Equity- Equality- Inclusion: Normative principles in development Gabriele Köhler Development...
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Transcript of Equity- Equality- Inclusion: Normative principles in development Gabriele Köhler Development...
Equity- Equality- Inclusion: Normative principles in development
Gabriele KöhlerDevelopment economist, MunichVisiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex
[email protected]@ids.ac.ukwww.gabrielekoehler.net
Ludwig Maximilians UniversityPhD-Program International HealthModule I
Munich, 14 December 2011
Overview of presentation
I. Normative frameworkII. Developmental role of human
development, human rights, equity: income poverty, human development concept, social exclusion
III. Policies for human development, human rights, equity
I.) Normative frameworks
From physical investment to social capital – from the UN development decades to human development
From the UN’s social summits of the 1990s to the Millennium Declaration in 2000
From the Millenium Declaration to a new development constellation with multi-polar views and trends
I.) Normative frameworks Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
comprehensive normative framework
The 2 Covenants 1966 on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Civil and Political Rights
The Right to Development 1986 economic, social, cultural and political development
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1969 (CERD)
Convention on the Eradication of all Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW)
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990 (CRC)
I.) Normative frameworks
Recent developments: Emergence of rights oriented conventions and instruments in the UN context
FAO 2004, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security - includes livelihoods and land reform
World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata primary health care for all
Global Social Floor Initiative since 2009 –striving for an ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all 2012
MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights
Special rapporteurs - experts of OHCHR combining the humanist with the intellectual
I.) Normative frameworks• The Office of the High Commissioner on
Human Rights and the roles of the Special Rapporteurs
on poverty; the right to food; education; adequate housing; safe drinking water and sanitation; violence against women; right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental health) and other substantive areas.
II.) The developmental role of human development, human rights, and equity
(1) Income poverty
(2)The concept of human development and some reflections
(3)The concept of social exclusion
(1) Income poverty
Poverty is often defined as living below a defined poverty line, and halving poverty is one of the MDGs.
(1) Global income poverty
Income poverty But: number of extremely poor in Sub-
Saharan Africa and South Asia increased using $1.25 per personday income poverty
measure
Number of poor and vulnerable people: 2.5 billion persons using $2 per personday income
poverty measure
(2) The concept of human development
• A systematic examination of how human beings in each society live and what substantive freedoms they enjoy•A notion of the broadening of choices•Based on the idea that economic and social development matter
(2) The concept of human development
The Human Development Reports (HDRs) of UNDP in 1990 introduced a 3-pronged definition of human development
Distinctive human development discourse • Longevity
• Educational attainment
• incomes
• Concept adjusted for gender, for equity, and for multidimensional aspects of poverty• (UNDP Human Development Report 2010)
Worldwide trends in the Human Development Index, 1970-2010:
Weak relationship between economic growth and changes in health and education:
Wellbeing
Different discourses: Wellbeing as objective, subjective and
relational Multidimensional poverty Missing domains
Absolute poverty in Asia, Europe and Latin America
Sources: World Bank (2009), Gallup (2010)
Absolute poverty in Africa
A success story?
• A lower-middle income country• Average 5% annual growth rate since 1990• 60% of budget dedicated to social sectors• Nearly 100% primary enrollment in 2008• 80% health care coverage• ‘Prudent public debt management’ (42.8% of GDP in 2009) • 3% fiscal deficit • Inflation at approx. 3% in the 2000s
Source: OECD/AfDB/UNECA (2010), African Economic Outlook
Tunisia
Higher average incomes, better health and improved education do not automatically mean higher life satisfaction
3. The impact of social exclusion
Systematic social exclusions are the result of the intersecting inequalities
Cultural inequalities Spatial inequalities: Economic inequalities Political inequalities
The interaction of the exclusions explains the persistence of social exclusion over time. ( Naila Kabeer)
• Income/economic class/ access to productive assets
• Caste/clan• Ethnicity• Faith• Language• Health condition/communicable/visible
diseases• Ability/disability• Geographic location/”distance”/urban vs rural• Citizenship and migration status• Condition of menstruation • Sexual orientation• Recurrent emergency situations• Conflict situation • Age
Vectors of social exclusion G
EN
DE
R
(3) Impact of Social Exclusion
MDG outcomes perform worse among socially excluded groups – they need special measures to enable them to claim their rights to social services and public goods
Disparities based on social exclusion must be made more visible
Policies to address the inequities resulting from exclusion are needed
Intergenerational education impact on child situations
Prevalence of absolute child poverty by education level of the head of the household, in 2005 or last available year, %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Non
e
Prim
ary
Seco
ndar
y
Non
-sta
ndar
d
No
educ
ation
Prim
ary
Seco
ndar
y
Hig
her
Non
e
Prim
ary
Seco
ndar
y +
Non
e
Prim
ary
Seco
ndar
y +
No
educ
ation
Prim
ary
Seco
ndar
y+
Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan
% c
hild
ren
expe
rienc
ing
at le
ast t
wo
seve
re d
epriv
ation
s
Religious affiliation and deprivations, BhutanSevere child deprivation by religion, Bhutan, most recent year available
since 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hindu Other Buddhist
% c
hild
ren
expe
rienc
ing
seve
re d
epriv
ation
At least one severedeprivation, %
At least twoseveredeprivations, %
Literacy rate of population aged 15 years and above by yearly HH income (Rural Myanmar)
Data Source: Ohnmar, Than-Tun-Sein, Ko-Ko-Zaw, Saw-Saw and Soe-Win. Household Income, Health and Education in Rural Myanmar. SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH Volume 36 No 2 March 2005 , p532
Ethnic identity and school enrolment, Myanmar
Data Source: IDMC (2003). Conflict, poverty and language difference behind low school attendance in the ethnic states. Access to Education. Found on http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/17362FE0A66DDFA3802570B8005AAA68?OpenDocument
III. Policies for human development, human rights, and equity
Promoting equity, equality and inclusion
Equality is the principle that all human beings are equal and have equal rights
Equity is a principle that refers to fairness of treatment according to needs and specific requirements.
