ERASMUS and the windmills of Bologna: how to increase ......ERASMUS and the Windmills of Bologna:...

20th Annual EAIE Conference Antwerp, Belgium 10-13 Sept. 2008

ERASMUS and the windmills of Bologna: how to increase studentmobility?Italian trends and the case of Sapienza Università di Roma

Prof. Elke Koch-WeserErasmus Institutional Coordinator

RIPARTIZIONE IV STUDENTISETTORE PROGRAMMI INTERNAZIONALI

Sapienza Università di Roma Settore Programmi Internazionali, Rip. IV

Pagina 2

Overview of the presentation

Early implementation in Italy of Bologna Process recommendations

ERASMUS student outgoing and incoming mobility trends regarding Italy

An analysis of ERASMUS student mobility patterns at Sapienza Università di Roma

Some reasons why it appears difficult to achieve the benchmark set for 2012

How to increase ERASMUS student mobility for study and placement?


Pagina 3

Early Implementation in Italy of Bologna Process Recommendations

1999 Following Bologna Process recommendations, an Italian university reform (D.M. 509/1999) soon reduced to 3 academic years the length of most undergraduate laurea programmes and introduced2 year programmes open to students holding an undergraduate laurea degree.

2004 Additional dispositions (D.M. 270/2004) were aimed at providing different options regarding: a) the definition of individualized educational plans, b) the transition from the undergraduate to the graduate level, and c) a more efficient design and organisation of courses.


Pagina 4

ERASMUS Mobility in Italy, 1987/88 - 2006/07Outgoing Students

-

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

20.000

87/88

88/89

89/90

90/91

91/92

92/93

93/94

94/95

95/96

96/97

97/98

98/99

99/00

00/01

01/02

02/03

03/04

04/05

05/06

06/07

Num

ber o

f stu

dent

s

Socrates Programme: Second phase (Erasmus: Second Action of Socrates: Higher Education)

Socrates Programme (Erasmus: First Action of Socrates: Higher Education)

European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (Erasmus)


Pagina 5

ERASMUS Mobility in Italy, 2000/01 - 2006/07Incoming Students

-2.0004.0006.0008.000

10.00012.00014.00016.000

00/01

01/02

02/03

03/04

04/05

05/06

06/07

Nu

mb

er

of

stu

den

ts


Pagina 6

Outgoing and Incoming Student Mobility at Sapienza, 1997/98 - 2007/08

101610422007-2008Data updated to August 08

9139422006-2007

2005-2006

2004-20052003-2004

2002-2003

2001-2002

2000-20011999-20001998-19991997-1998

Academic Years

819

937946

744

715

625671561511

Outgoing Students

889

857829

682

631

575548500409

Incoming Students


Pagina 7

Incoming and Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 1997/98 - 2007/08(Growth rates)

1,00 1,10 1,22 1,40 1,461,83 1,84 2,042,10 2,17 2,23

2,48

1,60

1,31

1,851,34

2,03

1,41 1,54 1,671,22

1,00

0,00

0,501,00

1,50

2,002,50

3,00

97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08

Outgoing Students Incoming Students


Pagina 8

Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 1997/98 - 2007/08by Gender

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08updated

to Aug. 08

Nu

mb

er o

f stu

den

ts

M F


Pagina 9

Incoming Student Mobility at Sapienza, 1997/98 - 2007/08by Gender

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08updatedto Aug.

08

Num

ber

of s

tude

nts

M F


Pagina 10

Outgoing Student Mobility in Italy and at Sapienza, 2001/06 - 2006/07by Major Host Country

Sedi con 1000-100 studenti: 23,77%

0,005,00

10,0015,0020,0025,0030,0035,0040,00

Italy Sapienza

ES FR DE UK

%


Pagina 11

Outgoing and Incoming Student Mobility at Sapienza, 1997/98 - 2007/08by Home and Host Country

0 ,05,0

10 ,015,0

20 ,025,030 ,035,0

ES FR D E U K P T B E Ot h e r s

%

Ou t g o i n g s t u d e n t s ( To t . 6 14 7 ) In c o m i n g s t u d e n t s ( To t . 5 8 17 )


Pagina 12

Outgoing and Incoming Student Mobility at Sapienza, 2001/02 - 2006/07by Subject Area

24,1

18,8

14,9

11,49,8 9,2 8,5

13,7

16,6

13,7

8,0 8,06,9

10,9

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

Social Sciences Architecture Language andPhilological

Sciences

Law Humanities Engineering andTechnology

Economics andBusiness

Management

%

Outgoing students (tot. 5103) Incoming Students (tot. 4801)


Pagina 13

Outgoing and Incoming Student Mobility, 2001/02 - 2006/07by Subject Area

6,5

4,6 4,9 4,7

3,6

1,8

0,0 0,0

3,54,0

5,0

3,4 3,3

1,71,3

0,10,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

Mathem,Inform.

Art & Design Comm. & Inf.Scie.

MedicalSciences

NaturalSciences

Geography Others Areas Educ., Teach.Trai.

%

Outgoing students (tot. 5103) Incoming students (tot. 4801)


Pagina 14

Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 2002/03 – 2006/07by Level of Study

7445566114682002-2003

94647321902812003-2004

492

495

526

First Level

93724451622004-2005

8

3

ThirdLevel

442

321

SecondLevel

Total Students

Pre-Bologna Students

AcademicYears

-

-

9422006-2007

2005-2006 819


Pagina 15

Outgoing Student Mobility in Italy and at Sapienza, 2005/06by Level of Study

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

First Level Second Level Third Level

%

IT Sapienza


Pagina 16

Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 2005/06 - 2006/07by Level of Study

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

First Level Second Level Third Level

%

2005/06 (Tot. 819) 2006/07 (Tot. 942)


Pagina 17

Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 2005/06by Subject Area and Level of Study

0

50

100

150So

c. S

c.

Arch

.La

ng. &

Philo

l.H

uman

ities

Law

Eng.

&Te

chn.

Econ

. &M

an.

Mat

. &In

form

.C

omm

. &In

f.M

ed. S

c.

Nat

. Sc.

Geo

g. &

Geo

l.Ar

t. &

Des

ign

Firs t Leve l Seco nd Leve l Third Leve l


Pagina 18

Outgoing Student Mobility at Sapienza, 2006/07by Subject Area and Level of Study

0

50

100

150S

oc. S

c.

Arc

h.La

ng. &

Phi

lol.

Law

Eng

. &T

echn

.H

uman

ities

Med

. Sc.

Eco

n &

Man

.C

omm

. &In

f.M

at. &

Info

rm.

Art

&D

esig

nN

at. S

c.G

eog.

&G

eol.

Firs t Level Seco nd Level Third Level


Pagina 19

Lifelong Learning Programme: Erasmus Student Placement, 2007/08

- Launching at Sapienza of the LLP Placement Programme in 2007.

- Cooperation with Enterprises or other Training Organisations in other European countries based on acceptance by Partners of the QualityCommitment Statement (definition of training tasks, tutoring, monitoring, follow-up cooperation, etc.).

- Student selection by a Call based on clearly defined and transparentcriteria (curriculum of study, language competence, training expectations).

- Pilot year achievements: 33 cooperation agreements vis-à-vis 22 grantsawarded for training placement (total number of months: 92).


Pagina 20

Some reasons why it appears difficult to achieve the benchmark set for 2012

• Insufficient fit of courses and of destinations foreseen by ERASMUS Partnership Agreements signed by teachers with respect to student requirements and/or aspirations

• Not infrequently, persisting perplexities among teachers concerningthe conventional rules of Credit transfer and the translation of Grades

• Growing costs of going abroad together with decreasing financial support available to ERASMUS students, including that of families

• Uncertain and usually delayed pay-off in terms of professional career development (cfr. Almalaurea Report 2007 - www.almalaurea.it)


Pagina 21

How to increase ERASMUS student mobility for study and placement?

