EradicangInsulinSliding...

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Eradica’ng Insulin Sliding Scales How to manage diabetes in admi/ed pa1ents

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Eradica'ng  Insulin  Sliding  Scales

How  to  manage  diabetes  in  admi/ed  pa1ents  

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Diabetes:  Common  in  inpa'ent  popula'on

• In  USA,  diabetes  affects  10.8%  of  adults>20yo            23.1%  of  adults>60yo  • 26%  of  hospitalized  pa1ents  have  known  diabetes  with  an  addi1onal  12%  having  hospital  or  stress  induced  hyperglycemia  • Diabetes  increases  the  risk  for  disorders  that  predispose  to  hospitaliza1on  (e.g.  CVD,  infec1on,  CVA,  demen1a)  

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Why  are  we  doing  a  less  than  good  job?

• Most  admissions  for  diabe1cs  are  not  directly  related  to  the  metabolic  state  • Diabetes  management  is  rarely  the  primary  focus  of  care  • Glycemic  control  is  oRen  not  adequately  addressed  • Sliding  scale  insulin  has  been  used  for  a  long  1me,  it  is  simple,  we  are  all  resistant  to  change    

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Why  should  we  care?

o Glycemic  control  has  been  shown  to  significantly  impact  morbidity  and  mortality  especially  in:  • Cri1cally  ill  and  ICU  pa1ents  • Surgical  pa1ents,  esp.  CABG  surgery  • Acute  CVA  and  acute  MI  

o Be/er  glycemic  control  results  in  shorter  hospital  stays  o Some  USA  evidence  for  cost  savings  as  well  

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Sliding  Scale  History

•  Introduced  in  1934  by  Elliot  Joslin  and  was  based  on  glycosuria  •  Samples  of  urine  were  boiled  in  a  copper  sulfate  solu1on  (Fehling’s  solu1on)  •  No  glucose-­‐blue  (no  insulin)  •  Li/le  glucose-­‐green  (5  units)  •  Moderate  glucose-­‐yellow  (10  units)  •  Large  glucose-­‐orange  (15  units)  

• Original  sliding  scale  was  referred  to  “Rainbow  Coverage”  

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Evidence??

• Medical  ar1cles  have  ques1oned  Sliding  Scale  Insulin  (SSI)  since  1970  • 52  trials  from  1966-­‐2003  showed  NO  trials  demonstra1ng  a  benefit  from  SSI  compared  to  other  methods  • The  largest  prospec1ve  study  in  1997  showed  hyperglycemic  rates  3X  higher  with  SSI,  higher  rates  of  hypoglycemia  and  longer  hospital  stays  • Evidence  of  effec1veness  of  SSI  is  lacking  aRer  more  than  40  years  of  use  

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Examples:

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How  the  literature  describes  SSI:

•  “paralysis  of  thought”  •  “ac2ons  without  benefits”  

•  “relic  of  the  past”  •  “recipe  for  diabe2c  instability”  

•  “mindless  medicine”  •  “nonsense”  

•  “Death  to  sliding  scale”  •  “Myth  or  insanity”  

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Why  doesn’t  it  work?

• In  a  sliding  scale  system,  insulin  is  administered  based  on  glucose  levels  done  AC  meals  and  Qhs  • This  is  NOT  an  accurate  predic1on  of  the  amount  of  insulin  needed  • It  is  a  reflec1on  of  the  effect  of  the  PREVIOUS  dose  of  insulin  • SSI  is  REACTIVE  –  it  responds  to  hyperglycemia  aRer  it  has  occurred  • It  especially  fails  Type  I  diabe1cs  who  must  never  be  without  insulin,  even  when  their  glucose  is  “normal”  

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Example  of  pa'ent  switched  from  sliding  scale  to  basal/bolus  insulin:

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So,  what  do  we  do?

• Cri1cally  ill,  ICU,  post  MI/CVA,  pre-­‐opera1ve,  sep1c  •  IV  insulin  

• Non  cri1cally  ill,  not  well  controlled,  or  not  ea1ng  • Basal/bolus  or  “physiologic”  insulin  regimen  

• Non  diabe1c  with  hyperglycemia  (likely  to  be  temporary)  • Classic  sliding  scale  for  PRN  insulin  

• Stable  pa1ent  who  is  ea1ng  and  well  controlled  at  home  • Con1nue  home  meds  and/or  insulin  

 

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Basal/Bolus  Insulin  regimen

3  Components:  • Basal  insulin  (to  inhibit  hepa1c  gluconeogenesis)  • Nutri1onal  insulin  (to  deal  with  meal1me  glucose  metabolism)  • Correc1onal  insulin  (to  provide  real-­‐1me  insulin  adjustment)  Targets:  • Premeal  <7.8  mmol/l  • Any  <10  mmol/l  • Never  <5  mmol/l  

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Step  1:  calculate  total  daily  dose  of  insulin

• If  pa1ent  is  well  controlled,  use  home  dose  BUT  consider  decreasing  by  20-­‐25%  • If  not  controlled  or  “new”  hyperglycemia:  • 0.3  units  per  kg  (underweight,  old,  frail)  • 0.4  units  per  kg  (normal  weight)  • 0.5  units  per  kg  (overweight)  • 0.6  or  more  units  per  kg  (obese,  glucocor1coids,  hx  of  insulin  resistance)  

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Step  2:  Basal  insulin

HALF  of  total  daily  dose  is  to  be  given  as  long-­‐ac1ng  basal  insulin    • NPH  or  Levemir  every  12  hours  • Lantus  every  24  hours  

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Step  3:  Nutri'onal  insulin

HALF  of  daily  dose  given  in  3  equal  por1ons  as  short-­‐ac1ng  insulin  0-­‐15  minutes  before  meals:  • Regular  insulin  (Humulin  R,  Novolin  ge,  Toronto)  •  Insulin  lispro  (Humalog)  •  Insulin  aspart  (NovoRapid)  

**If  pa1ent  misses  a  meal,  dose  should  not  be  given**  **If  pa1ent  is  fas1ng,  this  is  excluded  altogether**  

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Step  4:  Correc'onal  insulin

Blood  Glucose   Insulin  sensi2ve  (units)   Standard  (units)   Insulin  resistant  (units)  

8.3-­‐11.0  mmol/l   1   1   2  

11.1-­‐13.8  mmol/l   2   3   4  

13.9-­‐16.6  mmol/l   3   5   7  

16.7-­‐19.4  mmol/l   4   7   10  

>  19.5  mmol/l   5  +  call  MD   8  +  call  MD   12  +  call  MD  

sensi1ve=<40  units/day,  standard=40-­‐80  units/day,  resistant=>80  units/day  

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Oral  hypoglycemic  agents:

If  pa1ent  is  not  ea1ng  or  intake  is  very  low,  hold  ALL  PO  diabe1c  meds.  Otherwise:  • Mesormin:  should  almost  always  be  held,  esp.  with  any  impaired  renal  or  hemodynamic  func1on  (cardiac,  renal  or  respiratory  failure;  dehydra1on,  sepsis,  urinary  obstruc1on,  pre-­‐surgery  or  radiocontrast  studies)  •  Sufonyureas  associated  with  severe  and  prolonged  hypoglycemia,  also  should  almost  always  be  held  •  The  rest  are  OK  but  only  if  the  pa1ent  is  ea1ng!  

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