Approaches to address income poverty
Employment and decent work as the key response
Agricultural development, land reform, and rural off-farm employment opportunities, access to agricultural inputs and to (micro-) credit
Social protection as a core mechanism – social protection floors
Systematic income redistribution
New approaches to socio-economic policy: decent work agenda
Global jobs pact policies:
Retain employed in employment/rapid reentry/sustain enterprises/maintain wage levels
Support job creation/investment in employment-intensive sectors/green jobs
Protect persons/families affected: social protection Enhance support to women, men, youth Act simultaneously on labour demand and supply Equip workers with skills “for today and tomorrow” Use public employment guarantees, include informal economy Increase investment in infrastructure, R&D, public services
and “green production” Respect international labour standards
Social Protection Floor
Global social protection floor
Movement to adopt a social floor recommendation at 2012 ILO Conference
http://www.gopetition.com/petitions/signature-campaign-social-protection-floor.html
Policy approaches to create equitable access to social services
Ensure universal free social services delivery underpinned by health insurance in the case of health
services Equitable access to services, geographically and
socially Ensure equal quality of services – staffing, people
skills and material resources Ensure cultural sensitivity Ensure transparent information Enable inclusive participatory programming and
participation Valorise community-based services
Policy approaches to address exclusion
Include compensatory/reparatory measures to overcome generational exclusion – redress mechanisms
Address on-going exclusion and discrimination-affirmative action (reservation, representation, protective legislations, budget allocations, social protection cash transfers)
Protect against violence Address impunity Support public education to address
discrimination and exclusion Ensure inclusive health services Change disparaging language and
designations Enable inclusive programming-empowerment
Policy approachesUniversalism and targeting
Universalism is an approach in social policy that is rights based,and hence strives to cover all citizens with a social policy service or transfer, usually using taxes or other public resources to fund the intervention.
Targeting is a needs-based approach, covering those most vulnerable or the poorest as a priority, because funds are limited.
Emerging “innovations” in policy discourse
Multidimensional understanding of poverty Attention to employment and decent work Push for social protection & social protection floors Stronger emphasis on maternal and child health Recognition social exclusion with much more focus on
equity policies A discussion of tax reform incl progressive taxation Recognition of the role of agriculture, rural
development and the need for some kind of land reform
Universalism, social contract, rights based approach Acknowledgement of the role of the state
Emerging “innovations” in policy discourse
• G20 – Cannes final declaration (2011) Global strategy for growth and jobs
Employment and social protection More stable & resilient international monetary system Deepening financial sector reforms Addressing food price volatility, increasing agricultural
productivity Improving functioning of energy markets Pursuing fight against climate change Reinforcing multilateral trading system Development: investing for global growth Fight against corruption Intensifying fight against corruption Governance
Discussion:Health policies and inequities
How to address inequities in access, affordability and coverage What are the issues in your country
Advantages and disadvantages of either targeting or universal approaches In general In the health sector
References:
Sabine Alkire 2011, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative OPHI. OPHI – HDCA Summerschool 2011 Oxford Department of International Development. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. http://www.ophi.org.uk/teaching/short-courses/2011-summerschool/
Michelle Bachelet 2011. Social protection floor for a fair and inclusive globalization. Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet Convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO. ILO 2011. www.ilo.org
Johannes Jütting, Jan Rieländer, Christopher Garroway 2011. Social cohesion - a useful framework for assessing social progress in fast growing countries.. Powerpoint presentation based on Perspectives on Global Development 2012. Social Cohesion in a Shifting World. OECD Development Centre
Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. 2010. www.ids.ac.uk
Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publications (have requested journal’s permission for access)
Gabriele Köhler, Des Gasper, Richard Jolly, Mara Simane 2011. Deepening the MDGs: human security. Conference on MDGs beyond 2015. German Development Institute. Bonn. November 2011. http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/MPHG-8JB9BB/$FILE/2-2%20Koehler%20et%20al%202011%20Human%20security.pdf
UN. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/
UN 1969. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
UN 1979 Convention on the Eradication of all Forms of Discrimation against Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm
UN 1990. Convention on the Rights of the Child. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Rethinking Poverty. Report on the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2010.html
UNDP 2009. Delivering On Commitments. UNDP in Action 2009/2010
UNICEF, Narrowing the gaps to meet the goals. Equity-focused approach to child survival and development. New York 7 September 2010. http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_55927.html
UN General Assembly. Declaration on the Right to Development. 4 December 1986, 97th plenary meeting. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm