Equisetum arvense P 508, plant protection activity from...
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• Darnand M. 2016. Essais de la Société Viticole du Jura, in « Les Cahiers de Soin de la Terre, Livret n°2 : Soins aux arbres fruitiers au verger amateur ou paysan » Masson P. • EU. 2014. Commission Implementing Regulation No 462/2014 of 5 May 2014 approving the basic substance Equisetum arvense L., OJ L 134, of 7.5.2014, p. 28. • Marchand P.A. et al. 2014. Evaluation des caractéristiques et de l’intérêt agronomique de préparations simples de plantes, pour des productions fruitières, légumières et viticoles économes en intrants [Evaluation of characteristics and agronomic interest of simple herbal preparations for fruit, vegetable and wine‐production as efficient inputs]. Innovations Agronomiques 34: 83–96. • Marchand P.A. 2015. Basic substances: an opportunity for approval of low‐concern substances under EU pesticide regulation. Pest Management Science 71 (9): 1197–1200. DOI: 10.1002/ps.3997 • Marchand P.A. 2016. Basic substances under EC 1107/2009 phytochemical regulation: experience with non‐biocide and food products as biorationals", Journal of Plant Protection Research, 56(3), 312‐318, DOI: 10.1515/jppr‐2016‐0041 • Marchand P.A. 2017. Basic Substances under EU Pesticide Regulation: an opportunity for Organic Production? Organic Farming, 2017, 3(1): 16–19, DOI: 10.12924/of2017.03010016 • Marchand P.A. 2015. Le saule ou osier : Un SDN antifongique. Alter Agri, 2015, 130, p 31. References Conclusion Field typical suitable concentration is 200 g of active ingredient (a.i.) hl –1 . The aqueous extract of horsetail as decoction is intended to be used in fields for plant protection on grapevines (Darnand, 2016) and apple trees and vegetable gardening to control diseases such as mildew, downy mildew and others caused by foliar fungi such as Pythium and Alternaria spp. Horsetail has long been known in the botanical tradition, organic and biodynamic (P508) agriculture as having a preventive effect on fungal diseases of plants. The effect is based on the high percentage of silica in the plant, which helps to reduce the impact of moisture. Silica would reduce the effects of excess water on plants that lead to the growth of fungi. E. arvense decoction shows anti sporulation activity (Marchand, 2016). It would also be an activator of the defense mechanisms of these plants (elicitor). Agriculture Uses as plant protection means Horsetail, Equisetum arvense L. has long been known in botanical folklore as having a preventive effect on fungal plant diseases. The traditional hot water extract from E. arvense has long been used by organic and biodynamic (as P508) farmers (Marchand, 2017). E. arvense water extract is intended to be used as plant strengthener and preventive treatment of pathogenic fungi. In this way, we are presenting some papers about the effect of the natural silica (silicic acid) used for the control of powdery mildews and fungal diseases in some cultures. E. arvense extract is a foliar stimulator of natural defenses and fungicide for use as a spring post‐emergence treatment in all cultivars of grapevine and apple trees. In literature, the described mode of action would be based on the high percentage of silica in the plant that works on lowering the impact of moisture. Silicon would reduce the effects of excessive water around plants that would lead to fungus. It would also act as an activator of plant defense mechanisms. Silicon (Si) is a bioactive element associated with beneficial effects on mechanical and physiological properties of plants. Silicon alleviates abiotic and biotic stresses, and increases the resistance of plants to pathogenic fungi. E. arvense extract was also shown to possess a broad spectrum of a very strong antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The radical scavenging activity of extracts significantly correlated with total phenolic content. The antimicrobial tests showed that ethyl acetate and n‐butanol extracts inhibited the growth of tested bacteria. P 508: Overview Equisetum arvense, P 508, plant protection activity from the lab to the field MARCHAND Patrice A.,* 1 HENNER Marianne, 2 DARNAND Marie, 2 AVELINE Nicolas 3 1. Institut Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), France, e‐mail: [email protected] 2. Société de Viticulture du Jura, France 3. Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, France 1st International Conference on Biodynamic Research. Dornach, Switzerland: September 5 th to 8 th 2018 The aqueous extract of horsetail (E. arvense decoction) was used in fields for plant protection on grapevines to control diseases such as mildew, downy mildew. This example shows moderate effect of E. arvense decoction treatment with reduce copper quantities. Horsetail: Environmentaly friendly extract Fig. 3. Cumulative bee mortality exposed to horsetail extract Legend: T = control, D = normal dose, 2D/10, 4D/10, 6D/10, 8D/10 = diluted doses, 2D = double dose Plant extracts recipe The decoction is processed as follows: 200 g of the aerial part of E. arvense dry plant tissues are macerated in 10 l of water for 30 min (soaking) and then boiled for 45 min (Marchand, 2016). After cooling down, the decoction is filtrated with a fine sieve or more generally with a stocking and then further diluted by 10 with water. The solvent for extraction and preparation is water (spring water or rainwater) and the optimal pH is 6.5. Decoction is described in the implementing regulation (EU, 2014) and a further “Report Review” is available in EU pesticide database (Marchand, 2015). Efficiency of P508 preparation is often tested in different trials, in vitro, in vivo and in campo. In vitro, we established that efficacy may be due to anti‐sporulant properties of the extract as germination of spores of mildew may be temporarily stopped by addition of the E. arvense extract (Marchand, 2016). In vivo, treated foliar discs show protection from inoculation. In fields (in campo), potential efficiency of P508 is measured by the delay of mildew re‐infestation in vineyards (Darnand, 2016). Mode of action Horsetail (E. arvense) decoction, useful in organic and biodynamic (P508) agriculture is the first biodynamic preparation allowed at the general EC 1107/2009 phytopharmaceutical regulation. Our work during the 4P program for assessing the efficacy of diverse plant extract demonstrated the usefulness of biodynamic preparations. Applications in order to legalize them were submitted accordingly. 0 3 5 8 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 Cumulative mortality in (%) Days Horsetail extrait T 2D/10 4D/10 6D/10 8D/10 D 2D 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 Number of ofspring Days after incubation Control: mature eggs <24h Fig. 2. Evolution of mildew spores maturation in spring (in number of mature eggs) ‐ Lot 2 (23/04/13) Legend: control , horsetail treated Maturation period for winter eggs (locations) Arlay control Arlay Horsetail Vernois control Vernois Horsetail Montaigu control Montaigu Horsetail Time gained with Horsetail treated Easter day (Sunday) Date of application Horsetail decoction 2011 13-Apr. 13-Apr. >27-Apr. > 7 days 24-Apr. 20-Apr. 2012 10-Apr. 13-Apr. 16-Apr. 3 days 08-Apr. 5-Apr. 2013 21-Apr. 23-Apr. 02 - 06-May 9 - 13 days 31-March 27-March 2014 10-Apr 10-Apr 07-apr 7-Apr. 23-Apr. 23-Apr. 0 day 21-Apr. 3-Apr. Fig. 1. Effects on mildew: Gain (in days) without recovery in vineyards with horsetail decoction treatment. Frequency on leaves (in %) Action/effect E. arvense decoction Anti germinative Anti sporulant effective Curative none Preventive mild Fig. 3. In vitro effect of E. arvense decoction against mildew spores versus different Mode Of Action The aqueous extract of horsetail shows almost no effect on aquatic organisms: EC50 (Daphnia pulex) = 55 mg/mL and EC50 (Artemia salina) = 8.9 mg/mL compare to chemicals (< 0,05 mg/mL). Attacked twigs (in %) *Bordelaise Bouillie CuSO 4 , ½ Dose Fig. 4. Reduction of mildew on leaves Fig. 5. Effectiveness of plant extracts with reduced (1/2) copper dose. with E. arvense decoction treatment with reduced copper dose compare to full copper dose treatment. a a b b b bc c Extract composition The decoction contains flavonoids (0,6 to 0,9%) like apigenin‐5‐0‐glucoside, genkwanin‐5‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3,7‐di‐ O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐(6’‐O‐malonyl‐glucoside)‐7‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐sophoroside, luteolin‐5‐O‐glucoside, quercetin‐3‐O‐glucoside; caffeic acid ester (up to 1%) including chlorogenic acid, dicoffeoyl‐meso‐tartaric acid and silicic acid (5 to 7,7%) to some extent water soluble. Extract Proteins Lipids + Sterols + Terpenes Sugars + polyols Ashes Polyphenols Total characterised After analysis E. arvense 13 % 34 % 38 % 18 % 5% 100%
Transcript of Equisetum arvense P 508, plant protection activity from...
