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Transcript of ER A3-1 Understanding the Water Cycle and Its Importance to
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Environmental Resources
Unit A
Natural Resources
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Problem Area 3
Water
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Understanding the Water Cycleand Its Importance to the
Environment
Lesson 1
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Answer the following questions.
When was the last time you tooka drink of water?
Where did you take this drink?Where do think the water came
from?
Where do you belong in the
water cycle?
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Learning Objectives
Describe the water cycle.
Describe the physical and
chemical makeup of water. Identify bodies of flowing water.
Identify bodies of non-flowingwater.
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Terms
Brackish waterBrook
Canal
Catchment
Channel
Creek
Current
Desalination
Distillation
Drainage divide
EstuaryEvaporation
Flood plain
Freshwater
Lakes
Marshes
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Terms
OceansPonds
Precipitation
Reservoirs
River
Saline waterSaltwater
Sloughs
StreamStream banks
Stream bed
Stream
hydrology
StreamflowTranspiration
Water cycle
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Water Cycle
The continuous movement ofwater from the earth to theatmosphere and back to the
earth.The sun provides the energy for
the water cycle, also known asthe hydrologic cycle.
The water cycle occurs in four
overlapping spheres.
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Water Cycle
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Water Cycle Spheres
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
BiosphereLithosphere
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Hydrosphere
Water moves from the earth to theatmosphere through the processesof evaporation and transpiration.
Evaporation is the transformation ofwater from its liquid form to itsgaseous form as a result of coming
in contact with heat or the air. Transpiration is the process of
plants releasing water through their
leaves is called.
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Atmosphere
Air that holds moisture until itfalls as precipitation.
Precipitation is the moisturefrom the atmosphere that is
returned to the earth in the form
of snow or rain.
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Biosphere
Includes all plant and animal lifewhich are consumers of water.
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Lithosphere
Land where water falls asprecipitation.
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Physical and Chemical Makeup
of Water
Water, in its purest form, istasteless, odorless, and
colorless. It is a chemical compound made
up of two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen.
Its chemical symbol is H2O.
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Physical States of Water
Solid form of water is called ice.Water freezes at 32F or 0C.
Gaseous form of water is called
water vapor or steam.
When water boils it turns into watervapor or steam. Water boils at
212F or 100C. In between the gaseous and solid
form, water is in its liquid form.
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Chemical Make-up of Water
Water that contains salt is calledsaline water.
Sodium chloride, potassium, and
magnesium can raise the level of saltsin the water.
The amount of salt in the water will
determine its usefulness.Water that is too high in salt cannot be
used for drinking or irrigation.
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Categories of Saline Water
Freshwater
Saltwater
Brackish water
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Freshwater
Water with less than 3.0 partsper thousand (ppt) of salt.
Most commonly found in drilledwells, streams, and lakes.
Only 3 percent of the water on
the earth is consideredfreshwater, of this 3 percent only
1 percent is available for use.
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Saltwater
Water with 16.5 ppt or more ofsalt.
Some ocean and sea water isas high as 33 to 37 ppt.
Saltwater makes up about 97
percent of the earths water.
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Brackish Water
A mixture of saltwater andfreshwater.
Brackish water is found wherefreshwater flows into the ocean
or other bodies of saltwater.
An estuary is the area where afreshwater stream flows into the
ocean or a saltwater lake.
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Usable Water
Two main ways that salt waterand contaminated water can be
turned into usable water:
distillation and desalination.
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Usable Water
Distillation is the boiling of waterand collection of its vapor.
The vapor then turns into liquidwhen cooled.
The liquid is pure at this point.
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Usable Water
Desalination is the removal ofsalt from water.
It involves the process of
distillation but is not economical
on a large scale.
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Flowing Bodies of Water
One of the most important partsof the water cycle is the stream.
Streams are flowing bodies of
water that are useful resources
for irrigation, factories, and localwater systems.
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Food Web in Streams
Most streamsare freshwater
and they can
flow through a
natural or
man-madechannel.
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Types of Streams
Stream type is determined bythe volume and velocity of the
movement of water, or
streamflow.
The four types of streams are
rivers, creeks, brooks, andcanals.
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Cross Section of a Stream
The rate of flowin a stream is
called a current.
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River
The largest stream.
Have high streamflows.
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Creek
A stream that is smaller than ariver.
Often flow into rivers, lakes, andoceans.
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Brook
A small stream.
Often flow into creeks, rivers,
lakes, and oceans.
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Canal
An artificial waterway built fortransportation, to relieve
flooding, or to divert the flow of
water.
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Stream Hydrology
The study of flowing water andits environment.
The physical, chemical, andbiological properties of the water
and the surrounding
environment are tested.The ecosystems, including food
webs, are studied.
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Stream Ecosystems
Many ecosystems can be foundin streams.
Species within the streamssurvive on nutrients that are
provided by the areas
surrounding the stream.These nutrients move with the
flow of the stream.
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Stream Structure
Determines how water moveswithin the stream and through
the earth.
A stream is an important part of
watershed or catchment.
The edge of a watershed isknown as a drainage divide.
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Stream Structure
The area through which waterflows in a stream is called achannel.
A channel is usually formed withrock or soil and it is the sides andbottom of the stream.
The bottom of the channel iscalled the stream bed, the sidesare called the stream banks.
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Stream Structure
When a channel is not largeenough to hold the flow of water
the area that overflows is called
a flood plain.
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Non-Flowing Bodies
These bodies may be natural orartificial.
Non-flowing bodies of waterinfluence the weather andclimate of an area.
Commerce, food supply, andrecreational activities can also beinfluenced by the non-flowingbodies of water in an area.
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Non-Flowing Bodies
Bodies of water that do not flowstill have water movement.
The internal movement iscaused by temperature changes
and salinity.
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Types of Non-Flowing Bodies
Seven types of non-flowingbodies of water are oceans,
lakes, ponds, reservoirs,
sloughs, marshes, and
estuaries.
As in flowing streams, non-flowing bodies of water may
contain a variety of ecosystems.
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Types of Non-Flowing Bodies
The ecosystems at the bottomof the body of water will vary
from those at the top.
This is due to the varying water
temperature, salinity, and other
characteristics.
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Oceans
Large bodies of saltwater.Cover almost 75 percent of the
surface of the earth.
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Lakes
Bodies of freshwater that aresurrounded by land.
Vary in size, some are naturaland others are man-made.
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Ponds
Non-flowing bodies of water thatare smaller than lakes.
Commonly manmade and usedas a source of recreation or for
use by livestock.
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Reservoirs
Large bodies of stored water.Commonly used to generate
electric power.
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Sloughs
Thick, muddy areas of shallowwater.
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Marshes
Areas of land covered withshallow water and plants such
as cattails.
Do not contain trees and are
similar in nature to sloughs.
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Estuaries
Areas where freshwater streamsflow into the ocean or a
saltwater lake.
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Review / Summary
Describe the water cycle.Describe the physical and
chemical makeup of water. Identify bodies of flowing water.
Identify bodies of non-flowing
water.