Epixylicslichens, mosses, fungi

Mycorrhizasaprotrophs

Woody material

Gut symbionts

Sugarfungi

Structural wood decayers(white rot, brown rot, soft rot) .

Residual wooddecayers

Fungivores- mycelium feeders- fruit body feeders- spores feeders

Myco-parasites

Predatoryarthropods

Parasitoids

Hyper-parasitoids

Top predatorswoodpeckers

Scavengers

Wood nestersinsects, birds, mammals

Animals

Fungi

Plants

Copyright ©

Jogeir N.Stokland

Figure 3.1. The saproxylic food web with organisms sorted into functional roles on different trophic levels. The arrows indicate the main nutrition and energy flows and the arrow thickness indicates the amount of nutrition flowing through that pathway.

Detrivores

Mycorrhizasaprotrophs

Woody material

Gut symbionts

Sugarfungi

Structural wood decayers(white rot, brown rot, soft rot) .

Residual wooddecayers

Fungivores- mycelium feeders- fruit body feeders- spores feeders

Myco-parasites

Predatoryarthropods

Parasitoids

Hyper-parasitoids

Top predatorswoodpeckers

Scavengers

Animals

Fungi

Copyright ©

Jogeir N.Stokland

Figure 3.1. The saproxylic food web with organisms sorted into functional roles on different trophic levels. The arrows indicate the main nutrition and energy flows and the arrow thickness indicates the amount of nutrition flowing through that pathway.

Detrivores

Fig. 6.4 Examples of bark-beetle galleries. Gallery system of the striped ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron lineatum) in sapwood. A) The females bore tunnels, which they empty from the boring dust, into the sapwood and lay eggs along the tunnels. The beetles carry an ambrosia fungus species (Ambrosiella ferruginea) (Käärik 1980) which they introduce into the galleries. B) Each larva bores only a short tunnel and stay where they are for the rest of their development, feeding exclusively on the fungal tissue growing in the tunnels. The fungus stains the wood. C) The staining can be seen around the entrance holes of the beetles soon after the galleries have been established.

<figure 3.3 Larva galleries of a) bark beetle in inner bark (white arrow indicates egg-laying site), notice the increasing width of sideway larva galleries from growing larvae, b) longhorn beetle in wood, c) ambrosia beetle in wood (notice short gallery of individual larva as they feed on the ambrosia fungus and not the wood as such)>

a

b

c

Comment: Other photos (or perhaps line drawings) should be used. These are just thrown in to have some indicative illustration.

a

b c

Figure 3.2. The internal head skeleton of Lonchaea larvae. a) a larva of Lonchaea xxx showing the position of the head skeleton. b) the head skeleton of Lonchaea yyy which has a sucking feeding mode. c) the head skeleton of Lonchaea zzz which has a scraping feeding mode. After original illustrations by Graham Rotheray <ref>.

d

Figure 3.4. Representatives of functional roles: a) mouth part of detrivore larva (Pytho sp.), b) mouth part of predatory larva (Cucujus, etc., c) fungivore Baranowskiella, d) parasitoid – Rhyssa persuasoria, e) Nematode trapped by the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys anchonia, f) ???

3b3a

3c

e

Figure 3.5 Food chain of four trophic levels from a) Picea abies log, b) Fomitopsis rosea, c) fungivore lepidoptera Agnathosia mendicella, d) parasitic Tachinid fly Elfia cingulata (based on Komonen et al. 2000)

d

b

c

a

Comment: This should be a line drawing. In addition to the adult insects we should also illustrate the larva, as the food chain involvement is at this stage.