• Darnand M. 2016. Essais de la Société Viticole du Jura, in « Les Cahiers de Soin de la Terre, Livret n°2 : Soins aux arbres fruitiers au verger amateur ou paysan » Masson P.• EU. 2014. Commission Implementing Regulation No 462/2014 of 5 May 2014 approving the basic substance Equisetum arvense L., OJ L 134, of 7.5.2014, p. 28.• Marchand P.A. et al. 2014. Evaluation des caractéristiques et de l’intérêt agronomique de préparations simples de plantes, pour des productions fruitières, légumières et viticoleséconomes en intrants [Evaluation of characteristics and agronomic interest of simple herbal preparations for fruit, vegetable and wine‐production as efficient inputs]. InnovationsAgronomiques 34: 83–96.• Marchand P.A. 2015. Basic substances: an opportunity for approval of low‐concern substances under EU pesticide regulation. Pest Management Science 71 (9): 1197–1200. DOI:10.1002/ps.3997• Marchand P.A. 2016. Basic substances under EC 1107/2009 phytochemical regulation: experience with non‐biocide and food products as biorationals", Journal of Plant ProtectionResearch, 56(3), 312‐318, DOI: 10.1515/jppr‐2016‐0041• Marchand P.A. 2017. Basic Substances under EU Pesticide Regulation: an opportunity for Organic Production? Organic Farming, 2017, 3(1): 16–19, DOI: 10.12924/of2017.03010016• Marchand P.A. 2015. Le saule ou osier : Un SDN antifongique. Alter Agri, 2015, 130, p 31.
References
Conclusion
Field typical suitable concentration is 200 g of active ingredient (a.i.) hl–1. The aqueous extract of
horsetail as decoction is intended to be used in fields for plant protection on grapevines (Darnand, 2016)and apple trees and vegetable gardening to control diseases such as mildew, downy mildew and otherscaused by foliar fungi such as Pythium and Alternaria spp. Horsetail has long been known in thebotanical tradition, organic and biodynamic (P508) agriculture as having a preventive effect on fungaldiseases of plants. The effect is based on the high percentage of silica in the plant, which helps to reducethe impact of moisture. Silica would reduce the effects of excess water on plants that lead to the growthof fungi. E. arvense decoction shows anti sporulation activity (Marchand, 2016). It would also be anactivator of the defense mechanisms of these plants (elicitor).
Agriculture Uses as plant protection means
Horsetail, Equisetum arvense L. has long been known in botanical folklore as having a preventive effect on fungal plant diseases. The traditional hot water extract fromE. arvense has long been used by organic and biodynamic (as P508) farmers (Marchand, 2017). E. arvense water extract is intended to be used as plant strengthenerand preventive treatment of pathogenic fungi. In this way, we are presenting some papers about the effect of the natural silica (silicic acid) used for the control ofpowdery mildews and fungal diseases in some cultures. E. arvense extract is a foliar stimulator of natural defenses and fungicide for use as a spring post‐emergencetreatment in all cultivars of grapevine and apple trees. In literature, the described mode of action would be based on the high percentage of silica in the plant thatworks on lowering the impact of moisture. Silicon would reduce the effects of excessive water around plants that would lead to fungus. It would also act as an activatorof plant defense mechanisms. Silicon (Si) is a bioactive element associated with beneficial effects on mechanical and physiological properties of plants. Silicon alleviatesabiotic and biotic stresses, and increases the resistance of plants to pathogenic fungi. E. arvense extract was also shown to possess a broad spectrum of a very strongantimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The radical scavenging activity of extracts significantly correlated with total phenolic content. The antimicrobial testsshowed that ethyl acetate and n‐butanol extracts inhibited the growth of tested bacteria.
P 508: Overview
Equisetum arvense, P 508, plant protection activity from the lab to the field
MARCHAND Patrice A.,*1 HENNER Marianne,2 DARNAND Marie,2 AVELINE Nicolas31. Institut Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique (ITAB), France, e‐mail: [email protected]
2. Société de Viticulture du Jura, France3. Institut Français de la Vigne et du Vin, France
1st International Conference on Biodynamic Research. Dornach, Switzerland: September 5th to 8th 2018
The aqueous extract of horsetail (E. arvense decoction) was usedin fields for plant protection on grapevines to control diseases suchas mildew, downy mildew. This example shows moderate effect of E.arvense decoction treatment with reduce copper quantities.