Actions at the macro-institutional level:Next to university policy statements there often is an attention deficit regarding the carefull design of effective and of efficient multi-level implementation strategies favoring ERASMUS mobility.

Actions at the meso-institutional level:In particular, there is need for a stronger collegial involvement at the Faculty level: a) concerning the optimisation of international collaboration by considering coverage & opportunities of excellence; and b) practicing well founded guarantees for a methodically correct recognition of the results of ERASMUS studies abroad.

Actions at the individual or micro level:Much more institutional recognition should be extended and more visibility given to top individual ERASMUS student achievements.

ERASMUS and the Windmills of Bologna: How to Increase Student Mobility?

Sanna M. HeikkinenInternational RelationsUniversity of Oulu, Finland EAIE September 12, 2008

ERASMUS and the Windmills of Bologna: Focus areas of this presentation:

Implementation of Bologna Process in Finland

Trends in student outgoing mobility in Finland and the University of Oulu

Trends in ERASMUS student outgoing mobility in Finland and the University of Oulu

Influence of Bologna on student mobility

An example: how to increase mobility at the University of Oulu

Sanna M. Heikkinen [email protected]

20th Annual EAIE Conference Antwerp

Implementation of Bologna Processin Finland

Transition period ended August 1, 2008

New BA/MA degree system adopted August 1, 2005

Most challenging period2006-2008

In the fields of technology and medicine the transition period lasts until 2010. During this period there will be 2 parallel degree systems for students: ”pre-2005” and ”post-2005”

New, prevailing model in Finland 3+2 years( Limitation of the study right from eternal study right to 5+2+2 years for Master’s degree)

Effects on student mobility too early to evaluateMA has a strong status in Finland



Trends in student outgoing mobility in Finland 1/2

Finland 2007 (2006, 2005)- for the first time, incoming students outnumbered outgoing students- 8232 (8610, 8487) outgoing students - 8415 (8191, 7697) incoming students

Since 2000, the number of - outgoing students has grown 20%- incoming students has grown 75%University students: 23% go on exchange- University of Oulu: 16%- Variation: University of Kuopio 13,5%, Helsinki School of Economics 52%

Sources: Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2005. Cimo Publications 1, 2006.Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2006. Cimo Publications 2, 2007.Siru Korkala: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2007. Cimo Publications 1, 2008.



Trends in student outgoing mobility in Finland 2/2

Sources:

Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2005. Cimo Publications 1, 2006.Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2006. Cimo Publications 2, 2007.Siru Korkala: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2007. Cimo Publications 1, 2008.



66% of outgoing students are female - (incoming 54%) 69% to and 86% from Europe

Most TO Germany, UK, Spain, Sweden- Erasmus 43%, bilateral 23%, free mover 13%, Nordplus 7%

Most FROM Germany, France, Spain, Poland-Erasmus 77%, bilateral 11%, free mover 3%

University of Oulu



Founded 1958Students 17,179 Admissions 1,714Staff 3,059

professors 238Awarded Degrees in 2007 1,864

first degrees 1,598doctorates 130others (licenciates, specialisations of MDs) 136

Helsinki

University of OULU

Rovaniemi

Vaasa

Turku

TampereLappeenranta

Kuopio

JyväskyläJoensuu

Helsinki

Trends in student outgoing mobility at the University of Oulu

Although international cooperation and mobility is emphasised in the internationalisation strategy at the University of Oulu, attitudes practices change slowly

Universities’ funding based mostly on number of completed degrees and partly on annual intake

no additional government funding available on the basis of increasing mobility

Will the new Internationalisation Strategy for Finnish HigherEducation Institutions (2008) and new university law in Finland(2010) bring changes?



Trends in student outgoing mobility at the University of Oulu

22

70

140

199

269

445 442

112

163

220244

273

313

273

235

345

363

248244

178171

277 283 296282

297281

314

0

100

200

300

400

500

1992 1993 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Incoming Outgoing

Target 2009: 460(Ministry of Education)



Trends in student outgoing/incoming mobility at the University of Oulu (2007)



6

6

6

6

7

8

8

10

11

13

14

14

2 1

2 4

2 4

2 4

2 6

50

55

59

0 20 40 60 80

Hungary

Lithuania

Canad a

Aus tralia

UK

Po rtug al

Mexico

Slo vakia

Belg ium

Russ ia

Turkey

Aus tria

So uth Korea

USA

Czech Rep .

Po land

Italy

Spain

France

Germany

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

9

10

13

14

17

2 0

2 9

2 9

2 9

0 10 20 30 40

Namibia

Mexico

Ho ng Ko ng

Netherlands

Hungary

J apan

Denmark

Singapo re

Ita ly

Canada

Aus tra lia

France

Aus tria

Spa in

UK

USA

Sweden

Germany

Trends in student outgoing mobility at the University of Oulu by Faculty



7871

61

43 43

18

70

95

4738

51

12

70 71

51

3325 22

0102030405060708090

100

Tech

nolo

gy

Hum

aniti

es

Scie

nce

Econ

omics

Educ

atio

n

Med

icine

Outgoing 2005 Outgoing 2006 Outgoing 2007

Trends in student outgoing mobility at the University of Oulu by Faculty

78

7071

9 5

6 1

51

4 3

3 3

4 3

2 5

18

12

2 2

7071

4 73 8

51

01020304050

60708090

100

2005

2006

2007

Technology Humanities Science EconomicsEducation Medicine



Trends in ERASMUS student outgoing mobility in Finland and at the University of Oulu

Finland 2007 (2006, 2005)- 3932 (3851, 3773) outgoing students- 5540 (5940, 6235) incoming students

Oulu 2007 (2006, 2005)- 151 (176, 162) outgoing students - 311 (307, 253) incoming students

Sources: International Relations, University of Oulu.Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2005. Cimo Publications 1, 2006.Irma Garam: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2006. Cimo Publications 2, 2007.Siru Korkala: Kansainvälinen liikkuvuus yliopistoissa ja ammattikorkeakouluissa 2007. Cimo Publications 1, 2008.



An example: background to the challenges in the field of technology

In most fields in the old Finnish system MA was worth 160credits (320ECTS) In the old system MA in technology was worth 180credits (360ECTS)In the new system both are 300ECTS

Pressure on graduation and fitting an exchange period in the studies

In many departments it is recommended that exchange period take place during second cycle

Students might lose interest in going abroad towards graduation




Department of Process and Environmental Engineering

International Relations funds a

trainee (2 months)

Mapping:Erasmus

partnerships

Re-evaluating existing,

(imbalanced) agreements,

contacting new desired partners

Next step:Curriculum development

International Relations funds a trainee: further

development of the quality of

partnerships

Curriculum and study programme

development together with

partners Increased recognition of studies,

shorter study time, focus on qualityfocus on quality




Department of EnglishFaculty of Medicine Faculty of Humanities

Summer traineeships and

courses abroad summer is not an active study period

in Finland

Internet-based learning

environments/communities to

complete courses and thesis while

abroad

Structural flexibility in curriculum better recognition

e.g.Package of optional courses can

be done abroad

Bigger stipends for placements Campaign for third cycle students



Key to successful internationalisation and partnership management:

administrative and departmental staff’s personal commitment and cooperation

No system or structure prevents from going abroad, nor does a system in itself encourage mobility.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION



20th Annual EAIE Conference 1

ERASMUS and the windmills of

Bologna

How to increase student mobility?!

