Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

Unit IIIBUnit IIIB

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings

James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R)James Madison (D-R)

Under increased nationalism and Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spiritsspirits

Political, economical, and social debates Political, economical, and social debates lingerlinger

James Monroe (D-R) ElectionsJames Monroe (D-R) Elections1816 and 18201816 and 1820

Growth of American NationalismGrowth of American Nationalism

Effect of the “victory” over Effect of the “victory” over Great BritainGreat Britain

Exciting opportunities with Exciting opportunities with land and increased land and increased manufacturingmanufacturing

The arts and education The arts and education infused with patriotic infused with patriotic themesthemes

A STRONG Central GovernmentA STRONG Central Government John Marshall’s CourtJohn Marshall’s Court Fletcher v. Peck Fletcher v. Peck (1810)(1810)

Ruled state law unconstitutionalRuled state law unconstitutional

Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) (1816) Ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courtsRuled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts

McCulloch v. Maryland McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)(1819) Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary

and proper”and proper” States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy ClauseStates could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) Increased federal government’s interstate commerce Increased federal government’s interstate commerce

authorityauthority

Democratic-Republicans FracturingDemocratic-Republicans Fracturing

Democratic-Republicans split as nation Democratic-Republicans split as nation growsgrows

Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rightsstrict interpretation; states’ rights

New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist-type platforms; nationalismtype platforms; nationalism

Sectional RepresentationSectional RepresentationThe Great TriumvirateThe Great Triumvirate

Daniel Webster of Daniel Webster of Massachusetts - NORTHMassachusetts - NORTH

Henry Clay of Kentucky - Henry Clay of Kentucky - WESTWEST

John C. Calhoun of South John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - SOUTHCarolina - SOUTH

Serve as House and Serve as House and Senate membersSenate members

Former War Hawks, Former War Hawks, NationalistsNationalists Calhoun will lean toward Calhoun will lean toward

states’ rights laterstates’ rights later Will become dominant Will become dominant

members of the Senate in members of the Senate in 1830s and 1840s1830s and 1840s

America ExpandsAmerica Expands

Land available in Louisiana Territory and Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native landsconquered native lands Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S.Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S. Cheap land sold by governmentCheap land sold by government

Trade restrictions and panics force New Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders westEnglanders west

South demands new fertile landSouth demands new fertile land Slavery a necessitySlavery a necessity

Improved infrastructure makes expanding easierImproved infrastructure makes expanding easier Influx of immigrantsInflux of immigrants

Missouri Compromise (1820)Missouri Compromise (1820) Given North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balanceGiven North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balance House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block

legislationlegislation Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment

Prohibit more slaves in MissouriProhibit more slaves in Missouri Free child slaves by 25 years oldFree child slaves by 25 years old

Missouri Compromise by Henry ClayMissouri Compromise by Henry Clay Missouri as a slave stateMissouri as a slave state Maine as a free stateMaine as a free state Latitude 36 30’Latitude 36 30’

America’s Foreign PolicyAmerica’s Foreign Policy

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and

CanadaCanada

Treaty of 1818 with Great BritainTreaty of 1818 with Great Britain Fishing rights, 49Fishing rights, 49thth parallel northern boundary parallel northern boundary

FloridaFlorida Andrew Jackson’s Invasion and First Seminole War Andrew Jackson’s Invasion and First Seminole War

(1816-1818)(1816-1818) Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

U.S. acquires Florida, assume Spanish claimsU.S. acquires Florida, assume Spanish claims

Monroe Doctrine (1823)Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Concerned about European aggression in Concerned about European aggression in the Americasthe Americas

Americas not subject to colonizationAmericas not subject to colonization United States gives warning to Europe, United States gives warning to Europe,

including Great Britain, to not interfere with including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign development of the Americassovereign development of the Americas

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:TransportationTransportation

TransportationTransportation Toll Roads and TurnpikesToll Roads and Turnpikes

Cumberland Road (National Road)Cumberland Road (National Road)

CanalsCanals Connected major waterways and West with EastConnected major waterways and West with East Erie Canal (1825)Erie Canal (1825)

SteamboatsSteamboats Robert Fulton and the Robert Fulton and the Clermont Clermont (1807)(1807)

RailroadsRailroads Based on steam energy and slowly developing in NortheastBased on steam energy and slowly developing in Northeast