Horsetail: Environmentaly friendly extract
Fig. 3. Cumulative bee mortality exposed to horsetail extractLegend: T = control, D = normal dose, 2D/10, 4D/10, 6D/10, 8D/10 = diluted doses, 2D = double dose
Plant extracts recipe
The decoction is processed as follows: 200 g of the aerial part of E. arvense dry
plant tissues are macerated in 10 l of water for 30 min (soaking) and then boiled for45 min (Marchand, 2016). After cooling down, the decoction is filtrated with a finesieve or more generally with a stocking and then further diluted by 10 with water. Thesolvent for extraction and preparation is water (spring water or rainwater) and theoptimal pH is 6.5. Decoction is described in the implementing regulation (EU, 2014)and a further “Report Review” is available in EU pesticide database (Marchand, 2015).
Efficiency of P508 preparation is often tested in different trials, in vitro, in vivo and in campo.In vitro, we established that efficacy may be due to anti‐sporulant properties of the extract asgermination of spores of mildew may be temporarily stopped by addition of the E. arvenseextract (Marchand, 2016). In vivo, treated foliar discs show protection from inoculation. In fields(in campo), potential efficiency of P508 is measured by the delay of mildew re‐infestation invineyards (Darnand, 2016).
Mode of action
Horsetail (E. arvense) decoction, useful in organic and biodynamic (P508)agriculture is the first biodynamic preparation allowed at the general EC 1107/2009phytopharmaceutical regulation. Our work during the 4P program for assessing theefficacy of diverse plant extract demonstrated the usefulness of biodynamicpreparations. Applications in order to legalize them were submitted accordingly.
0
3
5
8
J0 J1 J2 J3 J4
Cu
mu
lati
ve m
ort
alit
yin
(%
)
Days
Horsetail extrait
T 2D/10
4D/10 6D/10
8D/10 D
2D
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
Nu
mb
ero
f o
fsp
rin
g
Days after incubation
Control: mature eggs <24h
Fig. 2. Evolution of mildew spores maturation in spring (in number of mature eggs) ‐ Lot 2 (23/04/13)Legend: control , horsetail treated
Maturation period for winter eggs (locations)
Arlaycontrol
ArlayHorsetail
Vernoiscontrol
VernoisHorsetail
Montaigucontrol
MontaiguHorsetail
Time gained withHorsetail treated
Easter day(Sunday)
Date of application Horsetail decoction
2011 13-Apr. 13-Apr. >27-Apr. > 7 days 24-Apr. 20-Apr.
2012 10-Apr. 13-Apr. 16-Apr. 3 days 08-Apr. 5-Apr.
2013 21-Apr. 23-Apr. 02 - 06-May 9 - 13 days 31-March 27-March
2014 10-Apr 10-Apr 07-apr 7-Apr. 23-Apr. 23-Apr. 0 day 21-Apr. 3-Apr.
Fig. 1. Effects on mildew: Gain (in days) without recovery in vineyards with horsetail decoction treatment.
Fre
qu
ency
on
leav
es(i
n %
)
Action/effectE. arvensedecoction
Anti germinativeAnti sporulant
effective
Curative none
Preventive mild
Fig. 3. In vitro effect of E. arvensedecoction against mildew sporesversus different Mode Of Action
The aqueous extract of horsetail shows almost no effect on aquatic organisms: EC50 (Daphniapulex) = 55 mg/mL and EC50 (Artemia salina) = 8.9 mg/mL compare to chemicals (< 0,05 mg/mL).
Att
acke
dtw
igs
(in
%)
*Bordelaise BouillieCuSO4, ½ Dose
Fig. 4. Reduction of mildew on leaves Fig. 5. Effectiveness of plant extracts with reduced (1/2) copper dose.with E. arvense decoction treatment with reduced copper dose compare to full copper dose treatment.
a
a
b
b b bcc
Extract composition
The decoction contains flavonoids (0,6 to 0,9%) like apigenin‐5‐0‐glucoside, genkwanin‐5‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3,7‐di‐
O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐(6’‐O‐malonyl‐glucoside)‐7‐O‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐sophoroside, luteolin‐5‐O‐glucoside,quercetin‐3‐O‐glucoside; caffeic acid ester (up to 1%) including chlorogenic acid, dicoffeoyl‐meso‐tartaric acid and silicic acid(5 to 7,7%) to some extent water soluble.
Extract ProteinsLipids + Sterols +
TerpenesSugars+ polyols
Ashes Polyphenols Total characterised
After analysis
E. arvense 13 % 34 % 38 % 18 % 5 % 100%
