Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides · 2019. 9. 26. · Epidermotropic Reactions:...

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Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides Uma Sundram, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Beaumont Health Systems, Royal Oak, MI September 26, 2019

Transcript of Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides · 2019. 9. 26. · Epidermotropic Reactions:...

Page 1: Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides · 2019. 9. 26. · Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides Uma Sundram, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology Oakland

Epidermotropic Reactions: Mimics of Mycosis Fungoides

Uma Sundram, MD, PhDProfessor of Pathology

Oakland University William Beaumont School of MedicineBeaumont Health Systems, Royal Oak, MI

September 26, 2019

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Disclosures

• I have nothing relevant to disclose.

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Outline

• Mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sézary syndrome• CD8+ CTCL• Mimics of MF

– Lymphomatoid lichenoid keratosis– Lymphomatoid drug eruption– Pigmented purpuric eruption

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Outline

• Mimics of MF– Lichen sclerosus– HIV related dermatitis– Pityriasis lichenoides chronica

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Diagnosis of CTCL

• Clinical Information and Histology• Immunohistochemistry

– identify neoplastic lymphocyte population– subtype CTCL according to 2008 WHO criteria

• T cell receptor gene rearrangement studies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)– identify clonal population

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Histologic Features Patch/ Plaque Stage MF• Band‐like infiltrate• Focal epidermotropism out of proportion to degree of spongiosis

• Pautrier’s microabscesses

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Histologic Features Patch/ Plaque Stage MF• Single cell arrays within basal layer• Clear halos• Papillary dermal fibrosis• Sézary cells

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Immunophenotyping• CD4+/CD7‐ immunophenotype• CD8+ in cases of CD8+ MF• Usually confirmatory in morphologically unequivocal cases

• Least helpful in ambiguous cases– Scant infiltrate– Intraepidermal neoplastic population with variable reactive infiltrate

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Molecular Studies

• T cell receptor clonally rearranged by PCR or Southern Blotting in > 80% of MF (Thurber 2007)

• Excellent sensitivity (83%) and specificity (96%) when two different biopsies are used– Serial biopsies and multiple biopsies recommended

• Unaffected by topical therapy

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DD of Bandlike Dermal Infiltrates

Lymphomatoid lichenoid keratosisLymphomatoid drug eruptionInterface dermatitisLichenoid purpuraLichen striatusLichen sclerosusActinic reticuloidPityriasis lichenoidesType B lymphomatoid papulosisCD8+ epidermotropic CTCL

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Lymphomatoid Lichenoid Keratosis

• Lichenoid keratosis (LK)=common diagnosis with ddx of basal cell carcinoma

• Lymphomatoid LK proposed to explain LK like lesions with histologic features of MF (Morgan 2005)

• DDX=unilesional MF

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Lymphomatoid Lichenoid Keratosis

• Histology=striking resemblance to MF• Dense bandlike infiltrate of lymphocytes with involvement of overlying epidermis

• Pautrier’s microabscesses, epidermotropism, basal alignment of lymphocytes, papillary dermal fibrosis, and cytologic atypia all observed

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Lymphomatoid Lichenoid Keratosis

• Features of lichenoid keratosis also seen, such as hypergranulosis, necrotic keratinocytes, and adjacent features of solar lentigo or seborrheic keratosis

• Some reported cases lack these features (Arai 2007; Al Hoqail 2002)

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Lymphomatoid Lichenoid Keratosis

• Immunohistochemistry–Many B cells are present, with B cells admixed with T cells 

– Langerhans cells present as well– T cell receptor gene rearrangements may be positive (Arai 2007)

• Clinicopathologic correlation paramount

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CD4

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Lymphomatoid Drug Eruption

• Medication related rash• Typical offenders include anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine (Ploysangam 1998)

• Can give rise to single or multiple lesions, or a Sézary syndrome like erythroderma

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Lymphomatoid Drug Eruption

• Histology‐identical to MF• Immunohistochemical staining may be similar and clonality assays can be positive (uncommon) (Brady 1999)

• To confirm diagnosis, stop offending agent• Rash may continue several days after agent is stopped (slow resolution)

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CD4

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CD30

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Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis

• Purpuric lesions, usually on the legs• Schamberg’s disease is the most common• Drugs and systemic diseases can be associated with PPD

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Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis

• Histologic findings in all subgroups the same• Patchy to dense lymphocytic infiltrates at the dermal epidermal junction

• Perivascular pattern can be present• Extravasation of erythrocytes• Orthokeratotic to parakeratotic stratum corneum

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Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis

• Sometimes basal vacuolar alteration and necrotic keratinocytes can be seen

• MF‐like pattern=Lymphocytic exocytosis, Pautrier’s like microabscesses, cytologic atypia within lymphocytes

• MF‐like PPD=denser and deeper infiltrates

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Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis

• Immunohistochemical studies show the lesional cells to express CD4 (Harvell 2003)

• Molecular studies have shown positive T cell clonality assays (Sarantopoulous 2013); can have matching clones

• Significant overlap with MF‐like PPD; close clinical follow up is necessary (Lipsker 2003)

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Lichen Sclerosus

• Predominantly affects females in the ano genital areas

• May be a cause of phimosis of males• Extragenital sites can be affected• Ivory colored papules coalescing into plaques; can have follicular accentuation