Antwerpen 12 September 2008Johan Geentjens

Source of graphs on all slides: DG EAC


ERASMUS and the windmills of Bologna

Erasmus student mobility 1987/88-2006/07

3.244

159.324

0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

Num

ber

of s

tude

nts

Total number 3.244 9.914 19.456 27.906 36.314 51.694 62.362 73.407 84.642 79.874 85.999 97.601 107.652 111.082 115.429 123.957 135.586 144.032 154.421 159.324

1987/88 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07



Erasmus student mobility 2000/01-2006/07 and budget: Annual increase/decrease

-10,0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

100,0

%

Number of students

Budget

Number of students 3,2 3,9 7,4 9,4 6,2 7,2 3,2

Budget 4,9 3,9 4,9 16,9 17,8 19,6 22,2

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07



Outgoing Erasmus students from EUR31: 2000/01-2006/07

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

20.000

22.000

24.000

BE BG CZ DK DE EE GR ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS LI NO TR

Num

ber o

f stu

dent

s

2000/012001/022002/032003/042004/052005/062006/07

2000/01 4.427 398 2.001 1.750 15.872 255 1.868 17.158 17.161 1.648 13.253 182 624 126 2.001 92 4.162 3.024 3.691 2.569 1.899 227 505 3.286 2.726 9.020 134 18 1.007

2001/02 4.521 605 2.533 1.752 16.626 274 1.974 17.403 18.149 1.707 13.950 72 209 823 104 1.736 129 4.244 3.024 4.323 2.825 1.964 364 578 3.291 2.633 8.475 147 17 970

2002/03 4.620 612 3.002 1.845 18.482 304 2.115 18.258 19.365 1.627 15.225 91 232 1.002 119 1.830 72 4.241 3.325 5.419 3.172 2.701 422 653 3.402 2.656 7.973 163 7 1.010

2003/04 4.789 751 3.589 1.686 20.688 305 2.385 20.034 20.981 1.705 16.829 64 308 1.194 138 2.058 119 4.388 3.721 6.276 3.782 3.005 546 682 3.951 2.667 7.539 221 19 1.156

2004/05 4.833 779 4.178 1.793 22.427 444 2.491 20.819 21.561 1.572 16.440 93 607 1.473 116 2.316 130 4.743 3.809 8.390 3.845 2.962 742 979 3.932 2.698 7.214 199 26 1.279 1.142

2005/06 4.971 882 4.725 1.682 23.848 511 2.714 22.891 22.501 1.567 16.389 133 681 1.910 146 2.658 149 4.491 3.971 9.974 4.312 3.261 879 1.165 3.851 2.530 7.131 194 30 1.412 2.852

2006/07 5.119 938 5.079 1.587 23.884 572 2.465 22.322 22.981 1.524 17.195 129 807 2.082 170 3.028 125 4.502 4.032 11.219 4.424 3.350 972 1.346 3.773 2.532 7.235 189 44 1.257 4.438




Erasmus students as proportion of the student population: EUR31

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

% in 2006/07

Average in 2006/07

% in 2006/07 1,3 0,4 1,5 0,7 1,0 0,8 0,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6 1,0 6,3 0,7 1,4 0,8 1,6 0,5 1,2 0,4 0,8 0,7 1,2 0,6 0,3 1,2 6,9 0,6 0,2

Average in 2006/07 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8




Erasmus students as proportion of the graduates: EUR31

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

% in 2006/07

Average in 2006/07

% in 2006/07 6,4 2,0 8,6 3,2 6,9 4,9 4,1 7,7 3,9 2,6 5,8 3,5 3,1 5,0 4,1 4,6 4,2 12,2 2,2 6,3 2,1 6,2 3,7 9,8 4,4 1,1 6,5 33,3 3,9 1,6

