epidemioloGy of crAnio–cerebrAl injuries in emerGency ... fileinjuries to the head and face...

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POLSKI PRZEGLĄD CHIRURGICZNY 10.2478/v10035-011-0103-8 2011, 83, 12, 646–651 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CRANIO–CEREBRAL INJURIES IN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PRACTICE łukasz szarpak, MarCin MaDziała Collegium Masoviense School of Health Sciences in Żyrardów Kierownik: prof. dr hab. z. kopański Head injuries have always accompanied the man. Cranio-cerebral injuries are the most common and often can lead to an imminent threat to life. The aim of the study was the analysis of interventions of Emergency Medical Service teams in respect of patients manifesting symptoms indicative of suffered cranio-cerebral injuries. Material and methods. We analyzed the emergency intervent card (protection medically Piaseczno and Otwock in 2009) – the cranio-cerebral injuries (CCI) . Results. We analyzed 1049 cases of CCI. Twice as likely to cranial injuries – brain affected men population. Most accidents happened in the afternoon (13-18) and in the summer months (June – Au- gust). Falls from height were the most common cause of cranio-cerebral injuries, but most cases re- lated to the superficial bruising of the head. Conclusions. Cranio-cerebral injuries are the predominant group among all the injuries. Men twice as likely to suffer injury – cranial cerebral compared to women. Most CCI suffer economically active people of 30-39 years age bracket. The most common cause of injury – cranial brain are falls from height, also traffic accidents and falls at the same level. Contusion skins, open wound of the head and concussion injuries are the most common forms of cranio-cerebral injuries. Key words: head injuries, epidemiology, prehospital care, emergency medical service Cranio-cerebral injuries constitute a par- ticularly difficult diagnostic problem in modern pre-hospital medical assistance (1, 7). They may coexist with injuries to many other body parts, including chest and musculoskeletal system. Common diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are caused by victim’s intoxication and the fact that severe and dangerous head trauma is not always accompanied by external injuries to the head and face indicative it (25). Bidziński defines cranio-cerebral injuries as sequelae of trauma in this body region, the force of which exceeds the compensation po- tential of the body (3). Globally, they constitute the main cause of trauma-related death and acquired neurological disorders (6). Scientific publications quote a number of classification systems for cranio-cerebral inju- ries (CCI). One of them is the CCI classification according to the injury type, distinguishing open (with damage to dura mater) and closed injuries (in which dura mater remains intact) (9). In the late 20 th century, significant ad- vances were made in the management of pa- tients with cranio-cerebral injuries. The factors responsible for the unfavourable treatment results were identified at the time, while pre- vention of secondary brain injury became the main objective of patient management at the early stage of trauma (14). The above approach gave rise to another CCI classification, group- ing the injuries depending on the mechanism of post-trauma body damage into primary (e.g. concussion or brain contusion) and secondary ones (e.g. intracranial haemorrhage or cerebral oedema) (19). A patient post cranio-cerebral trauma may manifest various symptoms, including loss of consciousness, disorders of consciousness, drowsiness, headache, vomiting, anisocoria,

Transcript of epidemioloGy of crAnio–cerebrAl injuries in emerGency ... fileinjuries to the head and face...

POLSKI PRZEGLĄD CHIRURGICZNY 10.2478/v10035-011-0103-82011, 83, 12, 646–651

epidemioloGy of crAnio–cerebrAl injuries in emerGency medicAl services prActice

łukasz szarpak, MarCin MaDziałaCollegium Masoviense School of Health Sciences in Żyrardów

Kierownik: prof. dr hab. z. kopański

Head injuries have always accompanied the man. Cranio-cerebral injuries are the most common and often can lead to an imminent threat to life. the aim of the study was the analysis of interventions of Emergency Medical Service teams in respect of patients manifesting symptoms indicative of suffered cranio-cerebral injuries.material and methods. We analyzed the emergency intervent card (protection medically Piaseczno and Otwock in 2009) – the cranio-cerebral injuries (CCI) . results. We analyzed 1049 cases of CCI. Twice as likely to cranial injuries – brain affected men population. Most accidents happened in the afternoon (13-18) and in the summer months (June – Au-gust). Falls from height were the most common cause of cranio-cerebral injuries, but most cases re-lated to the superficial bruising of the head. conclusions. Cranio-cerebral injuries are the predominant group among all the injuries. Men twice as likely to suffer injury – cranial cerebral compared to women. Most CCI suffer economically active people of 30-39 years age bracket. The most common cause of injury – cranial brain are falls from height, also traffic accidents and falls at the same level. Contusion skins, open wound of the head and concussion injuries are the most common forms of cranio-cerebral injuries.Key words: head injuries, epidemiology, prehospital care, emergency medical service