Cumberland RoadCumberland Road

America ConnectedAmerica Connected

The The ClermontClermont

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:IndustrialismIndustrialism

Most textile and production at home or by skilled artisans in NortheastMost textile and production at home or by skilled artisans in Northeast Putting-out systemPutting-out system

Merchants bought raw materials and hired farm families to produce goods for sellingMerchants bought raw materials and hired farm families to produce goods for selling InnovationInnovation

Cotton ginCotton gin Textile machines from EnglandTextile machines from England Spinning jennySpinning jenny Flying shuttleFlying shuttle Water frameWater frame Steam powerSteam power Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts

Assembly-line type productionAssembly-line type production Factory SystemFactory System

High production with use of machines and new technologiesHigh production with use of machines and new technologies Opened doors for unskilled labor and urbanizationOpened doors for unskilled labor and urbanization Artisans pressured by high demand and forced to work in factoriesArtisans pressured by high demand and forced to work in factories

Lowell SystemLowell System Recruited young women to work in textile factories and live in dormitoriesRecruited young women to work in textile factories and live in dormitories

Rise of CorporationsRise of Corporations Capital investment for new industriesCapital investment for new industries

Trade UnionsTrade Unions Poor working conditions, low pay, and long hours led to development of unionsPoor working conditions, low pay, and long hours led to development of unions

InnovationsInnovations

Steam engine

Interchangeable parts

Spinning jenny

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:Commercial AgricultureCommercial Agriculture

Innovation increased Innovation increased agricultural productionagricultural production Iron and steel plowsIron and steel plows Grain cradleGrain cradle Variety of crops and livestockVariety of crops and livestock

Improved transportationImproved transportation Established market networks Established market networks

and creditand credit

Western expansion and new fertile landWestern expansion and new fertile land Grain center moved from New York and Grain center moved from New York and

Pennsylvania to Ohio to IllinoisPennsylvania to Ohio to Illinois North based on grainNorth based on grain Upper South based on tobaccoUpper South based on tobacco Deep South based on King CottonDeep South based on King Cotton

Cotton gin could process 50 lbs / dayCotton gin could process 50 lbs / day 1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/ 1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/

bale)bale) 1793 - 10,000 bales1793 - 10,000 bales 17951795 17,000 bales 17,000 bales 18011801 100,000 bales100,000 bales 18201820 200,000 bales200,000 bales 26¢-44¢ before 1800; 26¢-44¢ before 1800; 15¢-19¢ after 180015¢-19¢ after 1800

SlaverySlavery Demand substantially increasedDemand substantially increased Interstate slave trade booms after 1820Interstate slave trade booms after 1820

Most slaves traded from Upper Most slaves traded from Upper South to Lower SouthSouth to Lower South

America’s Market Economy:America’s Market Economy:Federal Policies and BankingFederal Policies and Banking

Increased manufacturing due to trade Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and warrestrictions and war

Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816 Protective tariff raising rates to 25%Protective tariff raising rates to 25%

The The American SystemAmerican System by Henry by Henry ClayClay Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic

PlanPlan Protective tariffsProtective tariffs

Foreign goods become expensive, Foreign goods become expensive, consumers purchase cheaper consumers purchase cheaper American goodsAmerican goods

National bankNational bank Single currency to facilitate tradeSingle currency to facilitate trade Establish easier credit systemEstablish easier credit system

InfrastructureInfrastructure Improved transportation facilitated Improved transportation facilitated

trade and commerce, linking the trade and commerce, linking the regions and marketsregions and markets

Credit and BankingCredit and Banking Second Bank of the United States Second Bank of the United States

(1816) chartered(1816) chartered farmers earning credit leading to farmers earning credit leading to

necessity of banksnecessity of banks State banks issued paper notes for State banks issued paper notes for

specie (gold and silver)specie (gold and silver) Panic of 1819 (1819-1823)Panic of 1819 (1819-1823)

Considered the first major economic Considered the first major economic and financial crisis of the U.S.and financial crisis of the U.S.

U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the war leading to inflationwar leading to inflation

Bank of U.S. increased interest rates Bank of U.S. increased interest rates to control inflation (contractionary to control inflation (contractionary policy)policy)

Land speculation and recession hits Land speculation and recession hits the West hardthe West hard

Northern manufacturers demanded Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffshigh tariffs

Southern farmers demanded low Southern farmers demanded low tariffstariffs

Western farmers blamed speculation Western farmers blamed speculation and banksand banks

United States c. 1824United States c. 1824