Average in 2006/07 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,0




Outgoing-Incoming Erasmus students EUR31: 2006/07

0

2.500

5.000

7.500

10.000

12.500

15.000

17.500

20.000

22.500

25.000

27.500N

umbe

r of s

tude

nts

Outgoing students

Incoming students

Outgoing students 5.119 938 5.079 1.587 23.884 572 2.465 22.322 22.981 1.524 17.195 129 807 2.082 170 3.028 125 4.502 4.032 11.219 4.424 3.350 972 1.346 3.773 2.532 7.235 189 44 1.257 4.438

Incoming students 5.308 296 3.059 4.545 17.878 489 1.841 27.464 20.673 4.012 14.779 211 373 808 24 1.708 331 6.914 3.776 3.730 4.787 792 752 655 5.998 7.359 16.508 327 31 2.575 1.321


ERASMUS and the windmills of Bologna Mobility under the Bachelor/Master architecture:

the German experience

Dr. Siegbert Wuttig, DAADEAIE, 12 September 2008

• BA/MA implementation and ERASMUS student mobilityin Germany

• Political objectives of international student mobility

• International student mobility in German BA/MA programmes: facts and figures

• Bologna – a „mobility blocker“? Increasing studentmobility under Bologna: solutions and recommendations

National Agency for EU Higher Education Cooperation

Topics of my presentation

2


BA/MA in Germany: SS 2008BA/MA in Germany: SS 2008Total number of German study programmes: 11,369

BA programmes: 4,541

With accreditation: 1,723 (= 56.2%)

With accreditation: 1,992 (= 43.9%)

Stand: June 2008

Total BA/MA: 7,606 (= 66.9%)

Total accreditation: 3,715 (= 48.8%)3

MA programmes: 3,065


BA/MA in Germany: SS 2008BA/MA in Germany: SS 2008

Total BA/MA programmes: 7,606 (= 66.9%)

BA programmes: 4,541

MA programmes: 3,432

6 semesters: 76%

7 semesters: 19%

8 semesters: 4%

4 semesters: 72%

3 semesters: 18%

2 semesters: 7%

Prevailing model in DE: 3 + 2 years4Stand: June 2008


Students in German BA/MA programmes: WS 2007/8

Students in German BA/MA programmes: WS 2007/8

Total number of BA/MA students : 385,467 (= 19.5%)

BA students: 329,808

MA students: 55,659

BA/MA beginners: 130,854 (= 44.4%)

BA beginners: 124,631 (= 42.3%)

MA beginners: 6,223 (= 2.1%)

5Stand: June 2008


ERASMUS Student Mobility 1987/88 – 2006/7

6Stand: 25 August 2008

2006/7: 24,000 German ERASMUS Students

2006/7: 24,000 German ERASMUS Students

1987/88: 660 German ERASMUS Students

1987/88: 660 German ERASMUS Students

1987/88: 3,250 European ERASMUS Students




0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07

DE

ES

FR

UK

IT

PL

ERASMUS outgoing students 2000-2007: selected countries (1)


500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

3.500

4.000

4.500

5.000

2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07

NL

FI

SE

DK

NO

ERASMUS outgoing students 2000-2007: selected countries (2)



Student mobility in ERASMUS: Quantitative trends

Annual increase

2003/4: 9.2%

2004/5: 6.3%

2005/6: 5.2%

2006/7: 3.4%

Target: 11%

Countries with increase: 2006/7

0-2%: DE, DK, LI, NL,SE, UK

2-5%: BE, FR, IT, RO

5-10%: AT, BG, CZ, LT

>10%: EE, HU, LU, LV,PL, PT, SL, SK, TR

Countries with decrease: 2006/7

0,1–5%: CY, ES, FI, GR,IE, IS

> 5%: MT, NO

Increase/Decrease



Political objectives of international student mobilityPolitical objectives of international student mobility

National Policies

EU Policies

Bologna Process

LLP/ERASMUS *Increasing mobility:

