Equilibrium Worksheets for Chemistry 12  Notes Worksheets Quiz 1. Approaching Equilibrium WS 1 Q12. LeChatelier's Principle-1 WS 23. LeChatelier's Principle-2 WS 3 & 4 Q24. LeChatelier's-3 & Start Lab WS 55. Lab Lechatelier's Questions 1-10 Conclusion6. Haber/Graphing WS 6 & 7 Q37. Equilibrium Constants WS 8 Q48. Keq Calculations WS 9 & 109. K-trial & Size Keq WS 11 Q510. Entropy & Enthalpy WS 12 Q611. Review Web Review Practice Test 112. Review Practice Test 2Quizmebc      

The following workbook will ensure that you can demonstrate your understanding of all aspects of the kinetics unit. The minimum expectation is that you do all of these questions by the due dates given by your teacher. There are other things that you should do to prepare for the test at the end of the unit. Remember, what you put into this course is what you will get out. There is no substitute for consistent effort and hard work. If you cannot do a question, get some help before the end of the unit, you need to know, understand, and remember everything. Good luck! I know you can do well in this unit.    

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Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium  

1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium?

2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction?

3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

5. Define equilibrium.

6. Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.

7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?

As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes each change.

8. Reactant concentration.

9. Products concentration.

10. Forward reaction rate.

11. Reverse reaction rate.

12. What is equal at equilibrium?

13. What is constant at equilibrium?

 

14. Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached

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15. Label each graph with the correct description.

        The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

        The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

        The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

         

16. Draw a PE Diagram for the reaction if PE of the reactants is 100 KJ/mole N2O4 and Ea = 110 KJ/mole N2O4.

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[Reactant] [Product] Overall Rate

N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 N02 (g) DH= +58KJ(colorless) (brown)

          

If a catalyst were added to the reaction, what would happen to the PE Diagram, the forward rate, and the reverse rate?PE Diagram Forward rate Reverse rate

 One mole of very cold, colorless N2O4 (g) is placed into a 1.0L glass container of room temperature. The reaction:

N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 N02 (g) DH= +58 KJ(colorless) (brown)

proceeds to equilibrium. The concentration of each gas is measured as a function of time. 

Time (s) 0 5 10 15 20 25[N2O4] (M) 1.0 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80[N02] (M) 0.0 0.34 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40

 17. Plot concentration of N2O4 and N02 against time on the same graph below. 1.0 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.3 - 0.2 - 0.1 - 0.0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 TIME (s)18. After what time interval has equilibrium been established? ___________ 19. Describe the change in the appearance of the container over 25 seconds (describe the colour change

and when it becomes constant).

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PE 9(KJ/mole) 

Reaction Path

20. Calculate the rate of N2O4 consumption in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s

period.

0-5 sec. rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec. rate = ________M/s

Why is the rate greater over the first five minutes compared to the second five minutes (think in terms of reactant and product concentrations?

 21. Calculate the rate of N02 production in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

0-5 sec. rate = ________M/s

5-10 sec. rate = ________M/s 

How does the rate of formation of N02 compare to the rate of consumption of N2O4? Remember, if you measure the reactants or products, it is still the overall rate.

 22. What are the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and N02? 

[N2O4]= ______M Are they equal? ______![N02] = ______M

 23. Is the reaction over, when equilibrium has been achieved? If not, explain.

  24. What are the necessary conditions to establish equilibrium?

 

25. What are the characteristics of an equilibrium?

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Worksheet #2 Le Chatelier’s Principle Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium. 

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + 92 KJ 

Shifts Shifts to theStress [N2] [H2] [NH3] Right or Left Reactants or Product 1. [N2] is increased  2. [H2] is increased  3. [NH3] is increased  4. Temp is increased

5. [N2] is decreased  6. [H2] is decreased  7. [NH3] is decreased  8. Temp is decreased 9. A catalyst is added

     

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N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) DH = + 92 KJ 

Shifts Shifts to Favour the Stress [N2O4] [NO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products 1. [N2O4] is increased  2. [NO2] is increased  3. Temp is increased  4. [N2O4] is decreased  5. [H2] is decreased  6. [NO2] is decreased  7. Temp is decreased  4HCl (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2 (g) + 98 KJ 

Shifts Shifts to Favour the Stress [O2] [H2O] [HCl] Right or Left Reactants or Products 1. [HCl] is increased  2. [H2O] is increased 3. [O2] is increased  4. Temp is increased 5. [H2O] is decreased 6. [HCl ] is decreased 7. [O2] is decreased 8. Temp is decreased 9. A catalyst is added  

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CaCO3 (s) + 170 KJ ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

 

Note : Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This is because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.

Shifts Shifts to Favor theStress [CO2] Right or Left Reactants or Products 1. CaCO3 is added  2. CaO is added  3. CO2 is added  4. Temp is decreased  5. A catalyst is added  6. [CO2] is decreased  7. Temp is increased

8. CaO is removed  

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Worksheet #3 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle  The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) ⇄ 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

For each situation described in the table, indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from before to after a new equilibrium has been established. Component Stress Equilibrium Concentrations NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O] NH3 addition

removal   O2 addition removal   NO addition

removal H2O addition removal

[NH3] [O2] [NO] [H2O]

Increase in temperature

Decrease in temperature

Increase in pressure

Decrease in pressure

Addition of a catalyst

An Inert gas is added

 

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Worksheet #4 Le Chatelier’s Principle 

State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the application of the following stress listed beside the equation.

 1. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) + energy decrease temperature  2. C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2 CO (g) increase temperature  3. N2O4 (g) ⇄ 2 NO2 (g) increase total pressure  4. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) decrease total pressure  5. 2 NOBr (g) ⇄ 2 NO (g) + Br2 (g) decrease total pressure  6. 3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g) add Fe(s)

 7. 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2 SO3 (g) add catalyst  8. CaCO3 (s) ⇄ CaO (s) + CO2 (g) remove CO2 (g)

 9. N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) He is added

  

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Consider the following equilibrium system:  3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) ⇄ 2 NH3 (g) + Heat. State what affect each of the following will have on this system:

10. More N2 is added to the system

11. Some NH3 is removed from the system

12. The temperature is increased

13. The volume of the vessel is increased

14. A catalyst was added  15. An inert gas was added at constant 

If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

16. If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has  

17. If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibriumwas established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.

Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has .  

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Consider the following equilibrium system 

H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2 HI (g)

 State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting. 

18. The volume of the vessel is increased

19. The pressure is increased

20. A catalyst is added    Consider the following equilibrium system:  3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g) ⇄ Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

 State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.

21. The volume of the vessel is decreased 22. The pressure is decreased 23. More Fe is added to the system 24. Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system 25. A catalyst is added to the system  Consider the following equilibrium: 

2NO (g) + Br2 (g) + energy ⇄ 2NOBr (g)  

State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.26. The volume of the vessel is increased 27. The pressure is decreased 28. More Br2 is added to the system 29. Some NO is removed from the system 30. A catalyst is added to the system    

 

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Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.

2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

31. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has  32. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?[CO] [O2] [CO2]

33. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was

established. 2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

34. Compared to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

35. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

[CO] [O2] [CO2]

36. Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?

The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.

2CO (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2CO2 (g) + energy

37. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium. Forward Rate has Reverse Rate has

38. Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

[CO] [O2] [CO2]

39. Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or products?  

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Worksheet #5 Applying Le Châtelier's Principle  1. The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium system as follows:  energy + 2 CrO4

2-(aq) + 2 H+

(aq) ⇄ Cr2O7 2-

(aq) + H2O (l)

yellow orange  Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below: 

shift color changeIncrease in [H+] Increase in [CrO4

2-] Increase in [Cr2O7

2-] Decrease in [H+]

Decrease in [CrO4 2-]

Increase in temperature Decrease in temperature Add HCl (aq) Add NaOH

   2. The copper (II) ion and copper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:  Cu(OH)2 (aq) + 4 H2O (l) ⇄ Cu(H2O)4

2+(aq) + 2 OH-

(aq) + 215 kJ

violet light blue  Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below: 

shift color changeIncrease in [Cu(H2O)4

2+] Add NaOH Increase in [Cu(OH)2] Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4

2+] Decrease in [Cu(OH)2]

Increase temperature Decrease temperature Add KCl (aq) Add HCl (aq)

 3. Consider the equilibrium that follows:  4 HCl (g) + 2 O2 (g) ⇄ 2 H2O (l) + 2 Cl2 (g) + 98 kJ

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(clear) (yellow)

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below: 

shift color changeIncrease in temperature Increase [HCl] Decrease in [Cl2] Decrease temperature Add Ne at constant volume

 4. Consider the equilibrium that follows:  Cu+ (aq) + Cl-

(aq) ⇄ CuCl (s) ΔH = + 98 kJ (green)

Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:Cu+ is green

shift color changeIncrease in temperature Increase [HCl] Add NaCl Decrease temperature Add NaOH (aq)

(check your solubility table for a possible reaction) 

Add CuCl(s) Add AgNO3 (aq)

(check your solubility table for a possible reaction)

Add CuNO3 (aq) Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

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Worksheet #6 Graphing and LeChatelier’s PrincipleConsider the following equilibrium system.

I2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ 2 ICl (g) + energy

Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.

        adding I2(g)

        increasing the temperature

        increasing the volume

        removing Cl2(g)

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ICl

I2

ICl

I2

ICl

I2 I2

Cl2

Worksheet #7 Maximizing Yield 1. N2O4(g) + 59 KJ ⇄ 2 NO2(g)

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 215 KJ

Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

3. H2O(g) ⇄ H2O(l) DH = -150 KJ

Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

 4. In the Haber reaction: 3H2(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + energy

Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.

A High pressure of 50 MP  

The presence of Ur or Os  

Condensing NH3 to a liquid

A relatively high temperature 500 oC

Worksheet #8 Equilibrium Calculations  1. SO3(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ H2SO4(l)

 At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600M Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

 

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    2. At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:

0.075 mol of PCl5 0.050 mol of H2O 0.750 mol of HCl 0.500 mol of POCl3

Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

     3. Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).

In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture at 25oC.

     4. Consider the following equilibrium:

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC. If the Keq = 680.0, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.

        5. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)

2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC. Calculate the Keq at 20oC.

6. 2 SO3(g) ⇄ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO3 and the number of moles SO3 present if the Keq = 1.47 x 10-3.

   

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          7. If at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the

equilibrium concentration of HI.H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)

           8. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00 moles H2 are found in an 8.00 L container

at 690oC at equilibrium. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

          

Worksheet #9 Equilibrium Calculations  

Solve each problem and show all of your work. 1. At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains:

0.75 mol of PCl5 0.50 mol of H2O 7.50 mol of HCl 5.00 mol of POCl3

Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

  

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         2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).

