT 25) CONCORDIA MILITV 26) CONCORDIA MILITVM 27) CONSERVA AVG 28) CONSERVAT AVG 29) CONSERVATO AVG 30) ERCVLI PACIF 31) ERCVLI PACIFER 32) ERCVLI PACIFERO 33) FELICIA TEMPORA 34) FELICIT TEMP 35) FELICITAS AVG 36) FELICITAS AVG N 37) FELICITAS SAE 38) FELICITAS SAECV 39) FELICITAS SAECVLI 40) FELICITAS SEC 41) FELICITAS SECV 42) FELICITAS TEMP 43) FIDES MILIT 44) FIDES MILITVM 45) FIDES VICTOR 46) FORTVNA REDVX 47) HERCVLI ARCADIO 48) HERCVLI ERYMANTHIO 49) HERCVLI INMORTALI 50) HERCVLI PACIF 51) HERCVLI PACIFERO 52) HERCVLI ROMANO AVG 53) HVMANITAS AVG 54) IMP PROBVS CONS II 55) INDVLGENTIA AVG 56) IOVI CONS AVG 57) IOVI CONS PROB AVG 58) IOVI CONS PROBI AVG

59) IOVI CONSERVAT 60) IOVI CONSERVATO 61) IOVI STATORI 62) LAETITIA AVG 63) LAETITIA AVG N 64) LAETITIA AVGVSTI 65) LAETITIA FVND 66) MARS VICTOR 67) MARS VLTOR 68) MARTI PACIF 69) MARTI PACIFERO 70) MARTI VICTORI AVG 71) ORIENS AVG 72) ORIENS AVGVSTI 73) ORIGINI AVG 74) PACATOR ORBIS 75) PACI PERPETVAE AVG 76) PAX AETERNA 77) PAX AVG 78) PAX AVGVSTI 79) PERPETVIT AVG 80) PERPETVITA AVG 81) PERPETVITATE AVG 82) PIAETAS AVG 83) PIETAS AVG 84) PM TR I P 85) PM TR I P COS 86) PM TR I P COS II PP 87) PM TR I P COS III PP 88) PM TR P COS III 89) PM TR P COS PP 90) PM TR P V COS 91) PM TR P V COS IIII PP 92) PM TR P VI COS V PP 93) PRINCIPI IVVENT 94) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 95) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS 96) PROV PROBI AVG NOSTRI 97) PROVIDE AVG 98) PROVIDEN AVG 99) PROVIDEN DEOR 100) PROVIDENT AVG 101) PROVIDENTI AVGVSTI 102) PROVIDENTIA AVG 103) PROVIDENTIA AVG N 104) PROVIDENTIA AVGVSTI 105) RESTIT ILLVRICI 106) RESTITVT ORBIS 107) RESTITVT SAEC 108) RESTITVT SAECVLI 109) RESTITVT SEC 110) RESTITVT SECVLI 111) RESTITVTOR EXERCITI 112) RESTITVTOR ORBIS 113) RESTITVTOR S AVG 114) RESTITVTOR SECV 115) RESTITVTOR SECVL 116) RESTITVTOR SECVLI

117) RESTITVTOR VRBIS 118) ROMA AETER 119) ROMA AETERN 120) ROMA AETERNA 121) ROMAE AETER 122) ROMAE AETERN 123) ROMAE AETERNAE 124) SALVS AVG 125) SALVS MILITVM 126) SALVS PVBLI 127) SALVS PVBLIC 128) SALVS PVBLICA 129) SECVRIT PERP 130) SECVRIT PERPE 131) SECVRIT PERPET 132) SECVRITAS ORBIS 133) SECVRITAS PERPETVA 134) SECVRITAS SAECVLI 135) SISCIA PROBI AVG 136) SOLI INVI COM AVG 137) SOLI INVICTO 138) SOLI INVICTO A 139) SOLI INVICTO AVG 140) SOLI INVICTO COMITI 141) SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG 142) SPES AVG 143) SPES AVG N 144) SPES AVGVSTI NOSTRI 145) SPES PROBI AVG 146) TEMP FELICITAS 147) TEMPOR FELIC 148) TEMPOR FELICI 149) TEMPOR FELICIT 150) TEMPORVM FELICITAS 151) TRI POT COS 152) VBIQVE PAX 153) VICT PROBI AVG 154) VICT PROBI AVG NOSTRI 155) VICTORIA AVG 156) VICTORIA AVG N 157) VICTORIA GER 158) VICTORIA GERM 159) VICTORIA GOTHIC 160) VICTORIA PROBI AVG 161) VICTORIAE 162) VICTORIAE AVG 163) VICTORIAE AVGVSTI 164) VICTORIOSO SEMPER 165) VIRT PROBI AVG 166) VIRTVS AVG 167) VIRTVS AVGVSTI 168) VIRTVS AVGVSTI N 169) VIRTVS INVIC AVG 170) VIRTVS INVICTI AVG 171) VIRTVS PROBI AVG 172) VIRTVTI AVGVSTI 173) VOTA SOLVTA X

363 Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Calliope standing right, playing lyre 4) Concordia standing left, holding patera and cornucopia 5) Concordia standing left, holding a standard in each hand 6) Concordia standing right on left, holding standard in each had, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe 7) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia 8) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter. 9) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding caduceus 10) Felicitas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding cornucopia 11) Felicitas standing right, holding caduceus and cornucopia 12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand 13) Fides standing, facing, holding scepter and standard. 14) Fortuna seated left, holding wand and cornucopia 15) Four seasons frolicking 16) Hercules standing left, holding branch and club with lion skin. 17) Hercules standing left, raising hand over trophy and holding club with lion skin. 18) Hercules standing right, hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin. 19) Hercules standing right, holding branch and club with lion skin. 20) Hercules standing right, wrestling Cerberus 21) Hercules standing right, wrestling deer 22) Hercules standing, facing, holding boar 23) Jupiter standing left, holding scepter and thunderbolt. 24) Jupiter standing left, holding thunderbolt and scepter. 25) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and anchor 26) Lion advancing left (with thunderbolt in mouth) 27) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 28) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 29) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 30) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy; seated captive to right 31) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 32) Mars standing left, holding branch and spear. 33) Minerva standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 34) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 35) Pietas standing left, sacrificing over altar and holding incense box. 36) Probus riding horse left over enemy. 37) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter. 38) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; seated captive to left. 39) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two captives under horse. 40) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; two standards behind and soldier to right. 41) Probus riding horse left, raising hand and holding scepter; Victory to right. 42) Probus riding horse left, spearing barbarian; shield under horse 43) Probus riding horse right, spearing barbarian; shield under horse 44) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and being crowned by Victory; one soldier and right and another on left leading horses 45) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch 46) Probus riding quadriga left, holding branch and scepter 47) Probus riding quadriga right, raising hand and holding scepter with eagle atop. 48) Probus seated left on right, being crowned by Victory, receiving globe from Mars to left; soldier and two standards behind them 49) Probus standing left on platform, raising hand, accompanied by lictor to right and multitude of soldiers all around 50) Probus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath 51) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving globe from soldier to left, holding spear. 52) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Orbis to left 53) Probus standing left on right, holding spear, receiving wreath from Victory to left. 54) Probus standing left, holding branch and spear with shield. 55) Probus standing left, holding globe and spear with shield; seated captive by feet. 56) Probus standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield. 57) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 58) Probus standing left, raising hand and holding spear; two supplicants on either side. 59) Probus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 60) Probus standing left, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to right. 61) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive to left of trophy 62) Probus standing left, touching trophy and holding spear; seated captive on either side of trophy 63) Probus standing right on left with assistant soldier holding standard, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right; standard in background. 64) Probus standing right on left, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 65) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter with eagle atop, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 66) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 67) Probus standing right on left, holding scepter, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 68) Probus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Roma seated to right, holding spear 69) Probus standing right on left, shaking hands with Concordia to right 70) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and scepter, being crowned by Victory to right, holding palm. 71) Probus standing right on left, stepping on captive, holding globe and spear, being crowned by Sol to right, holding whip 72) Probus standing right, holding spear and globe 73) Probus standing right, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side. 74) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and parazonium; seated captive to left. 75) Probus standing right, stepping on captive, holding spear and shield. 76) Probus standing right, touching trophy and holding spear; two captives on either side of trophy. 77) Probus standing, facing, raising hand and holding scepter; standard on either side 78) Providentia standing left, holding globe and cornucopia 79) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 80) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and cornucopia 81) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 82) Providentia standing right on left, holding standard in each hand, facing Sol to right, raising hand and holding globe. 83) Roma seated left, holding Victory and scepter 84) Roma standing left, holding Victory and spear with shield 85) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 86) Salus seated right, feeding snake on altar.