Cranio-cerebral injuries constitute a par-ticularly difficult diagnostic problem in modern pre-hospital medical assistance (1, 7). They may coexist with injuries to many other body parts, including chest and musculoskeletal system. Common diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties are caused by victim’s intoxication and the fact that severe and dangerous head trauma is not always accompanied by external injuries to the head and face indicative it (25).

Bidziński defines cranio-cerebral injuries as sequelae of trauma in this body region, the force of which exceeds the compensation po-tential of the body (3). Globally, they constitute the main cause of trauma-related death and acquired neurological disorders (6).

Scientific publications quote a number of classification systems for cranio-cerebral inju-ries (CCI). One of them is the CCI classification according to the injury type, distinguishing

open (with damage to dura mater) and closed injuries (in which dura mater remains intact) (9).

In the late 20th century, significant ad-vances were made in the management of pa-tients with cranio-cerebral injuries. The factors responsible for the unfavourable treatment results were identified at the time, while pre-vention of secondary brain injury became the main objective of patient management at the early stage of trauma (14). The above approach gave rise to another CCI classification, group-ing the injuries depending on the mechanism of post-trauma body damage into primary (e.g. concussion or brain contusion) and secondary ones (e.g. intracranial haemorrhage or cerebral oedema) (19).

A patient post cranio-cerebral trauma may manifest various symptoms, including loss of consciousness, disorders of consciousness, drowsiness, headache, vomiting, anisocoria,

647Epidemiology of cranio–cerebral injuries in emergency medical services practice

convulsions, cranial nerve palsy, meningism or liquorrhoea (6). The clinical symptoms, their intensity and domination of ones over the oth-ers depends to a large extent on the type and severity of trauma, which in consequence de-termines the diagnostic and therapeutic meth-ods used in a patient with CCI.

The aim of the study was the analysis of interventions of Emergency Medical Service teams in respect of patients manifesting symp-toms indicative of suffered cranio-cerebral injuries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study involved a retrospective analysis of cranio-cerebral injury cases based on the emergency intervention cards of Emer-gency Medical Service teams operating in the Piaseczno and Otwock Counties.

There were analysed the patient age and gender, time of day, season, type of the dis-patched team (“S” or “P”), cause of and type of injury, and symptoms associated with the cran-io-cerebral trauma.

The analysis covered the year 2009, was based on medical documentation and was con-ducted in due compliance with the Act on personal data protection.

The analysis employed the Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, chi-squared good-ness of fit test, chi-squared test for contin-gency tables, and Cramér’s V.

All tests were performed at the significance level of α = 0.05.

RESULTS

In the analysed year 2009, the Emergency Medical Service teams (EMSTs) operating in the Piaseczno and Otwock Counties executed a total of 17,967 interventions, of which a group of 2,988 met the criteria of trauma. The number of cranio-cerebral injury cases was 1,049, i.e. 35% of all trauma-related interven-tions of EMSTs.

Among the above 1,049 cases, males consti-tuted a significantly predominating group with 696 medical interventions (66.35%) – as op-posed to 353 interventions due to CCI in fe-males. The chi-squared test indicated a sig-nificant association between the patient gender and type of trauma (p < 0.001) (fig. 1).

The age of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries was between 3 months and 95 years (tab. 1). The mean patient age was 42; the mean age of female patients was 47.08 and was higher than the mean age of male patients – 38.81. Individuals aged 20-29 constituted the largest age group – 157 cases (14.97%), followed by those aged 50-59 – 140 cases (13.35%), and 30-39 – 136 cases (12.96%). The smallest aged group comprised patients aged above 90 – 16 individuals (1.53%). The analy-sis indicated a statistically significant differ-ence in the patient age (p < 0.001) (fig. 2).