In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0 M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.

          3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)

When 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.

        

  4. Consider the following equilibrium: 2 NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g)

2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.

      

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    5. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2 SO3(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq

         6. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M, [I2] = 0.200 M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium

concentrations of all molecules.H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)

            

   7. 1.60 moles CO and 1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00 L container at 690 oC

(Keq = 10.0). CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.

         

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  8. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g)

Keq = 0.800 at 100oC. If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.

          9. Consider the following equilibrium system: 2NO2(g) ⇌ N2O4

Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.   Container 1 2.00 L 0.12 moles NO2 0.16 moles N2O4

  Container 2 5.00 L 0.26 moles NO2 ? moles N2O4

 Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the first container and use it for the second container.

         

Worksheet #10 Equilibrium Calculations  Solve each problem and show all of your work in your portfolio. 1. At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:

0.200 mol of PCl5 0.30 mol of H2O 0.60 mol of HCl 0.300 mol of POCl3

Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5 (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

    

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2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g).In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2] = 4.20 M and [SO3] = 11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.

          3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)

When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250 M. Calculate the Keq value.

  

   

       

4. H2(g) + S(s) ⇄ H2S(g) Keq= 140.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium. Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium.

         5. Keq = 0.0183 for the reaction: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)

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If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the equilibrium concentration of H2?

           6. Consider the equilibrium: I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇄ 2ICl (g) Keq= 10.0 

The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of moles of I2 and Cl2.

            

  7. Consider the equilibrium: 2ICl(g) ⇄ I2 (g) + Cl2 (g) Keq= 10.0

If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of I2

was found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.            

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 8. A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at

130 oC. Calculate the Keq. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)

       

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Worksheet #11 Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq   1. 2 CrO4

-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇄ Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0L volume.CrO4

-2 = .030 mol, H+ = .020 mol, Cr2O7-2 = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol

       2. PCl5(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g) Keq= 11

At equilibrium the 4.0L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three chemicals. PCl5 0.012 mol H2O 0.016 mol HCl 0.120 molCalculate [POCl3].

 3. 6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0 L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H2 are present. Calculate

the Keq 2H2S(g) ⇄ 2H2(g) + S2(g)

      4. 4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0L container at 180oC. If the

[HBr] = 3.0 M at equilibrium, calculate the Keq.H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇄ 2HBr(g)

        5. At 2000 0C Keq = 11.6 for: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g). If some NO was placed in a

2.0 L vessel, and the equilibrium [N2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other equilibrium concentrations.         

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 6. At 800oC, Keq= 0.279 for CO2(g) + H2(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2O(g).

If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500.0 mL container, calculate all equilibrium concentrations.

      7. CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq= 10.0 at 690oC. If at a certain time

[CO] = 0.80 M, [H2O] = 0.050 M, [CO2] = 0.50 M and [H2] = 0.40 M, is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium

          8. For the reaction: CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq= 10.0 at 690 oC. The following

concentrations were observed: [CO]=2.0 M, [H2]= 1.0 M, [CO2]=2.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?

           9. For the equation below, the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5 M,

[H2] = 1.2 M, [CO2] = 1.0 M, [H2O] = 0.10 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium? CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Keq= 10.0 at 690oC

   

 10. At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75. 2O3(g) ⇄ 3O2(g)

Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts are introduced to a 10 L vessel.

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a) 0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2

    

b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2

    

c) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2

   

 

11) Consider the following equilibrium: 

a) 2NO2 (g) ⇄ N2O4 (g) Keq = 2.2b) Cu2+

(aq) + 2Ag(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Keq = 1 x 10-15

c) Pb2+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) ⇄ PbCl2(s) Keq = 6.3 x 104

d) SO2(g) + O2 (g) ⇄ SO3 (g) Keq = 110 

i) Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent? ______ii) Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent? ______

 12. What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?  13. In the reaction: A + B ⇄ C + D + 100 kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the

temperature?    14. If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or

endothermic?    15. In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ ⇄ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the (X)?

Explain your answer.   16. If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or

endothermic?    

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17. Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems  

(a) CH3COOH(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + CH3COO-

(aq) Keq = 1.8 x 10-5

(b) H2O2(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + HO2(aq) Keq = 2.6 x 10-12

(c) CuSO4(aq) (+ Zn(s) ⇄ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) Keq = 1037

  

 

 

18. What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below? 

2NO2(g) + heat ⇄ N2O4(g) Keq = 2.2  

 (a) adding a catalyst (b) increasing the concentration of a reactant (c) increasing the concentration of a product (d) decreasing the volume (e) decreasing the pressure (f) increasing the temperature (g) decreasing the temperature  

         

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Worksheet #12 Enthalpy & Entropy  

For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases. 1. 2H2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O(g)  2. 2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  3. Ag+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s)

4. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g)  5. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g)

6. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)  7. I2(s) + 608 kJ ⇄ I2(aq)

8. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) + 1570 kJ   Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will

a) go to completionb) not occur orc) go to equilibrium

9. H2O(l) ⇄ H2O(g) DH = 150 kJ    10. CaCO3(s) + 180 kJ ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)    11. I2(s) ⇄ I2(aq) + 608 kJ    12. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ⇄ 2Fe2O3(s) ∆H = +1570 kJ    13. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) DH = +26.8 kJ     14. Ag+

(aq) + Cl-(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s) + 86.2 kJ

 

30

    Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction will

 a) have a large Keqb) have a small Keqc) have a Keq about equal to 1

 15. H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⇄ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) DH = +207 kJ     16. NH4NO3(s) ⇄ NH4

+(aq) + NO3

-(aq) DH = -30 kJ

     17. N2(g) + 3H2(g) + 92 kJ ⇄ 2NH3(g)

     18. H2O(l) + 150 kJ ⇄ H2O(g)

     19. Ca(s) + H2O(l) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) DH = +210 kJ 

31

Web Review 1. Describe the changes in reactant and product concentration as equilibrium is approached. 2. Describe the changes in the forward and the reverse rates as equilibrium is approached. 3. State three conditions that are necessary to achieve equilibrium. 4. Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only reactants are placed

in a container. 5. Assuming all three conditions are present, describe what would happen if only

products are placed in a container. 6. Describe the relationship between the size of the equilibrium constant, large, small, or about 1, and

the relative amounts of reactants or products. 7. Describe each of the following:

Dynamic equilibrium, LeChatelier's principle, Ktrial, Enthalpy, Entropy Macroscopic property.

 8. Describe the effect of temperature on the equilibrium constant for an exothermic and endothermic

reaction. 9. Describe the effect of changing the temperature, pressure , volume, concentration or adding a

catalyst on the value of the equilibrium constant. 10. What is the only variable that will change the value of the equilibrium constant. 11. What are the phases of the compounds that are not included in the equilibrium expression.12. Write the equilibrium expression for: 4A(g) + 3B(aq) ⇄ 2C(l) + 3D(s)

      13. Pick the best Keq for each of the reactions. Keq = 100 Keq = 0.01 Keq = 1.0 

a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ 

b) 3C(s) + 3H2(g) ⇄ C3H6(g) ΔH = +20.4 kJ 

c) 2Pb(NO3)2(s) + 597 kJ ⇄ 2PbO(s) +4NO2(g) + O2(aq)

  

32

14. For each reaction in equilibrium describe the shift for the following changes: increasing temperature, increasing pressure, decreasing volume, adding a gaseous product and removing an aqueous reactant.

 a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⇄ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ  b) A(aq) + 6B(g) ⇄ 2C(g) + 4D(g) ΔH= +56kJ

  15. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⇄ ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) + 152kJ

 Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction. Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.

16. A(aq) + 6B(g) ⇄ 2C(g) + 2D(g) ΔH= +56kJ Give three ways to increase the yield of the reaction.

 Give five ways to increase the rate of the reaction.

 17. What is equal at equilibrium? 18. What is constant at equilibrium? 19. Which reaction has the greatest yield? Why?

 a) Keq = 8.0 x 10-12 b) Keq = 7.0 x 10-11

 20. Which reaction has the smallest yield?

 a) Keq = 1.0 x 10-15 b) Keq = 9.0 x 10-15

 21. Which has the greater entropy?

a) H2O(s) b) H2O(l) c) H2O(g)

22. Which has the greater enthalpy?a) H2O(s) b) H2O(l) c) H2O(g)

 Hint: Consider H2O(s) → H2O(l) Draw a potential energy diagram. Which side is higher?

 23. Review your kinetics test. There will be 5 questions on this test from kinetics. 

24. Consider the following equilibrium system: SO3(g) + NO(g)⇄NO2(g) + SO2(g)

 

33

a) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding SO3(g)

  

b) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after removing NO2(g)

  

c) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate immediately after adding a catalyst .

  

d) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has formed compared to the original equilibrium after removing NO2(g)

  

e) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding SO3(g)

  

f) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has formed compared to the original equilibrium after adding a catalyst .

  g) Describe what happens to the forward and reverse reaction rate after a new equilibrium has

formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the container.   h) Describe what happens to the reactant and product concentrations after a new equilibrium

has formed compared to the original equilibrium after decreasing the volume of the container.

  Part 2 Calculations1. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g) [SO3] = 0.400M [NO] = 0.480M

[NO2] = 0.600M [SO2] = 0.450M Keq = 0.800 at 100ºCa) Show by calculation that this reaction mixture is not at equilibrium at 100ºC.b) What will happen to [SO3] and [SO2] as the system moves to equilibrium?

         2. Consider the equilibrium below:

Co(H2O)6+2

(aq) + 2Cl-1(aq) ⇄ Co(H2O)6Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

34

pink blueIf the colour of the equilibrium mixture is pink at 5ºC and blue at 60ºC, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

     3. SO3(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ H2SO4(l)

[SO3] = 0.400M [H2O] = 0.480M [H2SO4] = 0.600MCalculate the value of the equilibrium constant.

        4. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)

4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200ºC and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of O2 is 2.00M, calculate the Keq.

   5. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g)

If at equilibrium [O2] = 0.500M and [SO3] = 0.400M and the equilibrium constant is the same as question 4 at 200ºC, calculate the [SO2].

 6. Consider the following equilibrium:

2NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g) 2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80M NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.

             7. SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.800 at 100ºC

If 4.00 moles of each reactant is placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all equilibrium concentrations at 100ºC.