• Associated with vulvar malignancies 

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Lichen Sclerosus

• Histology‐can have an epidermis of varying thickness

• Hyperkeratosis and follicular plugging• Band like infiltrate of lymphocytes at the dermal epidermal junction with lymphocytic exocytosis

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Lichen Sclerosus

• Subtle basal vacuolar alteration and necrotic keratinocytes

• Basilar alignment of lymphocytes and lymphocytes entrapped within a fibrotic papillary dermis

• Can see Pautrier’s microabscess like lymphocytic collections

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Lichen Sclerosus

• Both CD4+ and CD8+ cells are present upon immunophenotyping (Smoller 1991)

• Clonality assays have been documented to be positive in multiple studies (Regauer 2006)

• Involvement of the genital area alone is unusual for mycosis fungoides; morphology of the lesions are different

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• Papulosquamous eruption• Involves trunk and extremities• Resolves leaving an atrophic scar• Crops of papules may appear and disappear• Self resolving

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• Atypical PL‐overlaps with mycosis fungoides (Borra 2018)

• In patients who eventually develop MF, plaques may also be present

• Histology‐mounds of parakeratosis, spongiosis, and interface activity

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• Lymphocytic involvement of the epidermis is present and sometimes extensive

• Intraepidermal collections of Langerhans cells as well as Pautrier microabscess‐like collections

• Extravasation of erythrocytes

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• On immunohistochemistry, different series have reported CD4‐predominance (Magro 2002), and CD8‐predominance

• CD30 expression has been observed, especially in pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA)

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• PLEVA/PLC can often give rise to positive T cell clonality assays; matching clones may be present

• In some studies with good clinical information, many patients with PLC‐like clinical lesions have developed mycosis fungoides (Magro 2002; Magro 2007; Borra 2018)

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Pityriasis Lichenoides Chronica

• Some forms of PLC may overlap significantly with MF, and some of these cases may represent papular MF (Saggini 2019) or other forms of MF

• Of all reactive mimics, lesions of PLC may be best served by long term follow up

• ‘T cell dyscrasia’ may best describe this entity

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CD8

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Hypopigmented MF

• This next set of slides represents a 14 year old female with new onset hypopigmented patches on the trunk

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CD8

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Related CD8+ Atypical Skin Infiltrates

• Small percentage develop mycosis fungoides (Guitart 1999)

• Many have cutaneous infiltrates that are CD8+ which mimic MF

• Patches, plaques, nodules and erythroderma; some may be photo distributed

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Related CD8+ Atypical Skin Infiltrates

• Histology similar to MF• Band like infiltrate of lymphocytes at the dermal epidermal junction with epidermal involvement by lymphocytes

• Basilar lining by lymphocytes• Dermal fibroplasia and syringeal involvement may be seen

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Related CD8+ Atypical Skin Infiltrates

• Can see follicular involvement as well as follicular mucinosis

• Pautrier’s‐ like microabscesses can be seen• Most literature‐documented cases have CD8 predominance; loss of CD7 has been documented (Zhang 1995)

• T cell receptor clonality assays negative

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐Related CD8+ Atypical Skin Infiltrates

• True mycosis fungoides is part of the differential– CD4+; clonality assays positive

• Photodistributed nature of the lesions may raise consideration for actinic reticuloid

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Actinic reticuloid

• Chronic photosensitive dermatosis• Primarily affects older males• Occupational in origin, extremely pruritic• Often on the head and neck• Red purple, scaly, papules and plaques

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Actinic reticuloid

• In advanced cases, may develop erythroderma and leonine facies

• On histology=psoriasiform hyperplasia with minimal spongiosis

• Involvement of the epidermis by lymphocytes• Cytologic atypia seen on high power examination

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Actinic reticuloid

• The infiltrate is composed of CD8+ T cells• PCR is negative (Bakels 1998)

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Erythroderma

• Characterized by near complete erythema of the skin accompanied by scaling (Vonderheid 2006)

• Can also have intractable pruritus, lymphadenopathy, alopecia, nail changes

• Often reactive in nature; psoriasis common culprit

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Erythroderma

• Can also be due to MF/Sézary syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), or be paraneoplastic

• Can be difficult to distinguish between reactive and lymphoma‐related erythroderma

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Erythroderma

• Histology related to specific cause of erythroderma

• Psoriasis‐may see neutrophilic microabscesses• Can be very non specific; particularly challenging in non established cases

• Cytologic atypia can be seen in both reactive and lymphomatous erythroderma

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Erythroderma

• In many cases of reactive erythroderma, there may be CD4 predominance

• In established cases of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome, may be able to establish loss of T cell antigens

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Erythroderma

• In Sézary syndrome, laboratory findings such as loss of CD7, loss of CD26, and CD4/CD8 ratios may be useful

• Likewise, comparing T cell clones and skin and peripheral blood, may be helpful in excluding reactive erythroderma

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Reactive Erythroderma

• This next set of slides represents a 21 year old female on carbamazepine with a new erythrodermic rash, lymphadenopathy, and glossitis

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Summary

• Reactive mimics of mycosis fungoides abound• Clonality assays may be positive even in reactive conditions

• Careful clinicopathologic correlation is important

• It is OK to undercall, especially if you don’t understand the clinical scenario very well