The studied sample was divided into 24 hours, according to the time of day of executed intervention (tab. 2). Cranio-cerebral injuries occurred most often in the afternoon, between 1 pm and 6 pm – 483 cases (40.89%), while during night-time (2 am to 8 am) the number of CCI cases was small – 36 individuals (3.43%) (fig. 3). The chi-squared goodness of fit test indicated a statistically significant difference

Rycina 1. Płeć pacjentów z obrażeniami czaszkowo – mózgowymi

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females

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Fig. 1. Gender distribution of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries

Table 1. CCI patient age

Age n %0-9 81 7,7210-19 107 10,2020-29 157 14,9730-39 136 12,9640-49 98 9,3450-59 140 13,3560-69 63 6,0170-79 66 6,2980-89 60 5,7290+ 16 1,53Total 1049 100

648 Ł. Szarpak, M. Madziała

(fig. 4). An additional analysis was performed on months grouped into seasons. A statisti-cally significant difference in CCI incidence was found between the seasons (p = 0.003).

When analysing the circumstances of cranio-cerebral injury occurrence, it was found that the majority of CCI cases were caused by a fall from a height – 304 individuals (29%). The next reason for EMST interventions due to cranio-cerebral injuries was a traffic acci-dent – 220 individuals, i.e. 21% of all medical interventions in CCI patients. Another cause of CCI was a fall on the same level – 178 cases (17%). Battery constituted the cause of cran-io-cerebral injury in 84 patients (8%), while 74 individuals (7%) sustained CCI as a result of

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Fig. 2. Age distribution of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries

Table 2. CCI incidence by the time of day

Hour n % Hour n %0 40 3,81 12 40 3,811 33 3,15 13 68 6,482 12 1,14 14 55 5,243 14 1,33 15 72 6,864 3 0,29 16 71 6,775 0 0 17 83 7,916 0 0 18 80 7,637 7 0,67 19 58 5,538 44 4,19 20 63 6,019 47 4,48 21 54 5,15

10 58 5,53 22 50 4,7711 58 5,53 23 39 3,72

Fig. 3. Incidence of cranio-cerebral injury depending on the time of day

Rycina 3. Występowanie obrażeń czaszkowo - mózgowych w zależności od godziny

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n 57 74 76 95 81 102 90 116 87 97 80 94 1049% 5,43 7,05 7,24 9,06 7,72 9,72 8,58 11,06 8,29 9,25 7,63 8,96 100

in interventions depending on the time of day (p < 0.001).

The analysed sample was divided into 12 months, depending on the date of executed intervention (tab. 3). Statistically significant differences were observed in cranio-cerebral injuries between months. The largest number of CCI cases was observed in August – 116 individuals (11.06%), followed by June – 102 cases (9.72%), and the smallest number was found to occur in January – 57 cases (5.43%)

Fig. 4. Incidence of cranio-cerebral injury depending on the month

Rycina 3. Występowanie obrażeń czaszkowo - mózgowych w zależności od godziny

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649Epidemiology of cranio–cerebral injuries in emergency medical services practice

hitting an object. Other causes were respon-sible for CCI in 189 individuals (18%). The analysis indicated a statistically signifi-cant difference in CCI depending on the trauma circumstances (p < 0.001).

Upon the arrival of the Emergency Medical Service team, trauma patients manifested various clinical symptoms. The most common one was head contusion – 430 cases (41%), fol-lowed by concussion – 336 cases (32%). Open head wounds were seen in 220 individuals (21%), while the smallest group comprised patients with skull fractures – 63 cases (6%) (fig. 6).

In compliance with the medical intervention card requirements, the neurological status of each patient was assessed with the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). For the purposes of analysis in the present study, a classification into three groups of trauma-related cerebral injury severity was adopted: mild injuries – GCS score of 13-15, moderate injuries – GCS score of 9-12, and serious injuries – GCS score of 8-3. According to the above classification, mild injuries were most prevalent in the stud-ied group – 850 cases (81%), followed by mod-erate injuries – 105 individuals (10%). Serious injuries requiring endotracheal intubation were observed in 76 individuals (9%) (fig. 7).