 35

             8. Keq = 0.0183 at 150ºC for: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)

If 3.00 moles of HI is placed in a 5.00 L container and allowed to establish equilibrium, what are all equilibrium concentrations?

       Challenge Question 9. Consider the following equilibrium in a 5.00 L container:

CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2 (g) At equilibrium, there is 1.0 mole of CO, 3.0 moles of H2O, 3.0 moles CO2, and 3.0 moles of H2. If 2.0 moles of CO are now added, find the equilibrium [CO2].Hint: first calculate the Keq, then do an ICE chart with the initial concentrations after CO is added.

              Equilibrium Practice Test # 1 1. Consider the following reaction mechanism:

Step1: NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)

Step2: O(g) + NO2(g) → NO(g) + O2(g)

The catalyst is:

36

 A. O2

B. O3

C. NOD. NO2

 2. Consider the following reaction: 2NH3(g) ⇄ N2(g) + 3H2(g)

A flask is initially filled with NH3. As the system approaches equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction

 A. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreasesB. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction increasesC. increases as the rate of the reverse reaction increasesD. decreases as the rate of the reverse reaction decreases

 3. Consider the following reaction:

Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -153 KJIn this reaction

 A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the productsB. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy both favour the reactantsC. minimum enthalpy favours products and maximum entropy reactantsD. minimum enthalpy favours reactants and maximum entropy products

 4. In all systems at equilibrium, the 

A. concentration of reactants is less than the concentration of the productsB. concentration of reactants and the concentration of the products are equalC. concentration of reactants is greater than the concentration of the productsD. concentration of reactants and the products are constant

 5. Consider the following mechanism: Step 1: N2O(g) → N2(g) + O(g)

Step 2: N2O(g) + O(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)

A reactant in the overall equation is 

A. OB. O2

C. N2

D. N2O  

6. Chemical systems tend to move toward positions of

A. minimum enthalpy and maximum entropy.B. maximum enthalpy and minimum entropy.C. minimum enthalpy and minimum entropy.D. maximum enthalpy and maximum entropy.

 37

7. An equilibrium system shifts left when the 

A. rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.B. rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the reverse reaction.C. rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.D. rate of the forward reaction and the reverse reaction are constant.

 8. A 1.00 L flask contains a gaseous equilibrium system. The addition of reactants to this flask

results in a 

A. shift left and a decrease in the concentration of the products.B. shift left and a increase in the concentration of the products.C. shift right and a decrease in the concentration of the products.D. shift right and a increase in the concentration of the products.

 9. Consider the following equilibrium: CH4(g) + H2O(g) + heat ⇄ CO(g) + 3H2(g)

In which of the following will both stresses shift the equilibrium to the right? 

A. a decrease in temperature and a decrease in volumeB. a increase in temperature and a decrease in volumeC. a decrease in temperature and a increase in volumeD. a increase in temperature and a increase in volume

 10. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g) ∆H = -198 kJ

There will be no shift in this equilibrium when 

A. more O2 is added.B. a catalyst is added.C. the volume is increased.D. the temperature is increased.

11. Consider the following equilibrium: 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) ⇄ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)

The equilibrium expression is 

A. Keq = [Fe2O3][H2] 3 B. Keq = [Fe2O3][3H2] [Fe]2[H2O]3 [2Fe][3H2O]

 C. Keq = [H2] 3 D. Keq = [ H2]3

[H2O]3

 

12. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 0.133At equilibrium, the [N2O4] is equal to

 A. 0.133 B. [NO2]

[NO2] 0.133 C. 0.133 D. [NO2] 2

[NO2]2 0.133 

38

13. Which of the following equilibrium systems most favours the products? 

A. Cl2(g) ⇄ 2Cl(g) Keq = 6.4 x 10-39

B. Cl2(g) + 2NO(g) ⇄ 2NOCl(g) Keq = 3.7 x 108

C. Cl2(g) + 2NO2(g) ⇄ 2NO2Cl(g) Keq = 1.8D. 2HCl(g) ⇄ H2(g) + Cl2(g) Keq = 2.0 x 10-7

 14. Consider the following equilibrium: 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(g) ⇄ 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

The equilibrium expression is 

A. Keq = [KOH] 4 [O 2] 3 B. Keq = [O2] 3 [KO2]2[H2O]2 [ H2O]2

 C. Keq = [KO2] 4 [H 2O] 2 D. Keq = [ H2O] 2

[KOH]4[O2]3 [O2]3

 15. Consider the following equilibrium: N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) ∆H = +181 kJ

When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium: 

A. shifts left and the Keq value increasesB. shifts left and the Keq value decreasesC. shifts right and the Keq value increasesD. shifts right and the Keq value decreases

 16. Consider the following equilibrium: CaCO3(s) + 556 kJ ⇄ CaO + CO2(g)

The value of the equilibrium constant will increase when 

A. CO2 is added.B. CO2 is removed.C. the temperature is increased.D. the temperature is decreased.

 

17. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO(g) + H2(g)

The contents of a 1.00 L container at equilibrium were analyzed and found to contain 0.20 mole C, 0.20 mole H2O, 0.60 mole CO, and 0.60 mole H2, The equilibrium constant is

 A. 0.11B. 0.56C. 1.8D. 0.0

 18. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 4.61 x 10-3

A 1.00 L container at equilibrium was analyzed and found to contain

39

0.0200 mole NO2. At equilibrium, the concentration of N2O4 is 

A. 0.0868 MB. 0.230 MC. 4.34 MD. 11.5 M

 19. Consider the following potential energy diagram:          

The forward reaction is 

A. exothermic and the ∆H = -50 kJB. endothermic and the ∆H = +50 kJC. exothermic and the ∆H = -225 kJD. endothermic and the ∆H = +225 kJ

 20. Consider the following equilibrium: H2O(g) + CO(g) ⇄ H2(g) + CO2(g)

A closed container is initially filled with H2O and CO. As the reaction proceeds to equilibrium the 

A. [CO] and [CO2] both increaseB. [CO] and [CO2] both decreaseC. [CO] increases and [CO2] decreasesD. [CO] decreases and [CO2] increases

 

21. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g) The pressure of the system is increased by reducing the volume. When comparing the new equilibrium with the original equilibrium,

 A. all concentrations remain constantB. the concentrations of all species have increasedC. reactant concentrations have increased while products decreasedD. reactant concentrations have decreased while products increased

 22. Consider the following equilibrium: N2O4(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) A 1.00 L container is initially filled with

0.200 moles of N2O4. At equilibrium, 0.160 moles NO2 are present. What is the equilibrium concentration of N2O4?

 A. 0.040 M

40

PE(kJ)

Progress of Reaction

50kJ225kJ

B. 0.080 MC. 0.120 MD. 0.160 M

 23. Equilibrium is dynamic process because the 

A. macroscopic properties are not changingB. mass of the reactants equals the mass of the productsC. forward and reverse reactions continue to occurD. concentrations of reactants and products are constant

 24. Consider the following equilibrium: C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH4(g) The addition of H2 will cause the

equilibrium to shift to the  

A. left and [CH4] will increaseB. left and [CH4] will decreaseC. right and [CH4] will increaseD. right and [CH4] will decrease 

25. Given the following system: 2CrO42-

(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O7

2-(aq) + H2O(l) Which of the following

chemicals, when added to the above equilibrium, would result in a decrease in [CrO42-]?

 A. NaOHB. HNO3

C. Na2CrO4

D. Na2Cr2O7

 

26. Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system 

A. increases the value of the Keq.B. increases the yield of the products.C. has no effect on the rates of the reaction.D. increases the rate of formation of both reactants and products.

 

27. Consider the following reaction: 2B(s) + 3F2(g) ⇄ 2BF3(g) The equilibrium expression is 

A. Keq = [2BF3] [3F2]

 B. Keq = [F2] 3

[BF3]

C. Keq = [BF3] 2 [F2]3

D. Keq = [BF3] 2 [B][F2]3

 28. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) ⇄ N2(g) + O2(g) Keq = 2.01 x 1030

41

The value of the equilibrium constant indicates that the  

A. [NO]2 < [N2][ O2]B. [NO]2 > [N2][ O2]C. [NO] = [N2][ O2]D. [NO] > [N2][ O2]

 29. Consider the equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

At equilibrium the [H2} = 0.020 M, [I2] = 0.020 M, and [HI] = 0.160 M. The value of the equilibrium constant is:

 A. 2.5 x 10-3

B. 1.6 x 10-2

C. 6.4 x 101

D. 4.0 x 102

 30. Consider the equilibrium: H2O(g) + Cl2O(g) ⇄ 2HOCl(g) Keq = 9.0 x 10-2

A 1.0 L flask contains a mixture of 1.8 x 10-1 mole H2O, 4.0 x 10-4 mole Cl2O, and 8.0 x 10-2 mole HOCl. To establish equilibrium, the system will proceed to the

 A. left because the trial Keq > KeqB. left because the trial Keq < KeqC. right because the trial Keq > KeqD. right because the trial Keq < Keq

 31. Consider the following equilibrium: SO2(g) + NO2(g) ⇄ SO3(g) + NO + energy

The equilibrium does not shift with a change in 

A. volumeB. temperatureC. concentration of productsD. concentration of reactions

 32. Consider the following equilibrium : SO2Cl2(g) + energy ⇄ SO2(g) + Cl2(g)

When the temperature is decreased, the equilibrium shifts 

A. left and the [SO2Cl2] increases B. left and the [SO2Cl2] decreasesC. right and the [SO2Cl2] increasesD. right and the [SO2Cl2] decreases

 33. Consider the following equilibrium: NH3(g) + HCl(g) ⇄ NH4Cl(s) + energy

Which of the following will result in a decrease in the mass of NH4Cl? 

A. adding NH3

B. removing HClC. decreasing the volumeD. decreasing the temperature

 34. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g)

42

When 0.40 moles of PCl3 and 0.40 moles of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is

 A. 0.10B. 0.30C. 3.3D. 10

 Subjective 1. Concentrations of H2, I2, and HI in a mixture at equilibrium at 425 oC were found to be 1.52 x 10-2

M, 3.55 x 10-2 M, and 2.57 x 10-1 M respectively. Calculate the equilibrium constant.H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 2. 4.00 moles of PCl5 are placed in a 2.00 L container and goes to equilibrium at

200 oC. If 0.60 moles of PCl5 are present at equilibrium, calculate the equilibrium constant. PCl5(g) ⇄ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 3. An equilibrium system has a Keq = 50 at 0 oC and a Keq = 80 at 20 oC.  a) As the temperature was increased, which direction did the reaction shift?  b) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?    4. If the initial [H2] = 0.200 M and [I2] = 0.200 M and the Keq = 55.6 at 20 oC, calculate the

equilibrium concentration of all molecules.H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

         

43

    5. Consider the following data obtained for the following equilibrium:

Fe3+(aq) + SCN-

(aq) ⇄ FeSCN2+(aq)

[Fe3+] [SCN-] [FeSCN2+] 

Experiment 1 3.91 x 10-2 M 8.02 x 10-5 M 9.22 x 10-4 M 

Experiment 2 6.27 x 10-3 M 3.65 x 10-4 M ? 