364 87) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar 88) Salus standing left, feeding snake on altar and holding scepter 89) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake 90) Securitas seated left, holding scepter and touching head 91) Securitas standing left, holding scepter and touching head 92) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head 93) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding scepter. 94) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding globe and scepter. 95) Siscia seated left, holding opened wreath with both hands, river god on either side, water below. 96) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side. 97) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip. 98) Sol radiate bust right 99) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand 100) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip 101) Sol riding oncoming quadriga, raising hand and holding whip with globe 102) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding globe 103) Sol riding quadriga left, raising hand and holding whip on globe 104) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 105) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; seated captive on either side 106) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe 107) Sol standing, facing, stepping on captive, holding whip and bow. 108) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 109) Temple with (6) columns, Roma seated within, holding Victory and scepter. 110) Temple with (6) columns, Sol standing within, raising hand and holding whip. 111) Trophy, seated captive on either side. 112) Victories (2) standing, facing each other, shaking hands; palm behind. 113) Victories (2) holding shield on palm reading VOT X, captive on either side. 114) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 115) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and trophy. 116) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 117) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and trophy; seated captive on either side. 118) Victory crowning trophy to left, holding scepter; seated captive on either side of trophy. 119) Victory crowning trophy to right, holding palm; seated captive on either side of trophy. 120) Victory riding biga left 121) Victory riding biga right, holding palm. 122) Victory riding biga right, holding whip. 123) Victory riding quadriga left, holding wreath and palm. 124) Victory standing left, holding wreath and palm 125) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 126) Victory standing, facing, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side 127) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield 128) Wolf standing right, suckling Romulus and Remus 129) Women (2) standing, facing, each holding a standard and raising skirt. 130) Wreath, VOTIS / X ET XX / FEL within 131) Wreath, VOTIS / X PROBI / AVG ET / XX within

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

5) Serdica 6) Siscia 7) Ticinum 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O09, R161, T123, M5 Exe: AVG RIC Vii 831, C 781 2) B05, O15, R084, T047 Exe: COS III 3) B11, O15, R048, T022 4) B13, O09, R028, T106 5) B15, O09, R187, T062 RIC Vii 12 6) B15, O35, R155, T125 7) B15, O45, R164, T058 Exe: = RIC Vii 143, C 794 8) B16, O09, R134, T090 RIC Vii 896 9) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6 10) B16, O09, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 594, C 629 11) B16, O14, R066, T030, M5 RIC Vii 824, C 331 12) B16, O15, R028, T106 RIC Vii 891, C 175 13) B16, O15, R134, T090, M6 Exe: SIS RIC Vii 593, C 631

AU Quinarius 14) B15, O52, R044, T012 RIC Vii 147

AE Antoninianus 15) B06, O57, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 376, C 284 16) B07, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 810g 17) B08, O05, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701g 18) B08, O07, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 491g, C 486 19) B08, O09, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838g 20) B08, O09, R100, T079, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 719g 21) B08, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862g 22) B08, O09, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 887g, C 926 23) B08, O14, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 629g, C 50

365 24) B08, O14, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 774g, C 659 25) B08, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 816g, C 894 26) B08, O14, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 888g, C 927 27) B08, O14, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` C 912 28) B08, O15, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 903g, C 56 29) B08, O15, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 670g 30) B08, O15, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 711g, C 425 31) B08, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767g, C 663 32) B08, O15, R171, T038, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 913g, C 928 33) B08, O15, R171, T038, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 886g, C 928 34) B08, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 877g, C 912 35) B08, O16, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 882g 36) B08, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E•/`XXI RIC Vii 481g, C 126 37) B08, O22, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 194g 38) B08, O34, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI 39) B08, O35, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 660g 40) B08, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 157g, C 39 41) B08, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 186g, C 532 42) B08, O40, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 195g, C 546 43) B08, O40, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R=¿ RIC Vii 214g 44) B08, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661g 45) B08, O57, R005, T038, M2 Exe: ` RIC Vii 904g, C 69 46) B08, O57, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 351g, C 200 47) B08, O57, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 361g 48) B08, O57, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 472g 49) B08, O57, R078, T034, M7 Exe: T/*/`XXI RIC Vii 517g, C 427 50) B08, O57, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 746g, C 569 51) B08, O57, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 500g, C 584 52) B08, O57, R129, T092, M6 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 758g, C 622 53) B08, O57, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 526g 54) B08, O57, R166, T029, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 430g, C 807 55) B08, O58, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/`XXI RIC Vii 501g, C 586 56) B08, O58, R129, T092, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 572g, C 618 57) B10, O57, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 634 58) B20, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348h, C 180 59) B20, O09, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 862h, C 574 60) B20, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878h, C 911 61) B20, O14, R011, T065, M6 Exe: • over `/KA RIC Vii 643h, C 91 62) B20, O14, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` 63) B20, O14, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 709h 64) B20, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864h 65) B20, O14, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 816h, C 895 66) B20, O15, R005, T038, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 632h, C 57 67) B20, O15, R011, T065, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 838h 68) B20, O15, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 650h 69) B20, O15, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 704h, C 92 70) B20, O15, R123, T109, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 737h 71) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIQ RIC Vii 911h, C 683 72) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CM/XXIT RIC Vii 911h, C 683 73) B20, O15, R137, T101, M2 Exe: CXXIM RIC Vii 911h, C 683 74) B20, O15, R137, T101, M4 Exe: R` RIC Vii 204h 75) B20, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 76) B20, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776h 77) B20, O15, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 767h, C 663 78) B20, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810h, C 904 79) B20, O15, R171, T042, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 818h, C 931 80) B20, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877h, C 917 81) B20, O22, R019, T005, M7 Exe: E/*/`XXI RIC Vii 480h, C 121 82) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 507h, C 356 83) B20, O22, R068, T027, M7 Exe: I/`XXI RIC Vii 508h, C 352 84) B20, O22, R100, T079, M7 Exe: Q/*/`XXI RIC Vii 490h, C 478 85) B20, O22, R124, T089, M7 Exe: V/*/`XXI RIC Vii 499h, C 577 86) B20, O22, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 201h 87) B20, O23, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 352h 88) B20, O35, R030, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375h 89) B20, O35, R035, T007, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 683c 90) B20, O35, R129, T092, M7 Exe: */I/`XXI RIC Vii 525h, C 612 91) B20, O35, R171, T029, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 812h, C 886 92) B20, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 185h, C 531 93) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 202h, C 644 94) B20, O40, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 202h, C 644 95) B20, O45, R010, T003 96) B20, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713h, C 416 97) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R)` C 533 98) B20, O45, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R=` RIC Vii 183h, C 533 99) B20, O45, R137, T103, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 200h, C 648 100) B20, O54, R118, T109, M4 Exe: RV` RIC Vii 187h, C 528 101) B22, O09, R001, T001, M3 102) B22, O09, R166, T084, M3 Exe: IIII 103) B28, O03, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• 104) B28, O04, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 155f, C 40 105) B28, O09, R006, T002, M4 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 150f, C 74 106) B28, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI 107) B28, O09, R028, T106, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 671f, C 180 108) B28, O09, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 348f, C 180 109) B28, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 676f, C 215 110) B28, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364f