Fig. 5 . Circumstances of cranio-cerebral injury occurrence

Fig. 6. Characteristics of cranio-cerebral injuries Fig. 7. Cranio-cerebral injuries as per the GCS

Rycina 5. Okoliczności powstania obrażeń czaszkowo – mózgowych

Rycina 6. Charakterystyka obrażeń czaszkowo - mózgowych

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fall from a height

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Rycina 5. Okoliczności powstania obrażeń czaszkowo – mózgowych

Rycina 6. Charakterystyka obrażeń czaszkowo - mózgowych

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Rycina 5. Okoliczności powstania obrażeń czaszkowo – mózgowych

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integument contusion

open head wound

concussion

skull fracture

mild injuries – GCS score of 13-15

moderate injuries – GCS score of 9-12

serious injuries – GCS score of 3-8

Rycina 7. Obrażenia czaszkowo - mózgowe wg skali GCS

OMÓWIENIE

Urazy stanowią poważny problem zdrowotny, ekonomiczny i społeczny [10,11].

Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), co roku na świecie 75 milionów

osób doznaje urazów. Wagę tego problemu potwierdził Sekretarz Generalny ONZ Kofi

Annan, twierdząc iż „istnieją skuteczne metody zapobiegania tym chorobom. Musimy działać

natychmiast. Choroby stawów, zespoły bólowe kręgosłupa, urazy (…) – wszystkie te

patologie stanowią ogromne obciążenie zarówno dla poszczególnych jednostek, jak i całych

społeczeństw oraz dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie”. 13 stycznia 2000 roku

w Genewie dekada 2000-2010 nazwana była przez ONZ i WHO mianem Dekady Kości i

Stawów. Częstość występowania urazów czaszkowo – mózgowych w wysoko

uprzemysłowionych krajach wynosi wg statystyk ok. 200/100 tyś. ludności rocznie.

Niemieckie statystyki podają, iż ok. 150 – 200 tyś. pacjentów doznaje obrażeń czaszkowo –

mózgowych. U 70% śmiertelnych ofiar urazów za przyczynę zgonu podaje się OCM [11,15].

Wzrost liczby urazów spowodowany jest ciągłym postępem cywilizacyjnym, zmianą

modelu życia, pogoni za pracą, brakiem odpoczynku, chęcią przemieszczenia się w inne

miejsce w jak najkrótszym czasie czy też niefrasobliwością ludzi [12,22,23].

Jak wynika z analizy materiału badawczego obrażenia czaszkowo – mózgowe

stanowią częstą przyczynę interwencji Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego w Powiecie

Piaseczyńskim i Otwockim. Liczba interwencji medycznych ZRM z powodu OCM oraz ich

81%

10%

9%

Obrażenia lekkie 13-15 pkt. GCS

Obrażenia średnio ciężkie 9-12 pkt. GCS

Obrażenia ciężkie 3-8 pkt. GCS

Rycina 7. Obrażenia czaszkowo - mózgowe wg skali GCS

OMÓWIENIE

Urazy stanowią poważny problem zdrowotny, ekonomiczny i społeczny [10,11].

Według danych Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO), co roku na świecie 75 milionów

osób doznaje urazów. Wagę tego problemu potwierdził Sekretarz Generalny ONZ Kofi

Annan, twierdząc iż „istnieją skuteczne metody zapobiegania tym chorobom. Musimy działać

natychmiast. Choroby stawów, zespoły bólowe kręgosłupa, urazy (…) – wszystkie te

patologie stanowią ogromne obciążenie zarówno dla poszczególnych jednostek, jak i całych

społeczeństw oraz dla systemów opieki zdrowotnej na całym świecie”. 13 stycznia 2000 roku

w Genewie dekada 2000-2010 nazwana była przez ONZ i WHO mianem Dekady Kości i

Stawów. Częstość występowania urazów czaszkowo – mózgowych w wysoko

uprzemysłowionych krajach wynosi wg statystyk ok. 200/100 tyś. ludności rocznie.

Niemieckie statystyki podają, iż ok. 150 – 200 tyś. pacjentów doznaje obrażeń czaszkowo –

mózgowych. U 70% śmiertelnych ofiar urazów za przyczynę zgonu podaje się OCM [11,15].

Wzrost liczby urazów spowodowany jest ciągłym postępem cywilizacyjnym, zmianą

modelu życia, pogoni za pracą, brakiem odpoczynku, chęcią przemieszczenia się w inne

miejsce w jak najkrótszym czasie czy też niefrasobliwością ludzi [12,22,23].