Calculate [FeSCN2+] in experiment 2.     6. 1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 6.00 moles CO2, and 6.00 moles H2 are put in a

2.00 L container at 600 oC.  

CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ CO2(g) + H2(g) Keq = 10.0       

a) Show by calculation the reaction is not at equilibrium.      

b) Which way will the reaction shift in order to achieve equilibrium?  

 c) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of CO2.

        

44

     

45

Equilibrium Practice Test # 2 1. The slowest of the following reactions is: 

A. Ag+(aq) + Cl-

(aq) → AgCl(s)

B. H+(aq) + OH-

(aq) → 2H2O(l)

C. 3Ba2+(aq) + 2PO4

3-(aq) → Ba3(PO4)2(aq)

D. Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+

(aq) + 2Ag(s)

 2. The rate of a chemical reaction is equal to the slope of the line with axes labelled 

x-axis y-axis 

A. time rateB. mass timeC. volume of gas timeD. time concentration

 3. Consider the following reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + heat

The diagram that represents the relationship between rate and temperature is: 

                        

46

Rate

Temperature

Rate

Temperature

Rate

Temperature

Rate

Temperature

A. B.

C. D.

4. Which of the following describes the energy of colliding particles as reacting molecules approach each other?

 KE PE

 A. decreases increasesB. increases decreasesC. decreases remains constantD. remains constant increases

 5. The average kinetic energy per molecule can be increased by 

A. adding a catalystB. increasing pressureC. increasing temperatureD. increasing reactant concentration

 6. Consider the following reaction: C(s) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH4(g) ΔH = -74.8 kJ

Which of the following will cause an increase in the value of the Keq? 

A. increasing [H2]B. decreasing the volumeC. finely powdering the C(s)

D. decreasing the temperature 7. Consider the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

At equilibrium [H2] = 0.00220 M, [I2] = 0.00220 M, and [HI] = 0.0156 MThe value of the Keq is

 A. 3.10 x 10-4

B. 1.99 x 10-2

C. 5.03 x 101

D. 3.22 x 103

            

47

8. Consider the rate diagram for the following reaction: 2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g)             

Which of the following occurs at t1? 

A. addition of H2

B. addition of HIC. addition of a catalystD. a decrease in volume

 9. Chemical equilibrium is said to be dynamic because 

A. the reaction proceeds quicklyB. the mass of the reactants is decreasingC. the macroscopic properties are constantD. both forward and reverse rates are occurring

 10. Which equation has the largest value of Keq? 

A. N2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) ΔH = 21 kJB. C2H6(g) ⇄ 2C(s) + 3H2(g) ΔH + 83 kJC. H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) ⇄ H2O(g) ΔH = -240 kJD. Ca(s) + 3H2O(l) ⇄ Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) ΔH = -240 kJ

 11. The value of the Keq can be changed by 

A. adding a catalystB. changing the temperatureC. changing the reactant concentrationD. changing the volume of the container

    

12. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g)

48

Rate

Time t1

forward

reverse

When 0.40 mole of PCl3 and 0.40 mole of Cl2 are placed in a 1.00 L container and allowed to reach equilibrium, 0.244 mole of PCl5 are present. From this information, the value of the Keq is

 A, 0.10B. 0.30C. 3.3D. 10

 13. Consider the following equilibrium: PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇄ PCl5(g) Keq = 2.30

A 1.0 L container is filled with 0.05 mole PCl5, 1.0 mole PCl3, and 1.0 mole Cl2. The system proceeds to the  A. left because the Trial Keq > KeqB. left because the Trial Keq < KeqC. right because the Trial Keq > KeqD. right because the Trial Keq < Keq 

14. Given the following system: 2CrO42-

(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇄ Cr2O7

2-(aq) + H2O(l)

Which of the following chemicals, when added to the above system at equilibrium, would result in a decrease in [Cr2O7

2-]? A. NaOHB. HNO3

C. Na2CrO4

D. Na2Cr2O7

 

15. What is the Keq expression for the following equilibrium?3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇄ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

 A. Keq = [H2]4

B. Keq = [H2] [H2O]

C. Keq = [H2] 4 [H2O]4

D. Keq = [Fe2O3][H2] 4 [Fe][H2O]4

       

16. Consider the following equilibrium: 2O3(g) ⇄ 3O2(g) Keq = 65 

49

Initially 0.10 mole of O3 and 0.10 mole of O2 are placed in a 1.0 L container, Which of the following describes the changes in concentrations as the reaction proceeds towards equilibrium? 

[O3] [O2] A. decreases decreasesB. decreases increasesC. increases decreasesD. increases increases

 17. Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO4

2-(aq) + 2H+

(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-

(aq) + H2O(l)

yellow orangeAn unknown solution is added to an orange equilibrium system until the sample turns yellow. The solution could be  A. KNO3

B. NaOHC. NH4NO3

D. CH3COOH 18. Consider the following equilibrium:

CH3COOH(aq) ⇄ CH3COO-(aq) + H+

(aq) + heatA stress was applied at time t1 and the data plotted on the following graph:The stress imposed at time t1 is the result of          A. the addition of HClB. decreasing the temperatureC. the addition of NaCH3COOD. increasing the volume of the container

    

19. Consider the following potential energy diagram for an equilibrium system:  

50

time t1

[H+]

P.E.

Progress of the reaction

        

When the temperature of the system is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the  

A. left and the Keq increasesB. left and the Keq decreasesC. right and the Keq increasesD. right and the Keq decreases

 20. Addition of a catalyst to an equilibrium system 

A. increases the value of the KeqB. increases the yield of the productC. has no effect on the rates of the reactionD.                 increases the rates of formation of both reactants and products

 21. Ammonia, NH3, is produced by the following reaction:

 N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + energy

 Which of the following would result in the highest concentration of ammonia at equilibrium? A. increasing the temperature and increasing the pressureB. decreasing the temperature and increasing the pressureC. increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressureD. decreasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure 

22. Consider the following equilibrium: 

2NO2(g) ⇄ N2O4(g) Keq = 1.15

The equilibrium concentration of NO2 is 0.50 mol/L. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of N2O4(g).

 A. 0.22 mol/LB. 0.29 mol/LC. 0.43 mol/LD. 0.58 mol/L  

 23. Consider the following equilibrium:

H2(g) + I2 ⇄ 2HI(g) Keq = 50.051

 What is the value Keq for the reaction rewritten as: 

2HI(g) ⇄ H2(g) + I2(g) Keq = ? A. -50.0B. 0.0200C. 25.0D. 50.0

 24. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOCl(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)

 A flask is filled with NOCl, NO, and Cl2(g). Initially there were a total of 5.0 moles of gases present. When equilibrium is reached, there are a total of 8.0 moles of gases present. Which of the following explains the observation? A. The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq > KeqB. The reaction shifted left because the Trial Keq < KeqC. The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq > KeqD. The reaction shifted right because the Trial Keq < Keq

 25. Consider the following equilibrium:

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇄ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) + energyWhich of the following will cause the equilibrium to shift to the left? A. adding H2O(g)

B. removing some NO(g)

C. increasing the volumeD. decreasing the temperature

26. A catalyst is added to a system already at equilibrium. How are the forward and reverse reaction rates affected by the addition of the catalyst.

Forward Rate Reverse Rate 

A. increases increasesB. increases constantC. constant decreasesD. constant constant

 27. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NOBr(g) ⇄ 2NO(g) + Br2(g) Keq = 0.064

At equilibrium, a 1.00 L flask contains 0.030 mole NOBr and 0.030 mole NO. How many moles of Br2 are present?

 A. 0.0019B. 0.064C. 0.030D. 0.47

 28. Which of the following does not apply to all chemical equilibrium systems? 

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A. They are closed.B. The macroscopic properties are constantC. Forward and reverse rates are equalD. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products

 29. The relationship between Ea and reaction rate is best represented as                30. The relationship between Keq and temperature for an exothermic reaction is best represented as             31. The relationship between reaction rate and temperature is best represented by              32. The relationship between Ea and temperature is best represented by

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A. B.

C. D.

A. B.

C. D.

A. B.

C. D.

               32. Methanol, CH3OH, can be produced by the following:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇄ CH3OH(g) + energyThe conditions necessary to maximize the equilibrium yield of CH3OH are

 A. low temperature and low pressureB. high temperature and low pressureC. low temperature and high pressureD. high temperature and high pressure

 33. Consider the following equilibrium: 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) + energy

When the volume of the container is increased, the equilibrium shifts to the  

A. left and the Keq decreasesB. right and the Keq increasesC. left and the Keq remains constantD. right and the Keq remains comstant

 34. Consider the following reaction:

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) Š 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) ΔH = -2202 kJWhich of the following applies to the forward reaction? 

Entropy Enthalpy A. increases increasesB. increases decreasesC. decreases increasesD. decreases decreases

   

Subjective 1. Consider the following equilibrium:

54

A. B.

C. D.

 N2H4(g) + 2O2(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

 More oxygen is added to the above equilibrium. After the system re-establishes equilibrium, identify the substance(s), if any, that have a net

 a) increase in concentration

 b) decrease in concentration

    2. Given the following equilibrium: H2(g) + I2(g) ⇄ 2HI(g)

 Initially, 0.200 mole H2 and 0.200 mole I2 were placed into a 1.0 L container. At equilibrium, the

[I2] is 0.040 M. Calculate the Keq.               3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2CrO4

2-(aq) + 2H+

(aq) ⇄ Cr2O72-

(aq) + H2O(l)

yellow orange 

When HCl is added, the solution turns orange. Explain why this colour change occurs.              

4. Consider the following equilibrium system:  

55

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g) + energyA 1.00 L container is filled with 7.0 mole NH3 and the system proceeds to equilibrium as indicated by the graph.

                a) Draw and label the graph for N2 and H2. Fill in an ICE chart if you are not sure how

to do this.N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄ 2NH3(g)

ICE

  b) Calculate the Keq for the above reaction.