366 111) B28, O09, R043, T013, M4 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 151f, C 248 112) B28, O09, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 28f, C 256 113) B28, O09, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 31f, C 329 114) B28, O09, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 37f 115) B28, O09, R071, T105, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 44f, C 388 116) B28, O09, R089, T057, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 607f 117) B28, O09, R102, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 725f, C 497 118) B28, O09, R102, T081, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 47f 119) B28, O09, R124, T088, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 744f, C 567 120) B28, O09, R150, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 52f, C 729 121) B28, O09, R167, T075, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 56f, C 869 122) B28, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 811f, C 888 123) B28, O09, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA•`• RIC Vii 878f, C 910 124) B28, O14, R106, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`• 125) B28, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731f 126) B28, O15, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 861f 127) B28, O15, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810f, C 898 128) B28, O16, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` C 686 129) B28, O18, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 865f, C 684 130) B28, O22, R077, T034, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 547f, C 399 131) B28, O22, R129, T092, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 525f, C 611 132) B28, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17f, C 1 133) B28, O35, R001, T001, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 619f 134) B28, O35, R002, T049, M6 135) B28, O35, R003, T037, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 626f, C 51 136) B28, O35, R013, T033, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 69f, C 106 137) B28, O35, R019, T005, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 531f 138) B28, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 665f, C 164 139) B28, O35, R040, T007, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 360f, C 227 140) B28, O35, R044, T012, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 29f 141) B28, O35, R050, T016, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 375f 142) B28, O35, R059, T066, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 387f, C 310 143) B28, O35, R064, T025, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 32f, C 328 144) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 38f, C 334 145) B28, O35, R066, T029, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 84f 146) B28, O35, R068, T027, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 541f, C 353 147) B28, O35, R073, T128, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 701f 148) B28, O35, R077, T034, M3 D in left field RIC Vii 119f 149) B28, O35, R077, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 706f, C 402 150) B28, O35, R082, T035, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 93f 151) B28, O35, R086, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` C 447 152) B28, O35, R087, T026, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 616f, C 457 153) B28, O35, R100, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 720f, C 477 154) B28, O35, R102, T078, M3 Exe: III RIC Vii 46f, C 496 155) B28, O35, R124, T088, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 124f, C 567 156) B28, O35, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 747f, C 579 157) B28, O35, R127, T089, M7 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 567f, C 599 158) B28, O35, R142, T108, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 787f 159) B28, O35, R148, T011, M3 Exe: I RIC Vii 104f 160) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 B in right field RIC Vii 129f, C 727 161) B28, O35, R149, T011, M3 Exe: B C 727 162) B28, O35, R150, T011, M3 Exe: II RIC Vii 53f, C 728 163) B28, O35, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 436f, C 817 164) B28, O40, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R©` RIC Vii 157f, C 37 165) B28, O40, R118, T109, M4 Exe: R*` RIC Vii 185f 166) B28, O42, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 679f, C 216 167) B28, O42, R103, T080, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 727f, C 500 168) B28, O45, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647f, C 101 169) B28, O45, R021, T004, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 661f 170) B28, O45, R024, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 666f, C 161 171) B28, O45, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R=` 172) B28, O45, R058, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 306 173) B28, O45, R078, T034, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 713f, C 417 174) B28, O45, R112, T050, M6 Exe: XXI•`• RIC Vii 734f, C 506 175) B28, O45, R124, T089, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 748f, C 572 176) B28, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770f, C 647 177) B28, O45, R155, T115, M4 Exe: R)¿ RIC Vii 213f, C 744 178) B28, O46, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` 179) B28, O54, R003, T038, M4 Exe: R)Z RIC Vii 158f 180) B28, O54, R008, T106, M4 Exe: RIZ RIC Vii 168f, C 78 181) B28, O54, R044, T012, M4 Exe: R)` C 252 182) B28, O54, R057, T024, M4 Exe: R)` C 305 183) B28, O54, R068, T031, M4 Exe: RQ` RIC Vii 177f, C 350 184) B28, O54, R102, T079, M4 Exe: RT` RIC Vii 181f, C 493 185) B28, O54, R155, T115, M4 Exe: RT¿ RIC Vii 215f, C 740

186) B28, O54, R158, T111, M4 Exe: RA` RIC Vii 223f, C 766 187) B30, O14, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 188) B32, O14, R123, T109, M4 Exe: R 189) B35, O03, R137, T101, M5 Exe: KA` 190) B35, O09, R011, T065, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 921c 191) B35, O09, R011, T066, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644c, C 87 192) B35, O09, R019, T069, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 651c 193) B35, O09, R019, T069, M7 Exe: •/`XXT RIC Vii 332c, C 137 194) B35, O09, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXIMC RIC Vii 908c, C 172 195) B35, O09, R077, T034, M3 ( in right field C 404 196) B35, O09, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 851c, C 507 197) B35, O09, R171, T029, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 810c 198) B35, O09, R171, T111, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 821c, C 937

