Era 1: Panorama View Sept. 1-2, 2015 Notes 1.2 1.

Era 1: Panorama Era 1: Panorama ViewView

Sept. 1-2, 2015Notes 1.2

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Patterns of Interregional UnityPatterns of Interregional Unity

Welcome to Era 1!

Era 1 lasted from 500 CE to 1400

CE.

Big Era 2

500 CE – 1400 CE

Big Era 3 Big Era 5Big Era 4

1700 CE10,000 BCE 1000 BCE

Big Era 2Big Era 1

10,000 BCE 1000 BCE

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During Era One, many connections were During Era One, many connections were established among regions. These established among regions. These

formed formed interregionalinterregional patterns of unity. patterns of unity.

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• At the start of Era 1, ideas religions, trade goods, and inventions were spreading from their place of origin

• By the end of Era 1, they had spread across Afroeurasia

• “Cultural exchange”

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Cultural exchange had many aspects.Cultural exchange had many aspects.

People shared ideas across regions.

Population increased and people migrated.

Trade networks expanded and cities grew.

Huge empires brought many different groups of people

together.

Population growth in Era 1

• World population grew from about 200 million to 400 million between 500 CE and 1400 CE

• Less than 40 million people were spread over the Americas

• As a result, cultural exchange in the Americas was less extensive than in Afroeurasia

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• Population increases affected the Population increases affected the environmentenvironment– River floods, deforestation, famineRiver floods, deforestation, famine

• Many people moved to new lands, or Many people moved to new lands, or migrated. migrated.

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People migrated to new People migrated to new places in (and out) of places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

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• Migrating groups…

•introduced new plants and animals into their new homes.

•diffused technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts.

•diffused languages, styles of living, and arts.

Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia.

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• During Era 1, many states and empires came and went.

• New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states

• Empire and state building included cultural exchanges

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Sui ChinaSilla

Parhae

Yamoto Japan

Harsha’ Empire

Chalukya

Avar Kingdom

Frankish Kingdoms

GhanaAxum

Sassanid Empire

Byzantine Empire

States and Empires in 600 CEStates and Empires in 600 CE

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Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan


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Mongol Empire

Russia

Sung China

Koryo

Kamakura Japan

Delhi Sultanate

Scandanavian Kingdoms

Mali

Zimbabwe

BeninOyo

France

Ethiopia

Ayyubid Caliphate

Almohad Caliphate

Poland

Rum

H.R.E.

Hungary

England

Portugal

Spain


Angkor

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Mali

Oyo Benin

Zimbabwe

Zanj City-States

Ethiopia VijayanagaraSiam

Majapahit

Ashikaga Japan

Korea

Marinids HafsidsMamluk Sultanate

Granada

Portugal Castile

France

ScotlandEngland

Union of Kalmar

Holy Roman Empire

Poland-Lithuania

Hungary

Ottoman Emp.

Russian States

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Jagatai Khanate

Ming China

Timurid Empire


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How did states and empires

stimulate cultural

exchanges in Afroeurasia?

• Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions.

• Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies.

• Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts.

• Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups.

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Trade was also closely linked to

cultural exchange.

TradeTrade

Empires supported trade in

Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

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The number of cities grew, as The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between well as trade networks between

them.them.TradeTrade

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From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.farther and were used by more travelers.

TradeTrade


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• Trade helped spread Trade helped spread religions, languages, religions, languages, ideas, and arts.ideas, and arts.

• Trade stimulated Trade stimulated use of natural use of natural resources.resources.

• Cities and Cities and manufacturing manufacturing centers grew bigger.centers grew bigger.

• Banks, credit, and Banks, credit, and money systems money systems encouraged regional encouraged regional and long distance and long distance trade.trade.

TradeTrade

How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in

Afroeurasia?

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During Big Era Five, universal

religions spread across Afroeurasia.

Universal religions are belief systems

that anyone can join – they’re not limited to any one group.

IdeasIdeas

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The spread of universal religions The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CEfrom 300-1500 CE

IdeasIdeas

Buddhism

Hinduism

Islam

Christianity

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Who spread these universal Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia?religions across Afroeurasia?

Monks spread Monks spread Buddhism.Buddhism.

Traders and Sufi Traders and Sufi orders spread orders spread

Islam.Islam.

MissionariesMissionariesspread spread

ChristianityChristianity..

IdeasIdeas

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• Universal faiths gave Universal faiths gave members a sense of members a sense of community beyond community beyond political, class, or political, class, or ethnic identities.ethnic identities.

• Religious scholars Religious scholars gathered and recorded gathered and recorded knowledge and knowledge and founded institutions of founded institutions of learning.learning.

• The spread of religions The spread of religions stimulated production stimulated production and exchange of arts, and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, literature, philosophy, and the sciences.and the sciences.

How did the spread of religion

encourage cultural exchange

in Afroeurasia?

IdeasIdeas

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What inventions, technologies,

products, and ideas were exchanged

across Afroeurasia?

IdeasIdeas

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Scholars studied and spread Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions knowledge in many institutions

of learning.of learning.IdeasIdeas

Korean Korean librarylibrary

European European astronomerastronomer

Sung Sung scholarscholar

Muslim Muslim astronomerastronomer

ss

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Natural sciences developed in Natural sciences developed in many places.many places.

IdeasIdeas

IndianIndian

ChineseChineseMuslimMuslim

EuropeanEuropean

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Transport and communication Transport and communication technologies improved.technologies improved.

AstrolabeAstrolabeLateen sailLateen sail North Arabian North Arabian

camel saddlecamel saddle

Books & paperBooks & paperStern-Stern-rudderrudder

StirrupStirrup

MapmakinMapmakingg

IdeasIdeas

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Water & energy technologies were Water & energy technologies were

transferred across Afroeurasia.transferred across Afroeurasia.• Hydraulic systems Hydraulic systems carried water where carried water where expanding cities expanding cities needed it.needed it.

• Wheels lifted water Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and to irrigate crops and drain swamps.drain swamps.

• Waterwheels, Waterwheels, windmills, and trip-windmills, and trip-hammers provided hammers provided energy for pumping, energy for pumping, grinding, milling, grinding, milling, and pounding.and pounding.

IdeasIdeas

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IdeasIdeas

Crops also diffused across Afroeurasia. Travelers and

migrants introduced plants into new regions. People began to

grow, eat, and sell these crops.

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• Sorghum fattened up Sorghum fattened up folks when this cereal folks when this cereal crop spread from eastern crop spread from eastern Africa to China.Africa to China.

• Citrus fruits rolled from Citrus fruits rolled from Southwest Asia to Spain, Southwest Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and celebrated in garden and song.song.

• Cane sugar sweetened a Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the path from India to the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

• Cotton wove its way from Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Central Asia, and China.

• Veggies like spinach, Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into stirred vitamins into meals across the meals across the hemisphere.hemisphere.

IdeasIdeas

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• The pace of innovation The pace of innovation increased.increased.

• Knowledge Knowledge accumulated more accumulated more quickly.quickly.

• Manufacturing and Manufacturing and farming productivity farming productivity increased.increased.

• People’s diets and People’s diets and health improved.health improved.

• Sea travel and Sea travel and transport webs transport webs became thicker.became thicker.

How did transfers of technology and products change people’s lives in

Afroeurasia?

IdeasIdeas

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You might say that by 1500 CE the world was

connected, right?

If you had to put the changes in

Big Era Five into one sentence,

what would it be?

But wait! You still haven’t said much But wait! You still haven’t said much

about the Americas!about the Americas!

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Well…the Americas and Afroeurasia

were not yet permanently linked

together.

…not until 1492 . . .

When Columbus set sail across the

Atlantic . . .


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The Americas had fewer people than Afroeurasia, and the two

land masses were geographically isolated from each other.

Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and different in others. In any case,

the Americas were also a region of active human interchange.


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• SciencesSciences like like astronomy, astronomy, mathematics and mathematics and engineering were engineering were developed.developed.

• TradeTrade routes connected routes connected regions.regions.

• Mining, irrigation, and Mining, irrigation, and agricultural agricultural technologiestechnologies developed.developed.

• CropsCrops like potatoes, like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate cotton, and chocolate were grown.were grown.

Inca GoldInca Gold Corn & PotatoesCorn & Potatoes

Mayan CalendarMayan Calendar

Mississippian MicaMississippian Mica

Moche CeramicMoche Ceramic

Cultural development and exchange in the Cultural development and exchange in the Americas:Americas:

The Maya, Inca, and Aztec EmpiresThe Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires

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Aztec EmpireMayan States

Inca Empire

States and States and Empires in the Empires in the

Americas in Americas in 1500 CE1500 CE


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It had to happen sooner or later!It had to happen sooner or later!

At the very end of Big Era Five,

European mariners set out on trans-

oceanic voyages to the Americas.

Those voyages linked the Americas with

Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations

of people over 13,000 years earlier!

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Is that why people from Afroeurasia discovered the

Americas, and not the opposite?

Stern-Stern-rudderrudder

CompassCompass

Lateen SailLateen Sail

MapmakingMapmaking

Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE made possible the technologies that in turn permitted transoceanic voyages.

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In Big Era Six, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas

started moving around the entire globe.

End of Big Era Five

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Era 1: Panorama View Sept. 1-2, 2015 Notes 1.2 1.

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