     5. Consider the following equilibrium 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) Keq = 1.5 

0.800 mole NO, 0.600 moles O2, and 0.400 moles NO2 are placed in a vessel that 2.0 L. Show by calculation that the reaction is not at equilibrium? What will happen to [O2] as equilibrium is approached?

    

 6. Consider the following equilibrium: 

SO3(g) + NO(g) ⇄ NO2(g) + SO2(g) Keq = 0.50056

2.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

M

NH3

 Exactly 0.100 mole SO3 and 0.100 mole NO were placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to go to equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of SO2.  

 Equilibrium Worksheet Questions      Power Point Lesson Notes- double click on the lesson number.                                                         

  

Worksheets               Quiz 1.         Approaching Equilibrium                    WS     1                           Q12.         LeChatelier's Principle-1                    WS 2                          3.         LeChatelier's Principle-2                    WS 3 & 4                    Q24.         LeChatelier's-3 & Start Lab                WS 5                          5.         Lab Lechatelier's                                 Questions 1-10            Conclusion                 6.         Haber/Graphing                                  WS 6 & 7                    Q37.         Equilibrium Constants                         WS 8                           Q48.         Keq Calculations                                 WS 9 & 109.         K-trial & Size Keq                              WS 11                           Q510.       Entropy & Enthalpy                             WS 12                         Q611.       Review                                                Web Review               Practice Test 112.       Review                                                Practice Test 2            Quizmebc Read Hebdon Unit 2 Worksheet #1 Approaching Equilibrium Read unit II your textbook. Answer all of the questions. Do not start the questions until you have completed the reading. Be prepared to discuss your answers next period.

1. What are the conditions necessary for equilibrium? 

Must have a closed system.

Must have a constant temperature.

Ea must be low enough to allow a

reaction.                                                                                                                                                            

                                                

2. What is a forward reaction versus a reverse reaction? 

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In a forward reaction, the reactants collide to produce products and it goes from left to

right.                                                                                            

In a reverse reaction, the products collide to produce reactants and it goes form right to

left.                                                                                        

3. Why does the forward reaction rate decrease as equilibrium is approached?

As the reaction goes to the right, the reaction concentration decreases and

therefore, there are less reactant collisions causing the forward rate to

decrease.                                                       

4. What are the characteristics of equilibrium?

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant (color, mass, density, pressure, concentrations).

 

5. Define equilibrium.

Equilibrium occurs when:

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant. (color, mass, density, pressure,

concentrations)                                     

6. Define the word dynamic and explain its relevance to the concept of equilibrium.

The word dynamic means that forward and reverse continue to

occur.                                                                                                                               

7. Why does the reverse reaction rate increase as equilibrium is approached?                                 

The reverse reaction rate increases as equilibrium is approached because as the reaction goes from

left to right,

the concentrations of the products increases, therefore there are more product collisions causing the

reverse reaction rate to

increase.                                                                                                                                                     

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As a reaction is approaching equilibrium describe how the following change. Explain what causes each change.

8. Reactant concentration.  As the reaction goes to the right, the reaction concentration decreases.

9. Products concentration. As the reaction goes from left to right, the concentration of the products

increases.                                                                 

10. Forward reaction rate. The reaction concentration decreases and therefore, there are less reactant

collisions causing the forward rate to decreases.

11. Reverse reaction rate. The concentrations of the products increases, therefore there are more

product collisions causing the reverse reaction rate to

increase.                                                                                                                                            

12. What is equal at equilibrium? The forward and reverse rates are

equal.                                                                                                        

13. What is constant at equilibrium? The reactant and product concentrations and the macroscopic

properties are constant.                                 

14. Sketch each graph to show how concentrations change as equilibrium is approached

[reactant]                                 [product]                                             Overall Rate

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15. Label each graph with the correct description.

       The forward and reverse rates as equilibrium is approached

       The overall rate as equilibrium is approached

       The reactant and product concentrations as equilibrium is approached (two graphs)

59

 

 

 

                       

 

60

 

 

 

 

   16. Draw a PE Diagram for the reaction if PE of the reactants is 100 KJ/mole N2O4  and      Ea = 110  KJ/mole N2O4.                                      N2O4 (g) <----->         2 N02 (g)            DH=  +58KJ                        (colorless)                               (brown) 

        

If a catalyst was added to the reaction, what would happen to the PE Diagram, the forward rate, and the reverse rate? PE Diagram     The activation energy would decrease                         Forward rate     Increase                                 Reverse rate    Increase                       One mole of very cold, colorless N2O4 (g) is placed into a 1.0L glass container of room temperature. The reaction:                        N2O4 (g) ⇋              2 N02 (g)            DH=  +58KJ                        (colorless)                   (brown)proceeds to equilibrium. The concentration of each gas is measured as a function of time.       Time  (s)   0          5          10        15        20        25

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      [N2O4] (M)           1.0       0.83     0.81     0.80     0.80     0.80      [N02]  (M)   0.0     0.34     0.38     0.40     0.40     0.40 17. Plot concentration of N2O4 and N02 against time on the same graph below.     1.0 -     0.9 -     0.8 -     0.7 -

     0.6 -     0.5 -     0.4 -     0.3 -     0.2 -     0.1 -     0.0 -             0            5              10            15            20            25            30             35                                                          TIME (s)                                                        18. After what time interval has equilibrium been established?          15 seconds 19. Describe the change in the appearance of the container over 25 seconds (describe the colour change and when it becomes constant).           

                                                                                                                                                                 

The container will gradually increase the intensity of brown and then remain constant after 15

seconds.                                                                                

                                               

20. Calculate the rate of N2O4 consumption in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

      0-5 sec.                                                                           rate = 1.0 – 0.83 M    =   0.034 M / s62

5.0 sec

      5-10 sec.                                                                                     rate = 0.83 – 0.81 M    =   0.004 M / s

                                                                                                                                       5.0 sec          Why is the rate greater over the first five minutes compared to the second five minutes (think in terms

of reactant and product concentrations?                                                                                                                                                                       The reactant concentration has decreased and the product concentration increased.

The forward rate has decreased and the reverse rate increased and because of this the overall net rate has decreased.                                                                                                                                                            

 21. Calculate the rate of N02 production in (M/s) over the first 5s period and then the second 5s period.

      0-5 sec.                                                                                                     rate = 0.34 – 0.00

M    =   0.068 M / s 5.0 sec

      5-10 sec.                                                                                                   rate = 0.38 – 0.34

M    =   0.008 M / s

                                                                                                                                        5.0 sec       How does the rate of formation of N02 compare to the rate of consumption of N2O4? Remember, if you

measure the reactants or products, it is still the overall rate.                                    It is twice as great because of the stoichiometric relationship.       2moles

NO2                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1mole

N2O4                                        22. What are the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and  N02?       [N2O4]= 0.80 M                                  Are they equal?  No!      [N02]  = 0.40 M             23. Is the reaction over, when equilibrium has been achieved? If not, explain.

      No it is not. Although the concentrations are constant, the forward and reverse reactions

continue

forever.                                                                                                                                                       

      

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24. What are the necessary conditions to establish equilibrium?

Must have a closed system.

Must have a constant temperature.

      Ea must be low enough to allow a

reaction.                                                                                                                                                      

      

                                                                                                                                                                  25. What are the characteristics of an equilibrium?

Forward rate is equal to the reverse rate.

The concentration of reactants and products are constant.(not equal)

Macroscopic properties are constant. (color, mass, density, pressure, concentrations)

                                                                                                                                                     

Worksheet #2 LeChatelier’s Principle Describe the changes that occur after each stress is applied to the equilibrium.                         N2 (g)    +     3H2 (g)     ⇋    2NH3(g)    +   92 KJ 

                                                        Shifts                        Shifts to the

Stress                                                      [N2]                  [H2]                [NH3]             Right or Left                Reactants or Product 1. [N2] is increased                             increases          decreases        increases           right                products                                                                                                                                                            2. [H2] is increased                            decreases          increases         increases            right                products                                                                                                                                                                        3. [NH3] is increased                          increases          increases         increases             left                  reactants                                                                                                                                                                     4. Temp is increased                           increases          increases         decreases            left                  reactants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       5. [N2] is decreased                            decreases         increases         decreases            left                  reactants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

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 6. [H2] is decreased                            increases          decreases        decreases             left                  reactants                                                                                                                        7. [NH3] is decreased                          decreases         decreases        decreases            right                products                                                                                                                                                 8. Temp is decreased                          decreases         decreases        increases              right                products                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       9. A catalyst is added                          nochange          nochange         nochange             nochange        nochange                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

N2O4 (g)       ⇋              2NO2(g)                        DH =  +   92 KJ                                                                                                             Shifts                           Shifts to Favor theStress                                                    [N2O4]              [NO2]           Right or Left                Reactants or Products 1. [N2O4] is increased                         increases        increases        right                            products                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2. [NO2] is increased                          increases        increases        left                              reactants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       3. Temp is increased                           decreases       increases        right                            products                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4. [N2O4] is decreased                        decreases       decreases       left                              reactants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            5. [H2] is decreased                            nochange        nochange        nochange                    nochange                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       6. [NO2] is decreased                          decreases       decreases       right                            products                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

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7. Temp is decreased                          increases        decreases       left                              reactants                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4HCl (g)    +     O2 (g)     ⇋    2H2O(g)    +     2Cl2 (g)   +   98 KJ                                                                                                                         Shifts               Shifts to Favour theStress                                      [O2]                 [H2O]              [HCl]               Right or Left    Reactants or Products 1. [HCl] is increased               decreases       increases        increases        right                products                                                                                  2. [H2O] is increased              increases        increases        increases        left                  reactants                                            3. [O2] is increased                 increases        increases        decreases       right                products                                                                                          4. Temp is increased               increases        decreases       increases        left                  reactants                                                                                           5. [H2O] is decreased              decreases       decreases       decreases       right                products                                                                                           6. [HCl] is decreased              increases        decreases       decreases       left                  reactants                                                                                     7. [O2] is decreased                decreases       decreases       increases        left                  reactants                                                                                    8. Temp is decreased              decreases       increases        decreases       right                products                                                                                 9. A catalyst is added              nochange        nochange        nochange        nochange            nochange                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

CaCO3 (s)   +   170 KJ    ⇋    CaO (s)    +    CO2  (g)

 