367 199) B35, O09, R172, T061, M4 Exe: R 200) B35, O14, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 854c 201) B35, O14, R137, T100, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 864c, C 677 202) B35, O15, R011, T065, M8 Exe: */XXI RIC Vii 927c 203) B35, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 922c 204) B35, O15, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 844c 205) B35, O15, R106, T050, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 731c, C 509 206) B35, O15, R106, T050, M8 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 925c 207) B35, O16, R112, T066, M5 Exe: MS/KA` RIC Vii 858c 208) B35, O17, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` 209) B35, O34, R106, T050, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 855c 210) B35, O35, R001, T001, M3 Exe: IIII RIC Vii 17c, C 1 211) B35, O35, R024, T069, M6 Exe: `/XXI 212) B35, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733c 213) B35, O35, R142, T108, M3 & in left field RIC Vii 128c, C 701 214) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: B/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147 215) B35, O42, R019, T069, M6 Exe: Γ/XXI RIC Vii 657c, C 147 216) B35, O42, R105, T129, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 730c 217) B35, O45, R011, T067, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 647c, C 101 218) B35, O45, R026, T053, M2 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 907c 219) B35, O45, R137, T103, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 770c, C 647 220) B36, O09, R011, T065, M2 Exe: `/XXI* RIC Vii 907a 221) B36, O09, R011, T065, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 644a, C 87 222) B36, O09, R012, T033, M3 A in left field RIC Vii 115a 223) B36, O09, R035, T009, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 675c, C 214 224) B36, O09, R035, T010, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 674a 225) B36, O09, R043, T012, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 364a 226) B36, O09, R066, T029, M3 RIC Vii 83a 227) B36, O09, R097, T079, M6 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 716a, C 467 228) B36, O09, R099, T081, M7 Exe: `TI RIC Vii 319a, C 470 229) B36, O09, R118, T068, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 407a 230) B36, O09, R166, T084, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 435a, C 819 231) B36, O15, R011, T067, M1 Exe: `•/XXI RIC Vii 920a 232) B36, O15, R137, T101, M6 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 776a, C 677 233) B36, O15, R171, T043, M5 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 877a, C 917 234) B36, O35, R028, T106, M7 Exe: `XXT RIC Vii 349a, C 193 235) B36, O35, R099, T082, M5 Exe: */KA` RIC Vii 846a, C 471 236) B36, O35, R106, T050, M6 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 733a 237) B36, O42, R144, T108, M6 Exe: XXI RIC Vii 791a, C 706 238) B38, O45, R155, T111, M4 Exe: R)` RIC Vii 217f, C 40

AE Medallion Reference(s) 239) B17, O43, R054, T044

AE Quinarius 240) B04, O57, R155, T126 241) B14, O40, R071, T103 C 391

368

Probus Busts

Probus Types

369

Probus Types (continued)

370

Probus Types (continued)

371

Saturninus

Augustus c.280

A very obscure usurper hailing from Alexandria, Egypt, all that is known for sure is that he was promoted to the position of emperor by a mutinous army detachment formerly loyal to Probus. Saturninus must have been either a commander or a high-ranking civil servant. Speculation can point to Probus's decision to partially demobilize the army and put them to work in civic projects as a likely reason that spurred the seditious

troops to name an emperor of their own. In any event, Saturninus is said to have been very reluctant in becoming a usurper. Pollio, a historian of the age, quotes him as greeting his new subjects "You have lost a useful commander and gained a wretched emperor". His premonition proved correct as his reign ends soon afterwards. Whether murdered or died of natural causes, again, is left to speculation but the safe bets have the money on the more violent outcome.

Perhaps the greates of all rarities in ancient Roman coinage, there is only one Aureus struck with his name known to numismatics. And, given the lack of any other coins of his, RIC even will only go so far as to state that its authenticity is likely. There is anecdotal evidence of another usurper by the same name (and same region) during the reign of Gallienus. No coins of this other Saturninus are known.

Bust: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right

Obverse: 1) IMP C IVL SATVRNINVS AVG

Reverse: 1) VICTORIAE AVG

Type: 1) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm branch

Mint: 1) Alexandria

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B1 O1 R1 T1 RIC 1

In 1991 the coin pictured below was sold at auction for $180,000. It was a bargain. Barring a miracle find of more coins bearing his name, Saturninus will remain hopelessly out of reach for even the wealthiest of collectors.

372

Carus

Augustus 282-283

The short reign of this emperor is clouded with differing accounts of his life. Whether he instigated a successful revolt that ended with the death of Probus or that he was simply named emperor upon hearing of his death is unsure. Either way, his accession was ratified by the Senate. He promptly set out with his armies to counter recent tribal invasions along the empire's Germanic borders and from there led a successful campaign against the

Persians. What happened next is also unsure but Carus died under suspicious conditions. Supposedly he was stricken by lightning but this sounds too convenient and it can be suspected that because of the timing an aspiring general may have played a role.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust right 3) Helmeted, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate head right 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust right 10) Radiate head right 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 12) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, draped bust right

a) Sol radiate, draped bust right facing Carus radiate, cuirassed bust left

Obverses: 1) DEO ET DOMINO CARO AVG 2) DEO ET DOMINO CARO INVIC AVG 3) DIVO CARO 4) DIVO CARO AVG 5) DIVO CARO PARTHICO 6) DIVO CARO PERS 7) DIVO CARO PIO 8) IMP C CARVS AVG 9) IMP C CARVS PF AVG 10) IMP C KARVS PF AVG 11) IMP C M AVR CARVS AVG 12) IMP C M AVR CARVS P AVG 13) IMP C M AVR CARVS PF AVG 14) IMP C M AVR KARVS AVG 15) IMP C M AVR KARVS PF AVG 16) IMP C M AVREL CARVS AVG 17) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARVS AVG 18) IMP CARVS AVG 19) IMP CARVS P AVG 20) IMP CARVS PF AVG 21) IMP M AVR CARVS AVG 22) IMP M AVR CARVS PF AVG 23) VIRTVS CARI AVG

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANT AVG 2) ABVNDANTIA AVG 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) AETERNIT IMPERI 5) ANNONA AVG 6) CLEMENTIA TEMP 7) CONSECRATIO 8) CONSECRATIOAVG 9) FELICITAS PVBLICA 10) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 11) FIDE MILITVM 12) FIDES MILIT 13) FORTVNA AVG 14) IOVI VICTORI 15) MARS VLTOR

16) MARTI PROPVGNATORI 17) MONETA AVGG 18) ORIENS CARI AVG 19) PAX AETERNA 20) PAX AVG 21) PAX AVGG 22) PAX AVGVSTI 23) PAX AVGVSTORVM 24) PAX EXERCITI 25) PERPETVITATE AVG 26) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 27) PROVIDE AVGG 28) PROVIDENT AVG 29) PROVIDENT AVGG 30) PROVIDENTIA AVG

31) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 32) RESTITVT ORBIS 33) ROMAE AETERNAE 34) SECVRITAS PVBLICA 35) SPES PVBLICA 36) VICTORI AVG 37) VICTORIA AVG 38) VICTORIA AVGG 39) VICTORIAE AVGG 40) VICTORIAE AVGG FEL 41) VIRTVS AVG 42) VIRTVS AVGG 43) VIRTVS AVGGG 44) VIRTVS CARI INVICTI AVG

Types: 1) Abundantia standing right, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia.

Carus had a brief but active minting period while he was emperor. Still, his coins are somewhat undervalued for how often they turn up. These by and large will again be the familiar silver-washed Antoninianus and most are found in rather shabby condition. As is the case with other coins of this age a handful are breathtaking gems with intact silvering. Because of the condition more so than anything else you should expect to see such coins sell for several hundred dollars. For the rank and file Ants though, a $20 coin should at least be presentable enough and $100 should buy an outright beauty with the understanding that it may be quite some time before such a coin is available.