3 million goal, i.e. 290,000 p.a. in 2012

*More joint programmes*Improving recognition

High Level Expert Group*450,000 p.a. in 2012 *900,000 p.a. in 2015

*1,400,000 p.a. in 2020

London CommuniquéIncreasing mobility

by removing obstacles

by increasing the numberof joint programmes

by the creation of flexible curricula

by improving recognition

National objectives

DE: increasing mobilityrate for outgoings: 50% (20% study abroad)

DE: increasing mobilityrate for incomings: 10%


ERASMUS Student Mobility 1987/88 – 2012/13: The German Picture

1987 2006 2007 2013

1. Spain2. France3. United Kingdom4. Sweden5. Italy6. Finland7. Ireland8. Netherlands9. Poland10. Norway

1,7 million EU students

1,3 million

24.000

28.000

41.000

657

Top 10 Host Countries of German Students



International student mobility in German BA/MA programmes: facts and figures

ERASMUS statistics

2006/7

HIS/DAAD survey

2007

HIS/HRK survey

2007

Mobility rate DE

Magister Uni: 34% State exams Uni: 23% Diplom Uni: 24% Diplom FH: 21% BA Uni: 15% BA FH: 9% (Master U/FH: 30%)

Mobility rate DE

Traditional degrees: 24%

BA: 12%

(MA: 34%)

BA/MA in ERASMUS DE

Traditional degrees: 84%BA: 13% (BA Total DE: 16.7%)

MA: 3%

(MA Total DE: 2.8%)

Lower mobility rate in BA programmes Low BA/MA participationin ERASMUS DE



Key features of student mobility

in DE BA/MA programmes

DAAD 2008

When study abroad? in BA: 5th semesterin MA: 3rd semester

Types of mobility? study period: 74% placement: 26%

Compulsory studyabroad periodsin BA: 10% in MA: 15 %

Duration of study abroadperiods: 4-6 monthsin BA: 72.5% in MA: 64.3%

Trend to shorterperiods

More compulsorymobility in MA


Student mobility in BA/MA programmes: more vertical mobility?

DAAD 2008

Expectation of morevertical mobility (BA at home, MA abroad): DE 30%

Expectations

Bürger et al. 2006:

On average 30% expectmore vertical mobility

CH: 58%, NL: 50% DE: 44%, UK: 36% IT: 30%




Reasons for thedecreasing

growth rate in ERASMUS

student mobility(NA answers)

Decline in studentpopulation

Introduction of tuition fees

Growing numbersof BA/MA programmes

Good job market

National grantschemes

Non-EU destinations

Lack of funding

Complexadministration



Student mobility in BA/MA programmes: Expectations for the future

Bürger et al.

2006

Programme directors 11European Countries:

10% expect a decrease in BA outgoing mobility

8% expect a decrease in MA outgoing mobility

ERASMUS NAs

2008

National AgenciesERASMUS:

Almost all expect at least a slight increase in outgoingstudent mobility mainly dueto the new ERASMUS placement action

DAAD

2008

Programme directors DE:

18% expect a decrease in BA outgoing mobility (Europe)

11% expect a decrease in MA outgoing mobility (Europe)



Bologna - a „mobility blocker“?

• Maybe temporary stagnation or even decrease in DE

• Many problems related to student mobility are not caused byBologna but Bologna seems to reinforce the problems.

• Bologna does not automatically imply an increase of cross-border student mobility. Instititions have to consider specificmobility measures when implementing BA/MA studyprogrammes.



Increasingstudent mobilityunder Bologna: solutions & recommendations

Developingintegrated study

programmes(with joint degrees)

and short-termmeasures

Improving financialsupport for students

Implementing flexible curricula

(with windows of mobility)

Improvingrecognition

Not only forEU countries

Not only 3-year BAs

Not only in English

Not only at MA level


What is needed to increase(ERASMUS) student mobility

under Bologna?


19

• Political and financial support by EU and national authorities

• Clear messages from the employers and thelabour market

• Institutional commitment and supportive frameworkconditions

• Early information and guidance for students

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