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                    Note :  Adding solids or liquids and removing solids or liquids does not shift the equilibrium. This is because you cannot change the concentration of a pure liquid or solid as they are 100% pure. It is only a concentration change that will change the # of collisions and hence shift the equilibrium.                                                                                    Shifts                           Shifts to Favor theStress                                      [CO2]                           Right or Left                Reactants or Products 1. CaCO3 is added                   nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                                                                                                                     2. CaO is added                      nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                                                                                                                       3. CO2 is added                       increases                    left                              reactants                                                                                                                                                       4. Temp is decreased              decreases                   left                              reactants                                                                                                                                                       5. A catalyst is added              nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                                                                                                                       6. [CO2] is decreased              decreases                   right                            products                                                                                                                                                          7. Temp is increased               increases                    right                            products                                                                                                                                                         8. CaO is removed                  nochanges                   nochanges                   nochanges                                                                                                                                                        Worksheet #3            Applying Le Châtelier's Principle The oxidation of ammonia is a reversible exothermic reaction that proceeds as follows:

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)              ⇋        4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

Le Châtelier’s Principle allows us to predict the changes that occur in an equilibrium reactionto compensate for any stress that is placed upon the system. For each situation described in the table,indicate an increase or decrease in overall concentration from before to after a new equilibrium hasbeen established.     Component Stress                        Equilibrium Concentrations                                                           [NH3]              [O2]               [NO]               [H2O]   NH3         addition                       increases        decreases      increases         increases                       removal                       decreases       increases       decreases        decreases 

                                                                                           O2            addition                       decreases       increases       increases            increases                   

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                  removal                       increases        decreases      decreases           decreases                                                                                           NO           addition                       increases        increases         increases            decreases                                                removal                       decreases       decreases        decreases           increases                                                                                           H2O          addition                       increases        increases         decreases            increases                         removal                      decreases       decreases        increases            decreases                                                                                           Increase in temperature:                 increases        increases         decreases            decreases                               Decrease in temperature:               decreases       decreases         increases            increases 

                                                                                                       

Increase Presssure:                        increases      increases            increases            increases

                                                                                                                   

Decrease in pressure:                     decreases       decreases        decreases            decreases

                                                                  We increased the volume- all concentrations go down

Addition of a catalyst:                     nochange        nochange          nochange            nochange

                                                       

  An inert gas is added:                    nochange        nochange            nochange            nochange

                                                                   

 Worksheet #4            Le Chatelier’s Principle             State the direction in which each of the following equilibrium systems would be shifted upon the

application            of the following stress listed beside the equation. 1.         2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)                   ⇋        2 SO3 (g) + energy         decrease

temperature         right                                        2.         C (s) + CO2 (g) + energy                     ⇋          2 CO (g)          increase

temperature          right                                       

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 3.         N2O4 (g) ⇋        2 NO2 (g)                                  increase total pressure                         

left                                          4.         CO (g) + H2O (g)                   ⇋        CO2 (g) + H2 (g)             decrease total pressure          nochange 5.         2 NOBr (g)            ⇋        2 NO (g) + Br2 (g)                     decrease total

pressure            right                            6.         3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g)            ⇋        Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)         add

Fe(s)                                       nochanges                                                                                                          

 7.         2SO2 (g) + O2 (g)                     ⇋        2 SO3 (g)                      add

catalyst                          nochanges                   8.         CaCO3 (s)                ⇋        CaO (s) + CO2 (g)                      remove CO2 (g)                            right                          

 9.         N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)                       ⇋        2 NH3 (g)                       increase [He (g)]                   no

change                                                                                                                                                               Consider the following equilibrium system:                                                 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)   ⇋       2 NH3 (g) + Heat.      State what effect each of the following will have on this system:

10.       More N2 is added to the

system                                                                           right                                                                        

               

11.       Some NH3 is removed from the

system                                                                right                                                                           

12.       The temperature is

increased                                                                                 left                                                                 

                       

13.       The volume of the vessel is

increased                                                                     left                                                                             

14.       A catalyst was added                                                                                            nochange69

15.       An inert gas was

added                                                                                         nochange                    16.       If a catalyst was added to the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.           Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.                 Forward Rate has        increases                          Reverse Rate

has               increases                                  17.       If the temperature was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium was established.            Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new equilibrium.                 Forward Rate has        increases                         Reverse Rate

has                increases                        

18.       If the volume of the container was increased in the above reaction and a new equilibrium            was established. Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions            of the new equilibrium.                 Forward Rate has        decreases                          Reverse Rate

has              decreases                      .                               Consider the following equilibrium system                                     H2 (g) + I2 (g)  ⇋ 2 HI (g)

             State what effect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting. 

19.       The volume of the vessel is increased             nochange                                                              

20.       The pressure is

increased                               nochange                                                                          

21.       A catalyst is

added                                        nochange                                                                                         Consider the following equilibrium system:                                     3 Fe (s) + 4 H2O (g)  <------> Fe3O4 (s) + 4 H2 (g)

             State what effect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.

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21.       The volume of the vessel is decreased                          nochange                                                              

22.       The pressure is decreased                                           nochange                                                                                      

23.       More Fe is added to the system                                   nochange                                                                          

24.       Some Fe3O4 is removed from the system                     nochange                                                  25.       A catalyst is added to the

system                                 nochange                                                                                       Consider the following equilibrium:            2NO (g)   + Br2 (g)  + energy  <------>  2NOBr (g)              State what affect each of the following will have on this system in terms of shifting.26.       The volume of the vessel is increased                         left                                                            27.       The pressure is

decreased                                          left                                                                                    28.       More Br2 is added to the

system                                right                                                                      29.       Some NO is removed from the system                        left                                                            30.       A catalyst is added to the

system                                nochange                                                                                      Consider the following equilibrium:

            Some CO was added to the system and a new equilibrium was established.

                        2CO (g)   + O2 (g)  <------>  2CO2 (g) + energy        

31.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has        increases                         Reverse Rate

has                increases                        32.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or decreased?            [CO]                increases                    [O2]                 decreases                   [CO2]               increases                               

33.       Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or

products?        products                                   

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            A catalyst was added to the system at constant volume and a new equilibrium was

established.               

            2CO (g)   + O2 (g)  ⇋  2CO2 (g) + energy       

34.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has        increases                          Reverse Rate

has               increases                        

35.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

            [CO]    no change                       [O2]             no change                   [CO2]               no

change           

36.       Did the equilibrium shift favour the formation of reactants or products?        Neither                       

            The volume of the container was decreased and a new equilibrium was established.               

            2CO (g)   +   O2 (g)  ⇋  2CO2 (g) + energy        

37.       Compare to the original system, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of the new

equilibrium.

            Forward Rate has increased                           Reverse Rate

has         increased                                      

38.       Compared to the original concentrations, after the shift, have the new concentrations increased or

decreased?

            [CO]                increased            [O2] increased                                [CO2]   increased                      

 

39.       Did the equilibrium shift favor the formation of reactants or

products?          Products                        Worksheet #5    Applying Le Châtelier's Principle 1.         The chromate and dichromate ions set up an equilibrium as follows:             energy + 2 CrO4 

2-(aq) + 2 H+

(aq)   ⇋            Cr2O7 2-

(aq) + H2O (l)

                              yellow                                           orange 

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            Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:                                                                                    shift                  color change            Increase in [H+]                                               right                Orange                                  Increase in [CrO4 

2-]                                        right                                       Increase in [Cr2O7 

2-]                                       left                                         Decrease in [H+]                                             left                  Yellow                                    Decrease in [CrO4

2-]                                       left                                         Increase in temperature                                   right                Orange                            Decrease intemperature                                   left                  Yellow                                    Add HCl (aq)                                                    right                Orange                                        Add NaOH                                                      left                  Yellow                                   OH- reacts with H+ and lowers [H+] causing the reaction to shift left.                     2.         The copper (II) ion andcopper (II) hydroxide complex exist in equilibrium as follows:                                 Cu(OH)2 (aq) +4 H2O (l)         ⇋      Cu(H2O)4 

2+(aq) +2 OH-

(aq) + 215 kJ                        violet                                                                 light blue                               Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stressbelow:                                                                                      shift                 colorchange            Increase in [Cu(H2O)4 

2+]                                 left                                         Add NaOH                                                      left                  Violet                                     Increase in [Cu(OH)2]                                     right                                       Decrease in [Cu(H2O)4 

2+]                               right                                       Decrease in[Cu(OH)2]                                    left                             Increase temperature                                       left                  Violet                                     Decrease temperature                                      right                Light  Blue                                  AddKCl (aq)                                                     no change       nochange                                           AddHCl (aq)                                                     right                Light  Blue                                          3.         Consider the equilibriumthat follows:                         4 HCl (g)+ 2 O2 (g)   ⇋      2 H2O (l) +      2 Cl2 (g)    +      98 kJ                                                                                                            (yellow)               Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:                                                                                   shift                        color change

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            Increase in temperature                                    left                  clear               Increase [HCl]                                                right                yellow                                    Decrease in [Cl2]                                            right                                       Decrease temperature                                      right                yellow                                    Add Ne at constant volume                             No Change      4.         Consider the equilibrium that follows:                         Cu+ (aq)   +    Cl-

(aq)    ⇋     CuCl (s)           ΔH   =   + 98 kJ                        (green)         Describe how the above equilibrium will shift after each stress below:      Cu+ is green                                                                                                          shift                 color change            Increase in temperature                                                           right               less green                              Increase [HCl]                                                                        right                less

green                                         Add NaCl                                                                                right                less

green                                         Decrease temperature                                                              left                  green                   Add NaOH (aq)                                                                         left                  clear                                       (reacts with HCl)                              (check your solubility table for a possible reaction)             Add CuCl(s)                                                     no change                   no change                                                                  Add AgNO3 (aq)                                                left                              green                                                            (check your solubility table for a possible reaction)                       Add CuNO3 (aq)                                                right because it contains the Cu+ ion.                                                Add Cu(NO3)2 (aq)                                            no change because the Cu2+ ion is a spectator.                              

Worksheet #6            Graphing and LeChatelier’s Principle

Consider the following equilibrium system.

I2(g)    +     Cl2(g)    ⇋   2 ICl (g) + energy

Label the graph that best represents each of the following stresses and shift.

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       adding I2(g)

       increasing the temperature

       decreasing the pressure

       Increasing the temperature 

removing Cl2(g)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Worksheet #7    Maximizing Yield  

1.         N2O4(g)     +    59  KJ    ⇋     2 NO2(g)

            Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of

(N2O4)                                                                                 

            Decrease the pressure                      Decrease the concentration of

(NO2)                                                                     

            Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of (N2O4)

            Add a catalyst                                    Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                       

                                               

2.         2SO3(g)      ⇋     2SO2(g)     +    O2(g)     +     215 KJ

            Describe four ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction

above.                                                                                               

            Decrease the temperature                Increase the concentration of

SO3                                                                          

            Decrease the pressure                      Decrease the concentration of

SO2                                                                                                 

            Decrease the concentration of O2

            Describe three ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of

(SO3)                                                                                   

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            Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                                                            

                       

3.         H2O(g)       H2O(l)         DH = -150 KJ

            Describe three ways of increasing the yield of for the reaction above.