373 3) Altar 4) Annona standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 5) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Orbis to left, holding wreath. 6) Carus standing left on right, holding globe and scepter, facing Victory to left, holding wreath 7) Carus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 8) Eagle perched on globe 9) Eagle standing left 10) Eagle standing right. 11) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 12) Fides standing left, holding a standard in each hand. 13) Fortuna standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 14) Galley sailing left 15) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 16) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter. 17) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory on globe and scepter; eagle to left. 18) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield. 19) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 20) Monetae (3) standing left, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by their feet 21) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 22) Pax advancing left, holding wreath and scepter 23) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter. 24) Pax standing left, holding branch and standard 25) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter. 26) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter. 27) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter 28) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 29) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding globe and scepter 30) Securitas standing left, leaning on column, holding scepter 31) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 32) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding whip 33) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 34) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 35) Victory advancing left, holding opened wreath over shield on base 36) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 37) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm. 38) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm 39) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; seated captive on either side. 40) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear 41) Virtus standing right, holding spear and resting hand on shield

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma 5) Siscia 6) Ticinum 7) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33 2) B06, O22, R35, T33 RIC Vii 64 3) B07, O13, R37, T38 RIC Vii 95, C 86 4) B08, O01, R37, T38 RIC Vii 96, C 86 5) B08, O13, R16, T18 6) B08, O13, R18, T32 Exe: © 7) B08, O13, R30, T25 C 66 8) B08, O13, R37, T37 Exe: © 9) B08, O13, R40, T35 RIC Vii 98 10) B08, O13, R44, T15 Exe: K RIC Vii 117, C 118

AU Aureus (Posthumous) 11) B05, O20, R13, T13 RIC Vii 1, C 33

AE Medallion 12) B06, O13, R17, T20 C 41

AE Antoninianus 13) B01, O23, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 25 14) B02, O11, R21, T23 D in left field RIC Vii 13 15) B02, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 18, C 88 16) B11, O11, R38, T39 A in left field RIC Vii 24f 17) B11, O13, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 35f 18) B11, O13, R05, T04 Exe: R` RIC Vii 37f, C 12 19) B11, O13, R14, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 38f, C 37 20) B11, O13, R29, T26 Exe: `K RIC Vii 42f, C 69 21) B11, O13, R31, T26 RIC Vii 43f

374 22) B11, O13, R32, T05 Exe: * over II/XXI RIC Vii 106f, C 114 23) B11, O13, R38, T36 Exe: KAA 24) B11, O13, R42, T40 Exe: R` RIC Vii 45f, C 114 25) B11, O20, R02, T01 Exe: TXXI 26) B11, O20, R04, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 36f 27) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 75f, C 56 28) B11, O20, R24, T24 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 74f, C 58 29) B11, O20, R35, T33 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 82f, C 79 30) B11, O20, R41, T40 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 91f, C 106 31) B11, O20, R42, T40 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 46f, C 110 32) B12, O13, R42, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 124c, C 116 33) B12, O13, R43, T07 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 125c, C 117 34) B13, O13, R37, T34 Exe: ` RIC Vii 120a, C 93 35) Ba, O02, R10, T11 Exe: .X.I.I. RIC Vii 99, C 28

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s) 36) B10, O04, R07, T10 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 126k, C 16 37) B10, O05, R08, T03 Exe: XXI` RIC Vii 110k, C 23

Carus Busts

375 Carus Types

376

Carinus

Augustus 283-285

Carinus became Caesar along with his brother Numerian soon after their father, Carus, arrived to the throne. When war broke out with the Persians, Carus elevated both sons and all three held the same title. Carus took Numerian along with him to war and both perished leaving him as the sole surviving emperor. He was a hated emperor with sources citing unprovoked murders within the Senate and various sadistic practices. Soon a usurper arose,

Diocletian, whom he confronted in battle and just as he seemed to emerge victorious he was slain by one of his own soldiers who had an unrelated score to settle with him.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding scepter with eagle atop 2) Laureate bust left, wearing imperial mantle, holding scepter with eagle atop 3) Laureate head right 4) Laureate head right right over Numerian laureate, draped bust right 5) Laureate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 6) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 7) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 8) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 9) Laureate, draped bust right 10) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 11) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 12) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 13) Radiate, cuirassed bust right, holding spear 14) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 15) Radiate, draped bust left, holding spear 16) Radiate, draped bust right

Obverses: 1) CARINVS AVG 2) CARINVS CAES 3) CARINVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG 4) CARINVS N CAES 5) CARINVS NOBIL CAES 6) CARVS ET CARINVS AVG 7) IMP C CARINVS PF AVG 8) IMP C M AVR CARINVS AVG 9) IMP C M AVR CARINVS NOB C 10) IMP C M AVR CARINVS P AVG 11) IMP C M AVR CARINVS PF AVG 12) IMP C MAVR CARINVS NOB C 13) IMP CAESAR M AVR CARINVS 14) IMP CARINVS AVG 15) IMP CARINVS P AVG 16) IMP CARINVS PF AVG 17) IMP M AVR CARINVS AVG

18) IMP M AVR CARINVS NOB C 19) IMP M AVR CARINVS PF AVG 20) IMPP CARVS ET CARINVS AVGG 21) KARVS ET KARINVS AVGG 22) M AVR CARINVS 23) M AVR CARINVS C 24) M AVR CARINVS CAES 25) M AVR CARINVS N CAES 26) M AVR CARINVS NOB C 27) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAE 28) M AVR CARINVS NOB CAES 29) M AVR CARINVS NOBIL CAES 30) M AVR CARINVS PF NOB CAES 31) M AVR KARINVS NOB CAE 32) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG 33) NVMERIANVS AVG 34) VIRTVS CARINI NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVG 2) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 3) ADVENTVS AVG 4) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 5) AEQVITAS AVG 6) AEQVITAS AVGG 7) AETERNIT AVG 8) AETERNIT AVGG 9) AETERNITAS AVGG 10) CLEMENTIA TEMP 11) CONCORDIA AVG 12) FEDES MILITVM 13) FELICI PVBLICA 14) FELICIT PVBLICA 15) FELICITAS PVBLICA 16) FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE 17) FIDES MILIT 18) FIDES MILITVM 19) FORTVNA AVGG 20) FORTVNA RED 21) FORTVNA REDVX 22) GENIVS EXERC 23) GENIVS EXERCITI 24) IOVI CONSER

25) IOVI VICTORI 26) LAETITIA FVND 27) LIBERALITAS AVGG 28) MARS VICTOR 29) MARS VLTOR 30) MARTI VICTORI 31) MONETA AVGG 32) ORIENS AVG 33) ORIENS AVGG 34) PAX AETERNA 35) PAX AVGG 36) PAX AVGVSTI 37) PAX AVGVSTORVM 38) PAX EXERCITI 39) PIETA AVG 40) PIETAS AVG 41) PIETAS AVGG 42) PM TR I P COS PP 43) PRINCIPI IVVENT 44) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 45) PRINCIPI IVVENTVTI 46) PRINCIPIS IVVENTVTI 47) PROVIDE AVGG 48) PROVIDENT AVGG