Jak wynika z analizy materiału badawczego obrażenia czaszkowo – mózgowe

stanowią częstą przyczynę interwencji Zespołów Ratownictwa Medycznego w Powiecie

Piaseczyńskim i Otwockim. Liczba interwencji medycznych ZRM z powodu OCM oraz ich

81%

10%

9%

Obrażenia lekkie 13-15 pkt. GCS

Obrażenia średnio ciężkie 9-12 pkt. GCS

Obrażenia ciężkie 3-8 pkt. GCS

DISCUSSION

Trauma constitutes a serious health, eco-nomic and social problem (10, 11). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 75 million people worldwide sustain injury each year. The significance of the issue was empha-sised by the former Secretary-General of the UN, Kofi Annan, who stated that “There are effective ways to prevent and treat these dis-abling disorders, but we must act now. Joint diseases, back complaints, osteoporosis and limb trauma resulting from accidents have an enormous impact on individuals and societies, and on healthcare services and economies”. On 13 January 2000, in Geneva, the 2000-2010 decade was named the Bone and Joint Decade by the UN and the WHO. According to the sta-tistics, the incidence of cranio-cerebral injuries in highly developed countries stands at approx. 200 in 100,000 annually. German statistics show that approx. 150-200 thousand patients sustain cranio-cerebral injuries. CCI is given as the cause of death in 70% of fatal cases (11, 15).

The increase in the incidence of injuries results from the continuous progress of civili-sation, change of the model of life, pursuit of work, lack of rest, wish to move from one place to another in the shortest time possible, and human carefree behaviour (12, 22, 23).

As the analysis of study material showed, cranio-cerebral injuries constitute a common reason for intervention of the Emergency Medical Service in the Piaseczno and Otwock Counties. The number of EMST interventions due to CCI and their percentage share in the total number of trauma cases are compa-rable with the results of other analyses con-ducted in Poland (1, 15, 20, 24).

The observed higher incidence of cranio-cerebral injuries in the males is also in agree-

650 Ł. Szarpak, M. Madziała

ment with Polish analyses and with epidemio-logical data from other countries (8, 13,15, 18, 24).

When taking into consideration the age of patients with cranio-cerebral injuries, this type of trauma is most often sustained by young individuals, aged below 40, exercising and working (13, 18).

The majority of injuries were observed to occur in summer months, mainly August, and during the hours of increased occupational activity, particularly between 3 pm and 8 pm. Similar results have been reported in other publications (8, 12).

Some authors quote traffic accident as the most common cause of cranio-cerebral inju-ries, followed by a fall and battery (4, 17). The results of the present study differ from the above: the main cause of CCI was found to be a fall from a height, followed by traffic acci-dent and by fall on the same level – which is in agreement with several other reports (13, 16, 20).

The most common, and at the same time the mildest, injuries include superficial head contusions and concussion. More serious symp-toms, such as skull fracture, occur less fre-quently (3, 11, 13).

Often, cranio-cerebral injuries are mild and the patients do not consent to be transported

to the hospital – such patients have the GCS score of 13-15 (2, 17).

A significant factor reducing the trauma consequences is the proper organisation of Emergency Medical Service. The development of management algorithms for both the pre-hospital and hospital setting allows the supposition that mortality and post-trauma disability rates will go down significantly (21). To this end, it seems pertinent to establish trauma centres providing comprehensive di-agnostics and treatment to injured patients (5, 22).

Cranio-cerebral injuries as a phenomenon have taken on epidemic proportions, with high incidence and mortality rate. The percentage of CCI in relation to other injuries in Poland is similar to that observed worldwide. The mean age of female patients with CCI is higher than that of males, while CCI is ob-served more often in males than females. A crucial factor reducing the mortality and post-CCI disability rates is the continuous broadening of knowledge of the medical per-sonnel on the causes and symptoms of cranio-cerebral injuries. The understanding of trauma pathophysiology will undoubtedly enable an efficient and objective assessment of an injured patient and the implementation of proper management.

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Received: 6.12.2011 r. Adress correspondence: 03-122 Warszawa, ul. Modlińska 201A/11