            Decrease the temperature                Increase the concentration of

H2O                                                                         

            Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                                                            

                       

            Describe four ways to increase the rate of the above reaction.

            Increase the temperature                 Increase the concentration of H2O

            Add a catalyst                                    Increase the

pressure                                                                                                                        4.         In the Haber reaction:              3H2(g)   +    N2(g)    ⇌       2NH3(g)        +          energy                       Explain why each condition is used in the process to make ammonia.                       A High pressure of 50 MP                              High yield shifts to right                                                                    The presence of Fe2O3                                     A catalyst increases the rate                                                                        Condensing NH3 to a liquid                             Removing the products shifts to the right increasing the yield                                                       

            A relatively high temperature 500 oC              Even though the yield is lowered the rate is

increased                                                                                                                                                           

                                

Worksheet #8            Equilibrium Calculations            Solve each problem and show all of your work. 1.         SO3(g)         +     H2O(g)                ⇄    H2SO4(l)          Do not count the liquid!! 

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            At equilibrium [SO3] = 0.400M             [H2O] = 0.480M                  [H2SO4] = 0.600M                         Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.                                    Keq =                         1                                                       [SO3] [H2O]

Keq =                         1                                           [0.400] [0.480]

 Keq = 5.21

    2.         At equilibrium at 100oC, a 2.0L flask contains:            0.075 mol of PCl5             0.050 mol of H2O               0.750 mol 0f HCl           0.500 mol of POCl3

            Calculate the Keq for the reaction:             PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)              Keq = 1.4   3.         Keq= 798 at 25oC for the reaction:  2SO2 (g)   +  O2 (g) ⇄  2SO3 (g).            In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture at 25oC.  

[O2] = 0.00860M  4.         Consider the following equilibrium:                                                           2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)            0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 100oC. If the Keq = 680, calculate the SO3 concentration at 100oC.             Keq  =   [SO3] 2                                                                       [SO2]2[O2]                       680  =    [SO3] 2                                                                       [0.150]2[0.150]             [SO3]2 = (0.150)(0.150)2(680)              [SO3] = 1.51 M  

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5.         Consider the following equilibrium:            2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)

            2.00 moles of NO2 and1.60 moles of N2O4 are present in a 4.00 L flask at equilibrium at 20oC. Calculate the Keq at 20oC .              Keq = 1.60       6.         2 SO3(g)           ⇄        2 SO2(g)           +          O2(g)

            4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are present in a 2.00 L container at 100oC and are at equilibrium. Calculate the equilibrium concentration    of SO3 and the number of moles SO3 present if the Keq = 1.47  x  10-3.                        [SO3] = 82.5 M                       165 moles SO3

   7.         If  at equilibrium [H2] = 0.200M and [I2] = 0.200M and Keq=55.6 at 250oC, calculate the equilibrium concentration of HI.            H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)              [HI] = 1.49 M   8.         1.60 moles CO, 1.60 moles H2O, 4.00 moles CO2, 4.00moles H2 are found in a 8.00L container at 690oC at equilibrium.            CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)            Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant.              Keq = 6.25  Worksheet #9            Equilibrium Calculations            Solve each problem and show all of your work. 1.         At equilibrium, a 5.0L flask contains:             0.75 mol of PCl5       0.50 mol of H2O 7.50 mol of HCl          5.00 mol of POCl3

            Calculate the Keq for the reaction:                PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)

              Keq = 23  2.         Keq= 798 for the reaction: 

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            2SO2 (g) +  O2 (g) ⇄  2SO3 (g).            In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]=11.0 M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.               [O2] = 8.60 X 10-3 M   3.         Consider the following equilibrium:            2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇄ 2SO3 (g)            When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 1.00 litre container and allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250M. Calculate the Keq value.              Keq =1.07   4.         Consider the following equilibrium:            2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)

            If 2.00 moles of NO2 are placed in a 1.00 L flask and allowed to react. At equilibrium 1.80 moles NO2 are present. Calculate the Keq.                         2 NO2(g)           ⇄        N2O4(g)

                       I           2.00                             0.00

            C       -0.20                              0.10            E         1.80 M                        0.10 M                                                                        Note the loss of one sig fig                            Keq     =          (0.10)                                                (1.80)2

             Keq = 0.031   5.         2 SO2(g)           +          O2(g)                ⇄        2 SO3(g)

            4.00 moles of SO2 and 5.00 moles O2 are placed in a 2.00 L container at 200oC and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium         concentration of O2 is 2.00 M, calculate the Keq                        Keq = 0.50  

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 6.         If the initial [H2] = 0.200M, [I2] = 0.200M and Keq = 55.6 at 250oC calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all molecules.            H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇄ 2HI (g)              [HI] = 0.315 M                       [H2] = [I2] = 0.042 M    7.         1.60 moles CO and1.60 moles H2O are placed in a 2.00L container at 690 oC (Keq=10.0).            Calculate all equilibrium concentrations.            CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)               [CO2] = [H2] = 0.608 M                     [CO] = [H2O] = 0.192 M   8.         SO3(g) +   NO(g)                ⇄     NO2(g)  +   SO2(g)   

            Keq = 0.800 at 100oC.     If 4.00 moles of each reactant are placed in a 2.00L container, calculate all equilibrium concentrations at 100oC.              [NO2] = [SO2] = 0.944 M                  [SO3] = [NO] = 1.06 M   9.         Consider the following equilibrium system:               2NO2(g)    ⇌    N2O4

            Two sets of equilibrium data are listed for the same temperature.             Container 1                  2.00 L              0.12 moles NO2           0.16 moles N2O4            0.060 M NO2              .080 M N2O4

              Container 2                 5.00 L              0.26 moles NO2           ? moles N2O4               0.052 M NO2

             Determine the number of moles N2O4 in the second container. Get a Keq from the first             container and use it for the second container.             Keq                 =          [N2O4]                                                [NO2]2

                                     =          [0.080]                        =          22.22                                                [0.060]2

             Keq                 =          [N2O4]                                                [NO2]2

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            22.22               =          [N2O4]                                                [0.052]2

             [N2O4]            =          0.0600 M        5.00 L     x    0.0600 moles     =          0.30 moles                                                                                                1 L                        Worksheet #10          Equilibrium CalculationsSolve each problem and show all of your work in your portfolio. 1. At equilibrium, a 2.0 L flask contains:0.200 mol of PCl5        0.30   mol of H2O        0.60   mol of HCl        0.300 mol of POCl3

Calculate the Keq for the reaction: PCl5  (g) + H2O  (g) ⇄ 2HCl  (g) + POCl3  (g)

              Keq = 0.90    2. Keq= 798 for the reaction: 2SO2  (g) +  O2  (g) ⇄  2SO3  (g).In a particular mixture at equilibrium, [SO2]= 4.20 M and [SO3]= 11.0M. Calculate the equilibrium [O2] in this mixture.              [O2] = 8.60 X 10-3 M              3. Consider the following equilibrium: 2SO2  (g) + O2  (g) ⇄ 2SO3  (g)

When a 0.600 moles of SO2 and 0.600 moles of O2 are placed into a 2.00 litre container and allowed to reach equilibrium, the equilibrium [SO3] is to be 0.250M. Calculate the Keq value.(3 marks)

2SO2 (g)           +          O2  (g)               ⇄                    2SO3  (g)

                       I           0.300                           0.300                                       0                                  C         0.250                           0.125                                       0.250           

            E         0.050                           0.175                                       0.250             Keq  =  (0.250) 2                  

(0.050)2(0.175)                                                            Note the loss of one sig fig!

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Keq = 1.4 x 102

  

4. H2  (g) + S  (s) ⇄ H2S  (g)     Keq= 140.60 moles of H2 and 1.4 moles of S are placed into a 2.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium. Calculate the [H2] at equilibrium. (4 marks)             Don’t count S. It is a solid!            [H2] = 0.02 M    5. Keq=0.0183 for the reaction:2HI  (g) ⇄ H2 (g) + I2  (g)

If 3.0 moles of HI are placed in a 5.00L vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the equilibrium concentration of H2?              [H2] = 0.064 M    6. Consider the equilibrium:  I2 (g) + Cl2  (g)  ⇄  2ICl (g)    Keq= 10.0 The same number of moles of I2 and Cl2 are placed in a 1.0L flask and allowed to reach equilibrium. If the equilibrium concentration of ICl is 0.040 M, calculate the initial number of moles of I2 and Cl2.                                   I2 (g)      +          Cl2  (g) ⇄        2ICl  (g)            Keq = 10.0             I           x                      x                      0            C         0.020               0.020               0.040            E         x – 0.020         x - 0.020          0.040 

                    (0.040) 2            =             10.0                (x – 0.020)2

                    .04                            =             3.1622               (x – 0.020)             .04       =          -0.063244        +          3.1622x             0.103244                     =          3.1622x             x          =          0.033 M 

1.0 L   x   0.033  mole   =   0.033 mole         83

                                         L 7. Consider the equilibrium:   2ICl(g)   ⇄  I2 (g) + Cl2  (g)   Keq= 10.0If x moles of ICl were placed in a 5.0 L container at 10 oC and if an equilibrium concentration of I2 was found to be 0.60 M, calculate the number of moles ICl initially present.                                   2ICl(g)              ⇄             I2 (g)      +          Cl2  (g)              Keq= 10.0             I           x                                  0                      0            C         1.2                               0.60                 0.60            E         x – 1.2                         0.60                 0.60              (0.60) 2            =     10.0            (x – 1.2)2

                                  0.60                    =     3.162            (x – 1.2)                       0.60   =  3.162x  -  3.7944

 4.3944  =  3.162x x  = 1.3896 M 5.0 L  x  1.3896 moles    =  6.9 moles

                                    L 8. A student places 2.00 moles SO3 in a 1.00 L flask. At equilibrium [O2] = 0.10 M at 130 oC. Calculate the Keq.       