49) PROVIDENTIA AVG 50) ROMAE AETERNAE 51) SAECVLI FELICITAS 52) SALVS AVGG 53) SPES AVG 54) SPES AVGG 55) VENERI VICTRICI 56) VICTOR CARO 57) VICTORIA AVG 58) VICTORIA AVGG 59) VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM 60) VICTORIA CAESARIS 61) VICTORIA GERMANICA 62) VICTORIAE AVGG 63) VIRTVS AVG 64) VIRTVS AVGG 65) VIRTVS AVGGG 66) VIRTVS AVGVSTOR 67) VIRTVTI AVG 68) VIRTVTI AVGG 69) VOTA PVBLICA 70) VICTORIAE AVGVSTT 71) SPES PVBLICA

In the dynasty that was to include his Dad Carus, brother Numerian, wife Magnia Urbica and son Nigrinian, Carinus is the most prominent member featured on coins. Among these, as usual, the vast majority will be the silvered Antoninianus which is long by now the workhorse of the economy. The Aureus is also struck and the predominantly militaristic themes on the reverses, paired with equally militaristic busts on the obverses, hints strongly at their intended duty: the soldier’s pay. The Ants themselves are scarcer than those of Aurelian and Probus but not much more expensive.

377 Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia. 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia. 3) Aeternitas standing left, holding phoenix on globe and raising skirt. 4) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together 5) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, holding Victory together who crowns them both. 6) Carinus and Carus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background. 7) Carinus riding horse left, raising hand and holding spear. 8) Carinus riding horse right over enemy 9) Carinus riding quadriga right, holding branch. 10) Carinus standing left, being crowned by Victory, reaching for two kneeling captives to left. 11) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear. 12) Carinus standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to left. 13) Carinus standing left, holding globe and standard 14) Carinus standing left on right, being crowned by Hercules, facing Carus to left, being crowned by Sol 15) Carinus standing left, holding scepter; two standards to right. 16) Carinus standing left, holding spear and globe. 17) Carinus standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side. 18) Carinus standing left, holding standard and scepter 19) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear 20) Carinus standing left, holding wand and spear; two standards to right. 21) Carinus standing right on left, receiving globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 22) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Carus to right, holding scepter 23) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory from Jupiter to right, holding scepter 24) Carinus standing right on left, receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 25) Carinus standing right, holding spear and globe 26) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia 27) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 28) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column, holding caduceus and scepter. 29) Fides standing left, holding standard in each hand. 30) Fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia. 31) Genius standing left, holding patera and cornucopia. 32) Hercules standing right, resting hand on club and holding bow with lion skin. 33) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and holding club with lion skin. 34) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter. 35) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left. 36) Laetitia standing left, holding wreath and rudder. 37) Liberalitas standing left, holding coin counter and cornucopia. 38) Mars advancing right, holding spear and shield 39) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 40) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 41) Monetae (3) standing, facing, each holding a scale and cornucopia; coins piled by feet. 42) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 43) Pax advancing left, holding branch and standard. 44) Sacrificial implements: simpulum, cruet, lituus, etc. (variously arranged) 45) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia. 46) Providentia standing left, holding globe and scepter 47) Providentia standing left, holding wand over globe and scepter 48) Roma seated left, holding wreath and scepter. 49) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 50) Salus standing right, holding and feeding snake. 51) Sol advancing left, holding branch and scepter. 52) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 53) Sol standing, facing, raising hand and holding globe. 54) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt. 55) Venus standing left, holding Cupid and apple 56) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm. 57) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm; seated captive to left. 58) Victory advancing right, holding trophy with both hands 59) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 60) Victory riding biga left, holding wreath and palm 61) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm. 62) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and trophy. 63) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm. 64) Virtus standing left, holding spear and resting hand on shield. 65) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 66) Virtus standing right, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium Mints: 1) Alexandria 2) Antioch 3) Cyzicus 4) Lugdunum

5) Roma 6) Siscia 7) Ticinum 8) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B02, O16, R57, T56 2) B04, O03, R58, T58 3) B06, O07, R58, T56 RIC Vii 312, C 133 4) B06, O12, R62, T59 Exe: SMA 5) B06, O16, R63, T33 RIC Vii 233, C 160 6) B06, O28, R57, T62 RIC Vii 190, C 139 7) B07, O28, R29, T38 RIC Vii 188, C 50

378 8) B07, O28, R50, T48 RIC Vii 189, C 114 9) B08, O30, R59, T22 RIC Vii 193, C 156 10) B09, O28, R60, T60 Exe: K RIC Vii 201

AE Medallion Reference(s) 11) B06, O11, R31, T41

AE Antoninianus 12) B11, O05, R44, T11 ( in left field RIC Vii 150, C 92 13) B11, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152, C 117 14) B11, O16, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 215 15) B12, O07, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 326f 16) B12, O09, R64, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 206f, C 177 17) B12, O11, R24, T21 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 314f, C 41 18) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 329f, C 184 19) B12, O11, R64, T21 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 325f 20) B12, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 315f, C 194 21) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: K©A` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 22) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 23) B12, O16, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 244f, C 10 24) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K¨A` 25) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: K©A` 26) B12, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA¨` 27) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 258f, C 45 28) B12, O16, R25, T35 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 257f, C 44 29) B12, O16, R26, T36 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 261f 30) B12, O16, R32, T52 Exe: K¨¿ RIC Vii 262f 31) B12, O16, R40, T40 Exe: K©`Δ RIC Vii 264f, C 72 32) B12, O28, R43, T19 Exe: * over `/XXI RIC Vii 197f, C 89 33) B12, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI` RIC Vii 198f, C 87 34) B14, O05, R51, T25 ( in right field RIC Vii 152c, C 115 35) B14, O08, R06, T02 Officina in right field RIC Vii 212c, C 8 36) B14, O08, R06, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 238c, C 8 37) B14, O08, R08, T02 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 247c, C 16 38) B14, O08, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 243c, C 11 39) B14, O08, R51, T25 D in right field RIC Vii 214c, C 120 40) B14, O08, R52, T50 D in right field RIC Vii 216 41) B14, O11, R17, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 251f, C 31 42) B14, O11, R23, T31 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 254c, C 39 43) B14, O11, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 271c, C 191 44) B14, O11, R69, T06 Exe: SMSXXI` 45) B14, O16, R14, T27 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 295c, C 24 46) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 253f, C 28 47) B14, O16, R18, T29 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 253f, C 28 48) B14, O16, R21, T30 Exe: `XXIT RIC Vii 298c, C 34 49) B14, O16, R23, T31 C 37 50) B14, O16, R44, T12 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 302c, C 99 51) B14, O16, R68, T32 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 272c, C 192 52) B14, O19, R10, T23 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 202c, C 19 53) B14, O24, R44, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 160c, C 102 54) B14, O26, R41, T44 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 156c, C 75 55) B14, O26, R44, T11 Exe: `KA RIC Vii 161c, C 91 56) B14, O26, R44, T13 Exe: `XXI RIC Vii 182c, C 98 57) B14, O26, R44, T18 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 177c, C 84 58) B14, O26, R45, T20 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 183c, C 107 59) B14, O28, R41, T44 Exe: `AK RIC Vii 155c, C 74 60) B14, O28, R43, T19 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 158c, C 83 61) B14, O28, R43, T20 Exe: */XXI` 62) B14, O28, R44, T19 Exe: R` RIC Vii 158c, C 83 63) B14, O28, R49, T46 Exe: VI/XXI 64) B16, O11, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 323a, C 21 65) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 248f, C 14 66) B16, O12, R08, T03 Exe: KA©` RIC Vii 248f, C 14 67) B16, O19, R10, T24 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 324a, C 20

AE Denarius 68) B06, O16, R58, T57 Exe: SMS

379

Carinus Busts

Carinus Types

380

Magnia Urbica

? - ?