 2SO2(g)                    +          O2(g)       ⇄        2SO3(g)

           I           0                      0                      2.0                   Note this reaction starts with a product

and shifts left to go to equilibrium.            C     +.20                 +.10                  -  0.20                 So add on the left and subtract on the right.            E         .20                   .10                   1.8 Keq   =   (1.8) 2     =  810                (0.1)(.2)2

             Worksheet #11                      Review, Ktrial, & Size of Keq                 1.         2 CrO4

-2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) ⇄ Cr2O7-2 (aq) + H2O (l)

Calculate the Keq if the following amounts were found at equilibrium in a 2.0L volume.84

CrO4-2 = .030 mol, H+ = .020 mol, Cr2O7

-2 = 0.32 mol, H2O = 110 mol 

Do not count water. It is a liquid!!           

Keq  =  (0.16)                                      (0.015)2(0.010)2

 Keq = 7.1 X 106

    2.         PCl5 (s) + H2O (g) ⇄ 2HCl (g) + POCl3 (g)  Keq= 11

At equilibrium the 4.0L flask contains the indicated amounts of the three chemicals.                                      

PCl5        .012 mol          H2O     .016 mol          HCl     .120 molCalculate [POCl3].

              Keq     =    [HCl] 2 [POCl 3]                                    [H2O]            11        =    [0.030] 2 [POCl 3]

                       [.0040] [POCl3] =    (11)(0.0040)                        [0.030]2

  [POCl3] = 49

  3.         6.0 moles H2S are placed in a 2.0L container. At equilibrium 5.0 moles H2 are present. Calculate the Keq

 2H2S (g)           ⇄        2H2 (g)              +          S2 (g)

 I           3.0                               0                                  0 C         2.5                               2.5                               1.25 

E         0.5                               2.5                               1.25                                     Note the loss of 1 significant digit                        Keq  =  (2.5) 2 (1.25)                               (0.5)2

 Keq = 3  x  101

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   4.         4.0 moles H2 and 2.0 moles Br2 are placed in a 1.0L container at 180oC. If the [HBr] = 3.0 M at equilibrium, calculate the Keq.

 H2 (g)    +          Br2 (g) ⇄        2HBr (g)

                                        I           4.0                   2.0                   0                        C         -1.5                  -1.5                  +3.0                        E         2.5                   0.5                   3.0

 

Keq =  (3.0) 2                                         Note the loss of significant digits here            (2.5)(.5) Keq = 7

    5.         At 2000C Keq= 11.6 for 2NO(g) ⇄ N2 (g) + O2 (g).    If some NO is placed in a 2.0 L vessel and the

equilibrium [N2] = 0.120 M, calculate all other equilibrium concentrations                          2NO(g)             ⇄        N2 (g)    +          O2 (g)

           I           x                                  0                      0

            C         0.240                           0.120               0.120            E         x – 0.240                     0.120               0.120             (0.120) 2                                   =          11.6            (x – 0.240)2

             0.120                   =          3.4058            x – 0.240             x  =  0.275 M

   [N2] = [O2] = 0.120 M                        [NO] = 0.035 M

    6.         At 800oC, Keq = 0.279  for CO2 (g) + H2 (g) ⇄ CO (g) + H2O (g).                          

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If 2.00 moles CO( g) and 2.00 moles H2O (g) are placed in a 500 ml container, calculate all equilibrium concentrations.             Note that when two products are placed in a container it shifts to the left to get to equilibrium.                        CO2 (g)                         +          H2 (g)    ⇄        CO (g) +          H2O (g).             I           0                                  0                      4.00                 4.00             C         x                                  x                      x                      x             E         x                                  x                      4.00 - x            4.00 - x                         0.279   =    (4-x) 2                                          (x)2

                         0.5282  =  4 - x                                            x                         0.5282x  =  4 – x                         1.5282x  =  4                         [CO2]  =  [H2]  = x = 2.62 M                         [CO] = [H2O] = 4.00  -  x  = 1.38M                   7.         CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)       Keq= 10.0 at 690oC.      If at a certain time [CO] = 0.80M,

[H2O] = 0.050M, [CO2] = 0.50M and [H2] = 0.40M, is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium

 

               Ktrial  = 5       Keq = 10         -therefore the reaction is not at equilibrium and shifts right   8.         For the reaction: CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇄ CO2 (g) + H2 (g)    Keq= 10.0 at 690oC.  The following

concentrations were observed: [CO] =2.0M, [H2] = 1.0M, [CO2]=2.0M, [H2O] = 0.10M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?

               Ktrial = 10      Keq = 10         - therefore the reaction is at equilibrium  

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 9.         For the same equation above the following concentrations were observed: [CO] = 1.5M, [H2] =

1.2, [CO2] = 1.0M, [H2O] = .10M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, how will it shift in order to get to equilibrium?

              Ktrial  = 8       Keq = 10         -therefore the reaction is not at equilibrium and shifts right       10.       At a certain temperature the Keq for a reaction is 75.  2O3(g)   ⇄  3O2(g)

Predict the direction in which the equilibrium will proceed, if any, when the following amounts are introduced to a 10 L vessel.

a)  0.60 mole of O3 and 3.0 mol of O2

 Ktrial = (0.30) 3            =          7.5       <          Keq     Therefore the reaction will shift to the

right to reach equilibrium.                          (0.060)2         

b) 0.050 mole of O3 and 7.0 mol of O2

 Ktrial =   (0.70) 3          =          13720  >   Keq            Therefore the reaction will shift to the left

to reach equilibrium.                          (0.0050)2       

) 1.5 mole of O3 and no O2

 Ktrial =           (0) 3      =          0          <          Keq     Therefore the reaction will shift to the

right to reach equilibrium.                                   (0.15)2  

 

11. Consider the following equilibrium: 

a) 2NO2 (g)   ⇄   N2O4 (g)                                                           Keq = 2.2b) Cu2+

(aq)   +   2Ag(s)  ⇄ Cu(s)    +   2Ag+ (aq)                             Keq = 1 x 10-15                    Favors reactants to the greatest extent

c) Pb2+ (aq)    +   2  Cl- (aq)   ⇄     PbCl2(s)                                 Keq = 6.3 x  104                     Favors products to the greatest extent

d) SO2(g)    +   O2 (g) ⇄     SO3 (g)                                             Keq = 110 

i)         Which equilibrium favors products to the greatest extent?                 ii)        Which equilibrium favors reactants to the greatest extent?                 

 12.       What is the only way to change the value of the Keq?            The only way to change the value of the Keq is by changing the temperature. 13.       In the reaction: A + B ⇄ C + D + 100kJ, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the temperature?

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             The Keq will decrease.  14.       If the value of Keq decreases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?             The reaction is endothermic.  15.       In the reaction; W + X + 100kJ ⇄ Y + Z, what happens to the value of Keq if we increase the [X]? Explain your answer.            The Keq will remain the same because the only way to change Keq is by changing the temperature. 16.       If the value of Keq increases when we decrease the temperature, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?             The reaction is exothermic.  17.       Predict whether reactants of products are favored in the following equilibrium systems              (a)       CH3COOH(aq) ⇋ H+

(aq) + CH3COO-(aq)                                                            Keq = 1.8  x 10-

5                    Reactants

(b)       H2O2(aq)    ⇋   H+(aq) + HO2(aq)                                                Keq = 2.6  x 10-

12                    Reactants(c)       CuSO4(aq) (+ Zn(s)   ⇋ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)                                    Keq = 1037                               Products

 18.)      What effect will each of the following have on the Keq of the reaction shown below:                        

2NO2(g)                   +          heat     ⇋        N2O4(g)                                                            Keq = 2.2              

(a)       adding a catalyst                                              Remains constant                                                                                         (b)       increasing the concentration of a reactant        Remains constant                                                     

(c)       increasing the concentration of a product        Remains constant                                         (d)       decreasing the volume                                     Remains

constant                                                                 (e)       decreasing the pressure                                               Remains

constant                                                     (f)        increasing the

temperature                               Increases                                                                   

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(g)       decreasing the temperature                              Decreases                                                                                                      

      Worksheet #12          Enthalpy & Entropy       For each of these processes, predict if Entropy increases or decreases. 1. 2H2(g)   +    O2(g)    ⇋     2H2O(g)                              decreases                                                                                                       2. 2SO3(g)      ⇋     2SO2(g)     +    O2(g) increases                                                                                3.  Ag+

(aq)      +      Cl-(aq)     ⇋   AgCl(s)           decreases                                                                        

                                   4.   Cl2(g)    ⇋    2Cl(g)  increases                                                                                                              5.   H2O(l)   ⇋     H2O(g)            increases                                                                                            6.   CaCO3(s)     +    180 KJ   ⇋   CaO(s)     +    CO2(g) increases                                            7.    I2(s)     +    608 KJ   ⇋     I2(aq)                   increases                                                                              8.  4Fe(s)    +    3O2(g)   ⇋    2Fe2O3(s)    +    1570 KJ   decreases                                                           

Consider both Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction willa) go to completionb) not occur orc) go to equilibrium           9.         H2O(l)   ⇄     H2O(g)         DH = 150 KJ                                                             min enthalpy ⇄ max entropy 

                                   

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Equilibrium 10.   CaCO3(s)     +    180 KJ   ⇄   CaO(s)     +    CO2(g)                                                                                                  min enthalpy ⇄ max entropy

  

Equilibrium 11.      I2(s)     ⇄     I2(aq)      +    608 KJ                                                                                     

⇄ max entropy      min enthalpy  

Completion                        12.   4Fe(s)    +    3O2(g)   ⇄    2Fe2O3(s)    ΔH  =    1570 KJ                                                       max entropy     min enthalpy ⇄

                       Does not Occur

 13.     Cl2(g)    ⇄    2Cl(g)              DH = +26.8 KJ min enthalpy   ⇄  max entropy                                                                                    

Equilibrium 14.   Ag+

(aq) +   Cl-(aq)  ⇄   AgCl(s)   +    86.2 KJ

 min entropy ⇄ min enthalpy                                    Equilibrium Considerboth Enthalpy and Entropy and determine if each reaction willa) have a large Keqb) have a small Keqc) have a Keq about equal to 1 15.H2SO4(aq)    +   Zn(s)    ⇋   ZnSO4(aq)    + H2(g)    DH +207 KJ  

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                                                                  Keq about 1   16.NH4NO3(s) ⇋     NH4

+(aq)     +   NO3

-(aq)      DH  =  -30 KJ

        

   

Large Keq 17.N2(g)   +   3H2(g)   +  92 KJ  ⇋    2NH3(g)

      

 

                        Small Keq 18.  H2O(l)  + 150 KJ  ⇋      H2O(g)

       

 

                        Keq about equal to 1  

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19.Ca(s)     +    H2O(l)   ⇋   Ca(OH)2(aq)     +    H2(g)      DH  =    +210 KJ 

                                                     

Keq about 1

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