Carinus Types (continued)

Wife of Carinus.

Busts:


Obverses:

1) MAGNIAE VRBICAE AVG 2) MAGNIA VRBICA AVG 3) MAGN VRBICA AVG 4) MAG VRBICA AVG 5) VRBICIA MAGNA AVG

Reverses:

1) CONCORDIA AVGG 2) IVNO REGINA 3) PVDICITIA AVG 4) SALVS PVBLICA 5) VENERI VICTRICI 6) VENVS CELEST 7) VENVS GENETRIX 8) VENVS VICTRIX

Types:

1) Concordia seated left, holding patera and cornucopia. 2) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter 3) Juno standing left, holding patera and scepter; peacock to left. 4) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar. 5) Venus standing left, holding apple and scepter

The coins of Magnia Urbica are fairly difficult to obtain. On very rare occasions low grade Antoniniani may be found among common “uncleaned” Roman bronzes as offered on the Internet but given the infrequency one is better off arranging with a dealer to locate one. Prices are generally in the low- to mid-hundreds depending on quality.

Aurei have shown up with relative frequency among the more exclusive auction houses. For these, prices begin at about $10,000.

381 6) Venus standing left, holding helmet and cradling scepter; shield to right. 7) Venus standing left, holding helmet and holding scepter; shield to left. 8) Venus standing right, pulling dress off shoulder and holding scepter

Mints:

1) Lugdunum 2) Roma 3) Siscia 4) Ticinum

AU Aureus Reference(s)

1) B1, O2, R7, T5 RIC Vii 336, C 10 2) B1, O2, R5, T8 RIC Vii 340, C 8 3) B1, O1, R1, T1 RIC Vii 348, C 1

AE Antoninianus

4) B2, O3, R7, T5 D in left field RIC Vii 337, C 11 5) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 6) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA© ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 7) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K©A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 8) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: K¨A ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 9) B2, O3, R8, T7 Exe: KA¨ ¿ RIC Vii 343, C 17 10) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: T/SXXI RIC Vii 347, C 15 11) B2, O2, R8, T6 Exe: SXXIT RIC Vii 347, C 15 12) B2, O1, R4, T4 Exe: A/SMSXXI RIC Vii 349, C 7

Magnia Urbica Busts

Magnia Urbica Types

382

Nigrinian

? - ?

Son of Carinus.

Busts:

1) Radiate bust right 2) Radiate head right

Obverse:

1) DIVO NIGRINIANO

Reverse:

1) CONSECRATIO

Types:

1) Altar 2) Eagle standing, facing

Mint:

1) Roma

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) Reference(s)

1) B1, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2 2) B2, O1, R1, T1 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 474, C 3 3) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 472, C 2 4) B2, O1, R1, T2 Exe: KA© RIC Vii 472, C 2

Nigrinian Busts

Nigrinian Types

These posthumous issues struck by Carinus in memory of his son are pretty rare. They seem to sell in the neighborhood of $1,000 in decent condition but even a marginal one will not cost considerably less. Due to the rarity, one can speculate that Carinus ordered the minting of these coins not long before he was defeated in battle.

383

Numerian

Augustus 283-284

Son of Carus and brother of Carinus, Numerian's brief stint as emperor started when he along with his father set out for war against the Sassanians in Persia (Iran). Under mysterious circumstances Carus was incinerated in his tent just prior to the military encounter of the two armies. The official explanation was that the tent had been stricken by lightning but this has been interpreted as much too convenient. As the

battle was called off and the army was returning Numerian, too, was found dead in his quarters. This time a hasty investigation was started and the Praetorian Prefect, a certain Aper, was killed on the spot by Diocletian. He then proclaimed himself emperor and renouncing Carinus. With the suspicious death of Numerian the report of Carus's death made for a more compelling story that the Prefect had had a hand in their deaths. It is likely that Diocletian had engineered a sophisticated conspiracy using Aper as the central pawn and then scapegoat.

Busts: 1) Helmeted, laureate, cuirassed bust right holding spear and shield 2) Helmeted, radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear and shield 3) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 4) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 5) Laureate, draped bust right 6) Radiate, cuirassed bust left 7) Radiate, cuirassed bust left, holding spear over shoulder and shield 8) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 9) Radiate, cuirassed bust right with spear 10) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right 11) Radiate, draped bust right 12) Radiate head right

Obverses: 1) DIVO NVMERIANO 2) DIVO NVMERIANO AVG 3) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS AVG 4) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C 5) IMP C M AVR NVMERIANVS PF AVG 6) IMP C NVMERIANVS AVG 7) IMP C NVMERIANVS PF AVG 8) IMP NVMERIANVS AVG 9) IMP NVMERIANVS PF AVG 10) M AVR NVMERIANVS C 11) M AVR NVMERIANVS CAES 12) M AVR NVMERIANVS NOB C 13) NVMAERIANVS NOB CAES 14) NVMERIANVS NOB CAES

Reverses: 1) ABVNDANTIA AVGG 2) ADVENTVS AVGG NN 3) AEQVITAS AVGG 4) CLEMENTIA TEMP 5) CONSECRATIO 6) CONSERVAT AVGGG 7) CONSERVATOR AVGGG 8) FELICITAS AVGG 9) FIDES EXERCIT AVGG 10) IOVI VICTORI 11) MARS VICTOR 12) MARTI PACIFERO 13) ORIENS AVGG 14) PACATOR ORBIS

15) PAX AVG 16) PAX AVGG 17) PIETAS AVG 18) PIETAS AVGG 19) PM TR P COS PP 20) PRINCIPI IVVENT 21) PRINCIPI IVVENTVT 22) PROVIDENT AVGG 23) PROVIDENTIA AVGG 24) ROMAE AETERN 25) ROMAE AETERNAE 26) SALVS AVGG 27) SECVRIT AVG 28) SPES AVGG

29) SPES PVBLICA 30) VENERI VICTRI 31) VENERI VICTRICI 32) VICTORIA AVGG 33) VICTORIA CAESARIS 34) VICTORIAE AVGG 35) VICTORIAE AVGG 36) VIRTVS AVGG 37) VIRTVS AVGGG 38) VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM 39) VNDIQVE VICTORES 40) VOTA PVBLICA

Types: 1) Abundantia standing left, pouring out cornucopia 2) Aequitas standing left, holding scale and cornucopia 3) Altar 4) Eagle standing, facing 5) Felicitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, holding caduceus. 6) Fides seated left, holding patera; two standards to left and one to right 7) Hercules standing right, resting hand on hip and leaning on club with lion skin on rock 8) Jupiter standing left, holding Victory and scepter; eagle to left 9) Mars advancing left, holding branch and spear 10) Mars advancing right, holding spear and trophy 11) Mercury standing left, holding purse and caduceus 12) Numerian and Carinus riding horse right, hands raised.

Numerian’s Antoniniani are not very rare despite the short stay at the top. Condition more than anything will determine the going rate for the coins with fully-silvered pieces costing upwards of $100 each. There are a few other denominations, including the Aureus, but are all very rare and expensive.

384 13) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, sacrificing over altar; two standards in background 14) Numerian and Carinus standing, facing each other, together holding Victory on globe who crowns both. 15) Numerian standing left, being crowned by Victory to right; one standing and one kneeling captive to left 16) Numerian standing left, holding branch and scepter 17) Numerian standing left, holding globe and scepter 18) Numerian standing left, holding globe and spear; seated captive to either side. 19) Numerian standing left, holding spear; two standards on either side. 20) Numerian standing left, holding standard and spear; two standards to right 21) Numerian standing left, holding wand and globe 22) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter 23) Numerian standing left, holding wand and scepter; two standards to right 24) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving globe from Carus to right, holding scepter. 25) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Carus to right, holding scepter. 26) Numerian standing right on left, holding scepter and receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter to right, holding scepter. 27) Numerian standing right, spearing enemy 28) Pax advancing left, holding branch and scepter 29) Pax standing left, holding branch and scepter 30) Pietas standing left, holding purse and caduceus 31) Pietas standing right, raising hands over altar 32) Providentia standing left, holding grain ears over modius and cornucopia 33) Roma seated left on shield, holding patera and spear 34) Roma seated left on shield, holding Victory and scepter 35) Salus seated left, feeding snake on altar 36) Securitas standing left, leaning on column and with legs crossed, touching head. 37) Sol advancing left, raising hand and holding whip 38) Sol radiate, draped bust right 39) Sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe 40) Sol standing right, raising hand and holding globe 41) Spes advancing left, holding flower and raising skirt 42) Venus standing left, holding apple and raising skirt 43) Venus standing left, holding Victory and apple. 44) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm 45) Victory advancing right, holding wreath and palm 46) Victory riding chariot left 47) Victory standing left on globe, holding wreath and palm; two captives on either side. 48) Victory standing right on globe, holding wreath and palm 49) Virtus riding horse right, spearing enemy 50) Virtus riding horse right, spearing two enemies 51) Virtus standing left, holding Victory on globe and spear. 52) Virtus standing left, resting hand on shield and holding spear. 53) Virtus standing, facing, stepping on helmet, holding spear and parazonium.

Mints: 1) Antioch 2) Cyzicus 3) Lugdunum 4) Roma

5) Siscia 6) Ticinum 7) Tripolis

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B03, O03, R13, T40 RIC Vii 381 2) B03, O08, R32, T48 3) B04, O04, R06, T39 Exe: SMA RIC Vii 373 4) B04, O08, R30, T43 RIC Vii 405, C 93 5) B04, O08, R36, T07 RIC Vii 408

AE Antoninianus 6) B07, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394 7) B07, O08, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 395, C 49 8) B08, O06, R11, T10 C in right field RIC Vii 388f, C 22 9) B08, O06, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 394 10) B08, O06, R18, T31 Exe: C/LVG RIC Vii 396 11) B08, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460f, C 15 12) B08, O07, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 414f, C 60 13) B08, O08, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 410f, C 16 14) B08, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423f 15) B08, O09, R10, T08 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 409f, C 17 16) B08, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447f, C 81 17) B08, O10, R36, T24 Exe: * over TR/XXI RIC Vii 380f, C 111 18) B10, O03, R16, T29 B in right field RIC Vii 393c 19) B10, O07, R04, T26 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 463c, C 8 20) B10, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460c, C 15 21) B10, O07, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 467c, C 110 22) B10, O07, R40, T13 Exe: SMSXXI` RIC Vii 461a, C 122 23) B10, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 195 24) B10, O08, R18, T11 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 416f 25) B10, O08, R39, T18 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 423c 26) B10, O09, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 444c, C 79 27) B10, O10, R18, T11 Exe: KA` 28) B10, O10, R20, T17 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 360c, C 66 29) B10, O10, R20, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 362c, C 77 30) B10, O10, R21, T22 Exe: VIXXI RIC Vii 366c, C 69

385 31) B10, O12, R13, T38 C 40 32) B10, O12, R21, T22 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 361c, C 76 33) B11, O03, R16, T29 B in left field RIC Vii 393a 34) B11, O07, R09, T06 Exe: `/SMSXXI RIC Vii 460a, C 15 35) B11, O08, R13, T37 Exe: KA` RIC Vii 412a, C 37 36) B11, O09, R22, T32 Exe: VXXI RIC Vii 447a, C 81 37) B11, O10, R36, T25 Exe: `/XXI RIC Vii 377a, C 104

AE Antoninianus (Posthumous) 38) B12, O01, R05, T04 Exe: KA¨` RIC Vii 424, C 10

AE Quinarius 39) B04, O08, R16, T28 Exe: ` RIC Vii 435, C 53

Numerian Busts

386

Numerian Types

387

Julian I

Augustus c.284-285

Often referred to as "Julian of Pannonia", Julian is one of the lesser-known usurpers. He was elevated as emperor by his own troops during the reign of Carinus and the two met in battle with the latter emerging victorius and the former killed.

Busts: 1) Laureate, cuirassed bust right 2) Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right 3) Laureate, draped bust right 4) Radiate, cuirassed bust right 5) Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right

Obverses: 1) IMP C IVLIANVS PF AVG 2) IMP C M AVR IVLIANVS PF AVG

Reverses: 1) FELICITAS TEMPORVM 2) IOVI CONSERVAT 3) LIBERTAS PVBLICA 4) PANNONIAE AVG 5) VICTORIA AVG

Types: 1) Felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and scepter 2) Jupiter standing right, holding thunderbolt and scepter 3) Libertas standing left, holding pileus and cornucopia. 4) Pannoniae (2) standing left, raising hand 5) Victory advancing left, holding wreath and palm.

Mint: 1) Siscia

AU Aureus Reference(s) 1) B2, O1, R3, T3 * in right field RIC Vii 1, C 3

AE Antoninianus 2) B5, O2, R1, T1 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 2, C 1 3) B5, O2, R4, T4 Exe: S/XXI RIC Vii 4, C 6 4) B5, O2, R5, T5 Exe: S/`/XXI RIC Vii 5, C 7

Julian I Busts Julian I Types

Rare but not hopelessly so, the coins of this usurper are offered for sale several times a year from major auction firms and a few regular ancient coin dealers as well. They come in two flavors, the gold Aureus which is hopelessly rare and expensive and the Antoninianus which sells in the $500-$1,000 range.

ERIC Section6 Valerian I - Julian I

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Transcript of ERIC Section6 Valerian I - Julian I